priyanka sharma thesis

8/16/2019 Priyanka Sharma Thesis

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AMITY UNIVERSITY ______ UTTAR PRADESH ______

A Dissertation Report

On

a) “Development o !a"VIE# $ase% S&stem or

'ontrollin( an% 'ommni*atin( +it, -PS. and

") “Development o an Al(orit,m or Pre%i*tion o !aser

'ross/Se*tion o a Simple Tar(et 'onstittin( o a 0lat Plate

an% a Sp,ere.

In partial lillment o re1irements or t,e a+ar% o t,e %e(ree o

Master o Te*,nolo(&

In

Ele*troni*s 2 'ommni*ation

$&

Pri&an3a S,arma

Un%er t,e (i%an*e

Dr4 Ravin%ra Sin(, Mr4 Manis, S,arma S*4 5067 !ASTE'7 DRDO Assistant Proessor

E8ternal -i%e Internal -i%e

Dept4 Ele*troni*s 2 'ommni*ation

Amit& S*,ool o En(ineerin( 2 Te*,nolo(&7

Amit& Universit&7 Uttar/Pra%es,

Noi%a 9U4P4)


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De*laration

I Pri&an3a S,arma st%ent o M4Te*, E' here by declare that the dissertation

titled “Development o !a"VIE# $ase% S&stem or 'ontrollin( an%

'ommni*atin( +it, -PS. and “Development o an Al(orit,m or Pre%i*tion o

!aser 'ross/Se*tion o a Simple Tar(et 'onstittin( o a 0lat Plate an% a

Sp,ere. which is submitted to Department o Ele*troni*s 2 'ommni*ation7

Amit& S*,ool o En(ineerin( 2 Te*,nolo(&7 Amit& Universit&, Uttar-Pradesh,

Noida in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of Master o

Te*,nolo(& in “Ele*troni*s 2 'ommni*ation. has not been previously formed

the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or other similar title or recognition.

Pla*e: Noi%a

Date: Name 2 Si(n o St%ent

2


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!ASER S'IEN'E AND TE'HNO!O-Y 'ENTRE

DE0EN'E RESEAR'H 2DEVE!OPMENT OR-ANI;ATIONMINISTRY O0 DE0EN'E

MET'A!0E HOUSE7 NE# DE!HI /


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'ertii*ate

#n the basis of $issertation submitted by Pri&an3a S,arma7 student of %.ech.

&'&, I hereby certify that the dissertation title% “Development o !a"VIE# $ase%

S&stem or 'ontrollin( an% 'ommni*atin( +it, -PS. and “Development o an

Al(orit,m or Pre%i*tion o !aser 'ross/Se*tion o a Simple Tar(et 'onstittin(

o a 0lat Plate an% a Sp,ere., which is submitted to Department o Ele*troni*s 2

'ommni*ation7 Amit& S*,ool o En(ineerin( 2 Te*,nolo(&7 Amit& Universit& ,

Uttar-Pradesh, Noida, iIn partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the

degree of Master o Te*,nolo(& in “Ele*troni*s 2 'ommni*ation. is an original

contribution with e(isting !nowledge and faithful record of wor! carried out by her

under my guidance and supervision.

o the best of my !nowledge this wor! has not been submitted in part or full for any

$egree or $iploma to this University or elsewhere

Pla*e: Noi%a Internal -i%e: Mr4 Manis, S,arma

Assistant Proessor7 Dept o E'E

Date: Amit& S*,ool o En(ineerin( 2 Te*,nolo(&

)


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A*3no+le%(ment

I avail this opportunity to e(press my gratitude to all those who have directly or

indirectly helped me with my thesis.

*irstly, I e(press my sincere gratitude to Dr4 Anil mar Maini7 Dire*tor, +aser

cience and echnology 'entre, for allowing me to carry out the proect wor! in this

prestigious research and development centre and gain valuable e(perience.

I am blissful to e(press my deep sense of gratitude to Dr4 Ravin%ra Sin(, S*4 506

who gave me the opportunity to wor! in 'ontrol ystem roup /'0 to gain applied

!nowledge. I would also li!e to than! Ms4 S+eta Sin(,7 S*4 5E6 for discussing the

module of the proect in a systematic manner. heir constant interaction, e(pert

guidance and valuable suggestions helped me to complete this proect successfully.

I would li!e to than! all the mem"ers o t,e 'S- (rop for giving me easy access

to all the resources required for the successful completion of the proect.

I would also li!e to e(press my gratitude to my internal guide, Mr4 Manis, S,arma7

Assistant Proessor, $epartment #* &lectronics 1 'ommunication, mity

University, Uttar-Pradesh for his cooperation.

I also e(press my gratitude to my Program +eader, Ms4 Neer A(ar+al, Assistant

Proessor, $epartment #* &lectronics 1 'ommunication, mity University, Uttar-

Pradesh and to the members of the $epartment, who helped me in many ways during

my thesis wor!.

I am than!ful to my family members and friends for their love, support, and good

wishes throughout my studies.

%s. Priyan!a harma

%.ech &'&

2"34"32556

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Or(aniation Proile

DE0EN'E RESEAR'H AND DEVE!OPMENT OR-ANI;ATION was formed

in 3647 from the amalgamation of the then already functioning echnical

$evelopment &stablishment /$&s0 of the Indian rmy and the $irectorate of

echnical $evelopment 1 Production /$$P0 with the $efence cience

#rgani8ation /$#0. $9$# was then a small organi8ation with 35 establishments or

laboratories.

#ver the years, it has grown multi-directionally in terms of the variety of subect

disciplines, number of laboratories, achievements and stature. oday, $9$# is a

networ! of 43 laboratories which are deeply engaged in developing defense

technologies covering various disciplines, li!e aeronautics, armaments, electronics,

combat vehicles, engineering systems, instrumentation, missiles, advanced computing

and simulation, special materials, naval systems, life sciences, training, information

systems and agriculture. Presently, over 4555 scientists and about 24,555 other

scientific, technical and supporting personnel bac! the #rgani8ation.

everal maor proects for the development of missiles, armaments, light combat

aircrafts, radars, electronic warfare systems etc are on hand and significant

achievements have already been made in several such technologies.

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!aser S*ien*e an% Te*,nolo(& 'entre

9!ASTE')

+aser cience and echnology 'enter /+&'0 has its beginning as thee(perimental wing of $# /$efence cience #rgani8ation0 started under Prof. $

;othari, first cientific dvisor to 9a!sha %antri in


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area of Pure ciences such as Physics 'hemistry and %athematics. he 'hemistry

division developed -fuel and U$%= for roc!et and missile.

he %athematics division continued its support to the %issile Programme with

simulation and calculation while the Physics division too! the lead by launching

many activities.

In 3673 $+ got its new echnical ?uilding, its New 'harter of $uties to wor! in the

area of +asers and its new name as $efence cience 'enter /$c'0, which continued

till 3666.ubsequently, the present name of +aser cience and echnology 'enter was

notified. @ith the start of $c' in 3673, intensive wor! commenced on olid tate

+aser, '#2 laser, +9%, +9*, *iber #ptic yroscope, 9ing +aser yroscope,

+aser Intruder larm system, etc.

In the late eighties, $c' too! up challenging wor! on as $ynamic +aser, which

was successfully developed indigenously. It was operated for the first time in India

with output power of 35;w in 366:. +ater in 366>, $c' too! yet another

challenging wor! of 'hemical #(ygen Iodine +asers /'#I+0 and some wor! on

&lectro #ptic 'ounter %easure /'%0. 'hemistry $iv of $c' started wor!ing on

lasers %aterials including +aser 'rystals and +aser lasses.

$uring the last three years +&' has been engaged in developing $+, '#I+,

+I$9, &ye safe +aser, latest 'rystals N$A BC5), NdA etc and &n and NdA

$oped Phosphate lasses, along with '% adgets li!e +aser hreat @arner,

+aser $a88lers, P9* $ecoders.

+ast year +&' too! 91$ wor! in the area of =eat 'apacity olid tate +aser

/='+0, *iber laser and +iquid #(ygen +aser and recently achieved and

outstanding success by ma!ing a ='+ laser of 42 for the first time in India.

his passing year +&' has also achieved another milestone by developing +aser

ee!er est set up, +? tester, and I9 tester for %issile, in addition to 4!g $+ on

trailer. he vehicle-mounted laser demonstrated its capability outside the lab as well.

his year, for the first time in India, +&' also developed a full N$A BC#) laser

by growing its crystal, processing it cutting, polishing, thin film coating, and finally

shaping it into laser. +&' is also on verge of developing new '#I+.

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@ith so many activities to its credit and with successful achievement of results

+&' is heading towards becoming a pioneer centre of laser activities in India.

Spe*ial Note:

In this dissertation, two proects were underta!en, the first of which is

“Development o !a"VIE# $ase% S&stem or 'ontrollin(

an% 'ommni*atin( +it, -PS. and is denoted by “A. throughout the

thesis. he second proect is “Development o an Al(orit,m or

Pre%i*tion o !aser 'ross/Se*tion o a Simple Tar(et

'onstittin( o a 0lat Plate an% a Sp,ere. which is denoted by

“$. throughout the thesis.

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A"stra*t 90or ProFe*t A)

In todayDs scenario, wherever there are multiple systems, synchroni8ation of each of

them with each other is a must. his synchroni8ation could be in terms of time, speed

etc. @hen we tal! about synchroni8ation of various systems in terms of time, the

most accurate time providing device available today is the atomic cloc!. =ence, the

best synchroni8ation could be achieved with the use of atomic cloc!s. ?ut they are

very e(pensive to manufacture.

nother source of accurate time is the P receiver. It gets this time from the

satellites which have atomic cloc!s inside them, hence providing accurate time. he

time is available in the EP9%' sentence which comes from the satellites. his P

sentence is available in N%& 537" protocol /N%& stands for National %arine

&lectronic ssociation0. ?ut the problem here is that the time is available in encoded

form. It needs to be decoded to be used for time synchroni8ation.

In this proect, we have developed a module which serially communicates with the

P receiver. In serial mode data goes from the P receiver to the computer system

at a speed of one bit at a time /as happens in normal serial communication scenario0.

his sent data includes the EP9%' sentence which contains the time information.

@e then convert the received time information, which is in decimal form, to the

he(adecimal format with the help available online and store it in a te(t file.

he ne(t part of the module, which is the time e(traction module, is fed with the te(tfile created /in he(adecimal format0. his sub-module then e(tracts the time in the

relevant format from the data entered.

he module has been designed in the user friendly software +abCI&@. his module

is a UI /graphical user interface0 which actively interacts with the user. he module

wor!s proper and gives the e(act time.

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A"stra*t 90or ProFe*t $)

In earlier days most of the weapons were radar based. herefore, e(tensive research

was carried out in this section. @hile, these days most of the bombs, missiles, tan!s

and other artillery are laser guided, i.e., they are guided to a target with the help of a

laser beam. $ue to this, the beam hits the target and is reflected bac!. his reflected

laser beam is gathered by the laser receiver present on the vehicle, missile etc. and it

gives an idea of the si8e and direction of the target, thus ma!ing it easier for the

bomb, missile etc. to hit the target accurately. ?ut, if the target is less reflecting

towards the laser, then the si8e of the target might get wrongly estimated and it would

be difficult for the bomb to hit the target accurately.

In this proect, we predict or calculate the laser cross section of a target so that we

could get to !now the amount of laser light which will be reflected from the target

when subected to a laser beam. his laser cross section is nothing but the reflecting

property of the target towards lasers. #nce we have calculated the laser cross section

of the target, we could device certain measures to reduce the same so that the target

becomes less detectable to the enemy. hese measures include painting the target

surfaces with laser absorbing paints, reducing the edges in the target /as edges reflect

more and thus are easily detected0, increasing the plane surfaces in the target etc.

=ere, we have become successful in creating a module which predicts the laser cross

section of a simple target which constitutes of a flat plate and a sphere. his isaccomplished by calculating the laser cross sections of the simple shapes-flat plate

and sphere-individually and then summing the two to obtain the total laser cross

section of the target.

he algorithm, here, is simulated in +abCI&@. his software is very user friendly,

highly accurate and interactive /with the user0. he module designed here is e(act and

wor!s proper.

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'ontents

3. Introduction 3

3. Introduction 3

3.3. bout P nd Its *unction In iven Proect 3

3.2. bout +abCI&@ nd Its *unction In iven Proect 2

3.". ignificance #f ime &(traction In he iven Proect "

3.".3. 9eason *or ime *rom P ?eing =ighly ccurate )

3.? Introduction )

3.3.? bout +' nd Its 9ole In iven Proect )

3.2.? bout +abCI&@ nd Its 9ole In iven Proect >

3.".? ignificance #f +' Prediction >

2. +iterature 9eview 6

2. +iterature 9eview 6

2.3. &(isting %oduleFystem 6

2.2. Proposed %oduleFystem 6

2.". dvantages #f Proposed %oduleFystem 6

2.? +iterature 9eview 35

2.3.? &(isting %oduleFystem 35

2.2.? Proposed %oduleFystem 33

2.".? dvantages #f Proposed %oduleFystem 33

". Problem *ormulation 32

". Problem *ormulation 32

".3. #bectives 32".2. =ardware pecification 3"

".". oftware pecification 3"

".? Problem *ormulation 3"

".3.? #bectives 3"

".2.? =ardware pecification 3"

".".? oftware pecification 3"

). ystemF%odule $esign 3)

). ystemF%odule $esign 3)

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).3. erial 'onfiguration ub-%odule 3)

).2. est ub-%odule 3>

).2.3. +oopbac! test 36

).". P time finding sub-module 23

).). $etails of sub-modules of bloc! diagram 22

).).3. $etails of functions in serial configuration sub-module 2)

).).2. $etails of functions in test sub-module 2:

).).". $etails of functions in P time finding sub-module 2>

).).".3. $etails of functions in Gautomatic te(t

file readingD sub-module 27

).).".2. $etails of functions in GP time

e(traction from the read fileD sub-module "2

).? ystemFmodule design "4

).3.? +' of flat plate ":

).3.3.? +abCI&@ module for calculating the +' of flat plate ">

).2.? +' of sphere "7

).2.3.? ?9$* "7

).2.2.? +abCI&@ module for calculating the +' of sphere "6

).".? 'omplete +abCI&@ module for calculating +' of target )5

4. ystem nd %odule Implmentation )2

4. ystem and module implementation )2

4.3. ystem implementation )2

4.2. %odule implementation )2

4.? ystem and module implementation ))

4.3.? ystem implementation ))

4.2.? %odule implementation ))

:. 9esults ):

:. 9esults ):

:.? 9esults )>

>. 'onclusion nd *uture &nhancement )6

>. 'onclusion and future enhancement )6

>.? 'onclusion and future enhancement 45

7. ?ibliography 43

7. ?ibliography 43

3"


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7.? ?ibliography 42

!ist o 0i(res

*igure 3.3.A rchitectural 9epresentation of the @hole ystem "

*igure 3.3.A ?loc! diagram of the setup :

*igure 2.3.A &(isting module 6

*igure ).3.A ?loc! diagram of %odule design 3)

*igure ).2.A NI-CI hierarchy 34

*igure ).".A erial 'onfiguration sub-module 3:

*igure ).). ?loc! diagram of the serial configuration sub-module 3>

*igure ).4.A tarting window of the hyperterminal 37*igure ).:.A 'onfiguration window of hyperterminal 37

*igure ).>.A esting window of hyperterminal 36

*igure ).7.A $?6 'onnector 36

*igure ).6.A *ront panel of test sub-module 25

*igure ).35.A ?loc! diagram of the test sub-module 23

*igure ).33.A *ront panel of the P time finding module 22

*igure ).32.A ?loc! diagram snapshot of the P time finding module 22

*igure ).3".A #verview of the module 22

*igure ).3).A he bloc! diagram of the complete module 2"

*igure ).34.A he front panel /UI0 of the complete module 2"

*igure ).3:.A $etails of the erial 'onfiguration sub-module 2)

*igure ).3>.A $etails of the est sub-module 2:

*igure ).37. $etails of the bloc!s and functions used in

Gautomatic te(t file readingD sub-module 27

*igure ).36.A &rror )" "5

*igure ).25.A $etails of GP time e(traction from the read fileD sub-module ""

*igure ).3.?A teps for predicting the +' of a target ":

*igure ).2.?A %odule to calculate the +' of flat plate-?loc! diagram ">

*igure ).".?A %odule to calculate the +' of flat plate-*ront panel ">

*igure ).).?A aussian dents "6

*igure 2A %odule to calculate the +' of phere-bloc! diagram "6

3)


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*igure ).4.?A %odule to calculate the +' of phere-*ront panel )5

*igure ).:.?A 'onte(t diagram of total +' calculation )5

*igure ).>.?A 'omplete %odule to 'alculate the +' of target-bloc! diagram )3

*igure ).7.?A 'omplete %odule to 'alculate the +' of target-*ront Panel )3

*igure 4.3.A ystem bloc! diagram )2

*igure 4.2.A urned off GreadD and GwriteD buttons )2

*igure 4.".A urned off Gtime findingD button )"

*igure 4.).A urned on GreadD and GwriteD buttons )"

*igure 4.4.A urned on Gtime findingD button )"

*igure 4.:.A EP9%' ime data in he(adecimal and vertical form ))

*igure :.3.A 9un button ):

*igure :.2.A he UI designed ):

*igure :.3.?A 9un button )>

*igure :.2.?A 'omplete %odule to 'alculate the +' of target-*ront Panel )7

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!ist o Ta"les

able ).3. top bits 24

able ).2. #perations which can openFcreate Freplace file function does "5

able ).". Carious values of access "5

able :.3. 9eadings of time e(tracted )>

3:


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A""reviations Use%?9$* ?idirectional 9eflection $istribution *unction

*#C *ield of Ciew

PI? eneral Purpose Instrumentation ?us

P lobal Positioning ystem

UI raphical User Interface

+abCI&@ +aboratory Cirtual instrument &ngineering @or!bench

+' +aser 'ross ection

NI National Instruments

N%& National %arine &lectronics ssociation

CI Cirtual Instrument

CI Cirtual Instrument oftware rchitecture

EP9%' 9ecommended %inimum pecific PFransit data

3>


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',apter <

Intro%*tion


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,, K nul field

J' is chec! sum

&(ample of EP9%' data is as shown belowA

EP9%',335>35.555,,27)3.57>7,N,5>>3".4"2",&,5.52,>).:4,"35"3),5.:.

In this proect we would only be e(tracting the time component out of all the contents

of EP9%' sentence.


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could either synchroni8e these different cloc!s so that all these systems run in

synchroni8ation or we could give these systems the same cloc! altogether. his same

cloc! comes from P which is highly accurate.


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%athematically, +' is given by equation /3.3.0.

LCS=scattered field power

Incident field power /3.3.0

σ = lim R→ ∞

4 Π R2| Es|

2

| Ei|2 /3.2.0

@here is the +', &s and &i are the scattered and incident electric filed vectors

respectively and 9 is the range between the target and receiver.

a) $eam proile: ?eam profile includes beam polari8ation /it refers to the

orientation of the electric field of the wave which is laser in this case0 and

beam wavelength. +' depends on the polari8ation of the incident wave as

well as the polari8ation selectivity of the detector. If both the polari8ations are

same then the +' obtained is optimum. lso, the +' is inversely

proportional to the beam wavelength or it can be said that it is directly

proportional to the beam frequency.

") $eam #i%t,: It is the directional angle spread within which the main lobe

beam power is above a certain threshold H2. If beam width is large, then the

spread of the beam would be large and the target would fall under it. =ence,

the beam width should be optimum so that the target falls within it and we get

optimum +'.

*) !aser Temporal an% Spatial 'o,eren*e: 'oherence is a property of waves

that specifies the ability of the waves to interfere with each other. wo waves

which are coherent can be combined to produce a stationary distribution of

constructive and destructive interference /this is a visible interference pattern0

which depends on the relative phase of the waves at their meeting point.

@aves that are incoherent, when combined, produce rapidly moving areas of

constructive and destructive interference which is not a visible interference

pattern.

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'oherence is of two typesA i0 temporal and ii0 spatial. 'orrelation between the

waves at one place at different times, or along the path of a beam at a single

instant, is called Gtemporal coherenceD. 'orrelation between different places

/but not along the path0 is called Gspatial coherenceD H".

It is observed that the higher the laser temporal and spatial coherence, the

better is the +'.

%) Tar(et Sra*e ',ara*teristi*s: he +' depends on the reflectance or

reflectivity of the target surface.

LCS= 4∗ β∗ Ai

/3."0

@here, is the reflectance and i is the spot physical area.

=ence, it can be said that +' is directly proportional to reflectance of the

surface.

e) Re*eiver Apertre an% 0OV: perture is a small opening through which

light travels H). In this case the receiver aperture is the small opening intowhich the reflected laser beam falls. his receiver aperture should be large

enough to allow the entire reflected laser beam, travelling towards the

receiver, to enter the receiver. =ence, it can be said that the synchroni8ation of

the aperture of the receiver and the target produces optimum +'.

*#C stands for Gfield of viewD. It is the angle at which the laser beam is

transmitted so that the target can be seen fully. *or optimum prediction of the

+', the target should lie in the *#C of the detector and of the receiver.

he set up for +' prediction is shown belowA

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*igure 3.3.? ?loc! diagram of the setup

#ur target in this proect is to predict this laser cross section.

Refection o laser


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quite a few advantages over te(t based programming languages li!e ', 'OO,


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',apter @

!iteratre Revie+

@4A !iteratre Revie+

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@4


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computer system /via +abCI&@0, b0 test the same and then c0 e(tract time

from the same.

his module is fast and easy to use. It first creates a log file and ta!es the

same automatically to e(tract the time.=ence, it was worth investing in the time and efforts to create this module.

@4$ !iteratre Revie+

@4. fter this, attempts

were made to reduce this radar cross section area. ?ut in todayDs scenario, most of the

artillery is laser guided. =ence it becomes mandatory to predict the laser cross section

of those targets and ma!e efforts to reduce the same.

+aser cross section and radar cross section differ from each other. hese differences

areA

30 In predicting laser cross-section, a coherent beam of light /laser0 falls upon the

target whereas in radar cross-section, the &% wave falls upon the target.

20 Predicting laser cross-section is needed so that the target becomes less

detectable to laser /stealth0 and predicting radar cross-section is needed so that

the target becomes less detectable to radar.

"0 he laser gives the cross-section of each point individually while the radar

gives the gross cross-section of the target because laser is a point source and

radar diverges.

)0 +asers are capable of e(tremely accurate angular measurement because of

their small beam diameters /on transmit0 and narrow fields of view /on

receive0 while this is not the case with radars.

40 he detection and trac!ing ranges in case of lasers are much shorter than radar

because of low transmitter power and higher atmospheric attenuation.

s of now, not much wor! has been done in preparing a module which can predict the

laser cross section of a simple target e(cept in the boo! by $avid '.


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@4@4$ Propose% Mo%leGS&stem:

=ere, we propose a module which can predict the laser cross section of a simple

target which constitutes of a flat plate and a sphere. his has been designed in+abCI&@ which ma!es it all the more user friendly.

@44$ A%vanta(es o t,e Propose% Mo%leGS&stem:

It can predict the laser cross section of a simple target constituting of a flat

plate and a sphere. #nce this +' is !nown, it can be reduced by various

methods.

ItDs a UI designed in +abCI&@, hence is very user friendly and easy to

implement.

=ence, it was worth investing in the time and efforts to create this module.

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',apter

Pro"lem 0ormlation

4A Pro"lem 0ormlation

@e had a large number of systems which needed to be synchroni8ed with each other

on the basis of time. hese systems were present on different computer systems. @e

needed an accurate and economic source of time so that all these systems would wor!

in synchroni8ation. he diagram of these systems is as shown in fig. 3. he details are

also mentioned there.

@e had two options to synchroni8e these systemsA a0 to synchroni8e the different

cloc!s of all these computer systems so that wor! as per requirement or b0 to provide

a common accurate cloc! to all these systems. he second option seemed more

precise and accurate. ?ut the problem was now to get an affordable cloc! which

could be provided to all the systems.

s we all !now, the most accurate cloc! !nown is the atomic cloc!. ?ut it is very

e(pensive. o reduce the cost, we decided to use a readily available P receiver.

his P receiver interacts with the satellites each of which has an atomic cloc!.

@ith the help of four such satellites /minimum0, the P receiver gives time as

accurate as the atomic cloc!. hus the problem of getting an accurate but economic

cloc! was resolved.

Ne(t problem was to develop such a program or a module which would allow us to

e(tract the time information from the P receiver. his time would then be passed

on to all the systems involved to synchroni8e them.

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4@4A Har%+are Spe*ii*ation

'ompter s&stem A Pentium ) or above

-PS Re*eiver A 'ondor P family

'onne*tin( +ire A 92"2'onne*tin( port A 6 pin db connector

S,ortin( #ire A 'onnector

44A Sot+are Spe*ii*ation

Operatin( S&stem A %icrosoft @indows /preferably newer versions0

!a"VIE# A National Instruments +abCI&@ 253" /:)-bit0

4$ Pro"lem 0ormlation

hese days most of the bombs, missiles and other weapons are laser guided. @hen

the laser shines on them and gets reflected to the receiver, they get easily detected.

herefore, we need a mechanism which can help us to ma!e the target less visible or

detectable. *or solving this issue we, here, have developed a module which can

predictFcalculate the laser cross section area of a simple target which consists of a flat

plate and a sphere. #nce the laser cross section or the signature of the target gets

!nown to us, we can reduce it so that it becomes less observable to the enemy.

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',apter ?

S&stemGMo%le Desi(n

?4A S&stemGMo%le Desi(n

he module designed here consists of three sub modulesA a0 erial configuration sub-

module, b0 est sub-module and c0 P time finding sub-module.

*igure ).3. ?loc! diagram of %odule design

?4


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character /symbol0 ends and then it resynchroni8es with the character stream.

In this case one stop bit is sufficient.

%) Parit&: parity bit refers to an e(tra bit that is added at the end of an array of

binary code which indicates whether the number of ones in the binary array is

odd or even. ItDs a very simple error detecting code.

In the case of even parity, we count the number of ones in the code, if it is

found to be odd, we set the parity bit value to one, thereby ma!ing the total

number of ones even. If the number of ones is found to be even, we set the

parity bit to 5, thereby allowing the total number of ones to remain even.

In the case of odd parity, we reverse the conditions.

In this module, we donDt use any parity.

e) Visa Resor*e Name: CI stands for Cirtual Instrument oftware

rchitecture. ItDs a standard input-output language for instrumentation

programming H7. CI is a high level application programming interface that

summons the lower level drivers. he NI-CI hierarchy is as shown belowA

*igure ).2. NI-CI hierarchy

CI can control erial, PI? /eneral Purpose Instrumentation ?us0 or CLI

/C%& eLtensions for Instrumentation0 instruments.

CI has many advantages. *ew are listed belowA

3:

Serial


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i0 CI uses almost the same operations to communicate with

instruments irrespective of the type of interface, i.e., CI is interface

independent. his ma!es interface switching easy.

ii0 he design of CI is such that the programs which use CI

function calls are easily transportable from one platform to another.

*or e(ample, a +abCI&@ program can be used with other platforms

which support +abCI&@.

iii0 CI is an obect-oriented language and has all the benefits of the

same.

iv0 CI is an easy language to use and learn.

In CI 9esource Name, we have to select a port from the dropdown menu

which is to be opened. In this proect we select the wor!ing '#% port of the

computer system.

) 0lo+ 'ontrol: it is the process in which the data transmission rate between

two nodes is managed so that a fast sender does not overwhelm a slow

receiver. =ere, the flow control sets the type of control which is to be used by

the transfer mechanism.

In this module we donDt use any flow control.

=ere, we present a snapshot of the front panel and bloc! diagram of the serial

configuration sub-module.

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*igure ).". erial 'onfiguration sub-module

*igure ).). ?loc! diagram of the serial configuration sub-module

?4@4A Test s"/mo%le

37


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In this module we test whether the serial configuration module is wor!ing or not. his

is done on a single computer system itself. @e first chec! the status of the '#% ports

of the computer on which the serial module is to be tested. his is done using

hyperterminal. =yperterminal is a program which is used for communications and

terminal emulation /ability to ma!e one computer terminal to loo! li!e another0

purposes H6. It comes with @indows #perating ystem, starting with @indows 67.

@e short the 2nd and "rd pins of the '#% port to be tested /as they are the receiving

and transmitting pins respectively0, open the hyperterminal window

/programsaccessoriescommunicationshyperterminal0, choose the '#% port to be

tested and do the basic settings /bits per second-)755, data bits-7, parity-none, stop

bits-3 and flow control-LonFLoff0.

=ere we attach a snapshot of starting window of the hyperterminalA

*igure ).4. starting window of the hyperterminal

@e also attach a snapshot of the configuration window of the hyperterminalA

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*igure ).:. 'onfiguration window of hyperterminal

Now we are done with the basic setting configuration of the hyperterminal. If the

'#% port under test is wor!ing fine, then whatever we type comes into the

hyperterminal window, as shown belowA

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*igure ).>. esting window of hyperterminal

#nce we find out the wor!ing '#% ports of the computer, we then choose any one of

those and perform the loopbac! test on it.

?4@4


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*igure ).6. *ront panel of test sub-module

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*igure ).35. ?loc! diagram of the test sub-module

?44A -PS time in%in( s"/mo%le

=ere, we create a te(t file out of the already e(isting log file. his is done as followsA

• a!e the time details of the EP9%' sentence /which is the first entry in the

sentence and is in decimal format0• 'onvert it into he(adecimal format online

• Place the eight entries obtained in the vertical format in the te(t file

• ave the te(t file

lso, enter the value G5D in the GinbytecntD input. Now, run the module /the

complete one0 and get the time from the P in the hhAmmAssAmmm format, where hh

is in hours, mm is in minutes, ss is in seconds and mmm is in milliseconds.

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snapshot of the front panel of the P time finding module is presented hereA

*igure ).33. *ront panel of the P time finding module

snapshot of the bloc! diagram of the P time finding module is attached hereA

*igure ).32. ?loc! diagram snapshot of the P time finding module

?4?4A Details o t,e varios s"/mo%les o t,e $lo*3 Dia(ramIn this section we present the details of each of the functions used in the development

of the final module.

*irstly, we present an overview of the moduleA

2)

Close VIS


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*igure ).3". #verview of the module

@e also attach the snapshot of the complete moduleA

*igure ).3). he bloc! diagram of the complete module

*igure ).34. he front panel /UI0 of the complete module

Now we present the details of the bloc!s used in each of the sub-modules.

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?4?4


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a) Timeot: It specifies after how much time, in milliseconds, the read and write

operations timer e(pire. In this module we set the timeout to 35555, which is

also the default value.

") VISA Resor*e Name: It specifies the resource to be opened. =ere, we

choose the wor!ing '#% port, '#%".

*) $a% rate: It gives the number of symbols per second. In case of P the

baud rate usually ta!en 6:55 which is also the default value.

%) Data $its: It gives the number of number of bits in a symbol. It lies between 4

and 7. =ere, we set it as 7 which is the default value also.

e) Parit&: It specifies the parity /defined in section ).3, /d00 which is to be used

for every frame transmitted or received. =ere we donDt use any parity.

) Error In: It specifies the error conditions which occur before this node runs.

It an error has occurred before this node has run, then the node passes the

Gerror inD value to the Gerror outD. his node runs normally if no error occurs

before this node runs.

() Stop $its: hey specify the number of stop bits which are used to signify the

end of a frame. It uses the following valuesA

1 Stop Bit1.5 Stop

Bits2 Stop Bits

able ).3. top bits

,) 0lo+ 'ontrol: It is defined in section ).3 /f0. =ere, we do not use any flow

control, i.e., we assume that the buffers, present on both the sides of the

connection, are large enough to absorb all the data that is transferred.

he outputs of the CI 'onfigure erial Port are described belowA

a) VISA Resor*e Name Ot: It is a copy of the CI resource name which

the CI function returns.

") Error Ot: his contains the error information which is passed to it from the

Gerror inD input.

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?4?4@4A Details o t,e "lo*3s an% n*tions se% in test s"/mo%le

he figure below shows the details of the bloc!s and functions used in test sub-

module.

*igure ).3>. $etails of the est sub-module

he entire of the test sub-module is enclosed in a frame of a flat sequence structure.

his very frame contains the serial configuration sub-module also, which is shown in

figure ).34.

he first function encountered in this sub-module is the CI write function. It is

enclosed in a case structure with a boolean value wired to the selector terminal. @hen

the boolean value wired to the selector terminal is false nothing e(ecutes, while if the

value is true, the CI write function e(ecutes. he CI write function writes the

data from write buffer to the interface or device indicated by CI resource name. It

has the following inputsA

a) VISA Resor*e Name: It specifies the resource to be opened. he input to it

comes from the CI 'onfigure erial Port.

") Error In: It specifies the error conditions which occur before this node runs.

he input to this comes from the error out of the previous function.

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*) #rite "er: It contains the data which is to be written to the device or the

interface. =ere, we write the test data into this function so that the serial sub-

module can be tested.

he outputs of the CI write function areA

a) VISA resor*e name ot: Indicates the resource to be opened.

") Retrn *ont: It contains the number of bytes written.

*) Error ot: It contains the error information.

he ne(t function encountered is the @ait /ms0 function. his function waits for thespecified number of milliseconds and returns the value of the timer after the wait. he

input to the Gwait functionD is Gmilliseconds to waitD. his indicates the number of

milliseconds the function has to wait. he wait for this function cannot be longer than

5(>ffffff or 2,3)>,)7",:)> ms. If one has to wait for a period longer than the one

specified, then the function needs to be e(ecuted twice. he output of the Gwait

functionD is the Gmillisecond timer valueD which gives the millisecond timer value

after the wait.

he ne(t node which comes into picture is the Gproperty nodeD. @ith its help we read

or write the properties of a reference. Its inputs are GreferenceD and Gerror inD and its

outputs are Greference outD, Gerror outD and Gbytes read at serial portD.

nother maor node which forms an integral part of the test sub-module is the GCI

readD node. It has the following inputsA

a) VISA resor*e name: It specifies the resource which is to be opened.

") $&te *ont: It indicates the number of bytes which are to be read. It comes

from the output of the property node.

*) Error in: Indicates the error conditions which occur before this node runs.

he outputs of the GCI readD node or function include the followingA

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a) VISA resor*e name ot: ItDs a copy of the CI resource name which the

CI functions return.

") Rea% "er: It contains the data which is read from the device.

*) Retrn *ont: It contains the number of bytes which are read.

%) Error ot: It contains the error information.

he ne(t maor node which features is the GCI 'loseD node. It closes a session with

a device specified by the CI resource name. Its inputs include GCI resource

nameD and Gerror inD and the output is Gerror outD.

?4?44A Details o t,e "lo*3s an% n*tions se% in -PS time in%in( s"/mo%le

ince the bloc! diagram of the P time finding module is very large /it cannot be

accommodated here with details highlighted0, we have split it into two further sub-

modules. hey areA

a) 5Atomati* te8t ile rea%in(6 s"/mo%le

") 5-PS time e8tra*tion rom t,e rea% ile6 s"/mo%le

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*igure ).37. $etails of the bloc!s and functions used in Gautomatic te(t file readingD

sub-module

he entire sub-module is enclosed in the stac!ed sequence structure in which the

serial configuration and test module were enclosed, ust the frame is different.

he first function encountered is the Gfile dialogue e(press CID. n e(press CI is

nothing but a CI which interacts with the users and configures its settings by means

of a dialogue bo(. n e(press CI is composed of the followingA

a) 'oni(ration %ialo( "o8 VI: his allows the users to configure settings for

the run-time behavior of the &(press CI H35.

") Sor*e VIA his contains the code for the &(press CI. he source CI also

contains a lin! to the configuration dialog bo( CI H35.

his Gfile dialogue e(press CID has the following inputs /#nly those are being

described which are being configured during the e(ecution of this sub-module0A

a) Prompt: ItDs a custom message that gets displayed as the title page of the file

dialogue bo(. If we donDt give the prompt message it ta!es the default

message which is Gchoose or enter path of fileD. =ere, we use the prompt

message Gchoose array fileD.

"3

Spreadsheet String to rra! Function


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") Pattern 9all iles): It displays only those files in the dialogue bo( whose name

matches with the Gpattern /all files0D. =ere, we set the pattern /all file0 to Gll

*iles/J.J0D so that all the files in the dialogue bo( and we can choose from

them.

he outputs of the Gfile dialogue e(press CID areA

a) Sele*te% pat,: It is the complete path to the file chosen using this dialogue

bo(.

") Error ot: It gives the error information

he second function which is encountered is GopenFcreateFreplace fileD function. Its

inputs areA

a) 0ile pat,: It is the absolute and complete path to the file. It comes from the

output of the previous function.

") Operation: It is the operation which is to be performed. n error /)"0 occurs

if one cancels this dialogue bo(. he dialogue bo( with error, which appears

on cancelling it shown belowA

*igure ).36. &rror )"

he various operations which can be performed are shown in the table below.

0 Open (deault): en eisting !le is opened1 Replace: an eisting !le is replaced "# t$e opening !le

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2 %reate: a ne& !le is created' Open or create: an eisting !le is opened or a ne& !le is created

i one does not eist Replace or create: a ne& !le is created or a !le is replaced i it

eists

5 Replace or create &it$ con!r*ation: a ne& !le is created or aneisting !le is replace and one is gi+en per*ission

able ).2. #perations which can be performed by openFcreate Freplace file function

=ere we perform the GopenD operation

*) A**ess: It specifies how one plans to access the file. he default is

GreadFwriteD but here we perform Gread onlyD. he other values which access

can ta!e are shown in the table below.

0 Read,&rite

1 Read-onl#2 rite-onl#

able ).". Carious values of access

%) Error in: It indicates the error conditions which occur before this node.

he outputs of the GopenFcreateFreplace fileD function areA

a) Renm ot: It is the reference number of the opened file.

") Error ot: It contains the error information.

he ne(t function is Gget file si8eD function. Its inputs areA

a) 0ile: It can be a file path or a refnum. =ere, itDs a refnum.

") Error in: It indicates the error conditions which occur before this node.

he outputs of Gget file si8eD function areA

a) Renm ot: It gives the refnum of the file that the function ust read.

") Sie 9in "&tes): It is the si8e of the file in bytes.


he ne(t function which comes into picture is Gread from te(t fileD function. It reads a

predefined number of lines or characters from a byte stream file. It has the following

inputsA

""


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a) 0ile 9se %ialo(e): It can be an absolute file path or a refnum. =ere, itDs a

refnum.

") 'ont: It is the ma(imum number of lines or characters that the function

reads.

*) Error in: It indicates the error conditions which occur before this node.

he outputs of Gread from te(t fileD function areA

a) Renm ot: It is the refnum of the file that the function ust read.

") Te8t: It is the te(t read from the file. his parameter is a string by default.


he ne(t function encountered is Gspreadsheet string to arrayD function. he inputs to

this function areA

a) 0ormat strin(: It specifies the way to convert the spread sheet string into an

array. @e use Q( over here as we need to convert the spreadsheet string into

an array of he(adecimal numbers.

") Sprea%s,eet strin(: It contains numeric or string values which are separated

into columns by commas or tabs and rows separated by end-of-line /+0

character.

*) Arra& t&pe: It is the data type of which we want the output array to be. =ere,

we use a 2-dimensional array of he(adecimal type.

he output of Gspreadsheet string to arrayD function is an array e(tracted out of the

spreadsheet string which has the representation and dimension of Garray typeD.

Parallel to the Gspreadsheet string to arrayD function we have the Gclose file functionD.

he inputs to this function come from Gread from te(t fileD function and areA

a) Renm: It is the file refnum associated with the file which one wants to

close.

") Error in: It indicates the error conditions which occur before this node.

he output of this function is Gerror outD which contains the error information.

he ne(t function of this sub-module is the Ghe(adecimal string to number functionD.

It interprets the characters in the string attached as he( integers and returns them in

numbers. he inputs of the same areA

")


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a) Strin(: It is a string or an array of strings which is to be converted to a

number.

") Oset: It is the starting position and should be numeric.

he output of the above mentioned function is GnumberD, which can be a number or

an array of numbers, depending on GstringD and GoffsetD. In this case we get a 2-$

array unsigned long type.

?4?44@4A Details o t,e "lo*3s an% n*tions se% in 5-PS time e8tra*tion rom

t,e rea% ile6 s"/mo%le

he figure below shows the details of the bloc!s and functions used in GP time

e(traction from the read fileD sub-module.

*igure ).25. $etails of GP time e(traction from the read fileD sub-module

Initially, we have an GInbytecntD variable whose value has to be made 5 after every

time e(traction round. lso, we have a local variable GInbytecntD whose value is

equal to the variable GInbytecntD plus >).

he first function which is encountered in the GP time e(traction from the read fileD

sub-module is the Ginde( array functionD. Its inputs areA

"4

Concatenate


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a) N/%imension arra&: It is an n-dimensional array of any type. In this case itDs

a 2-$ array of unsigned long integer type. his array comes from the

Ghe(adecimal string to numberD function of the previous sub-module.

") In%e8 =n/, i.e., we are trying to get the 4 th, :th, >th

and 7th element of the array, since the array starts with 5 inde(.

he outputs of Ginde( array functionD are the elements or sub-arrays of the Gn-

dimension arrayD, i.e., we get the 4 th, :th, >th and 7th elements of the input array /as

e(plained above0.

he ne(t three bloc!s present are the Goin numbersD functions. his function creates a

number from the input words or bytes. he inputs to this function areA

a) Hi: It is an 7-, 3:- or "2-bit number or an array of this representation.

") !o: It is an 7-, 3:- or "2-bit number or an array of this representation.

he output of the above mentioned function is /hi.lo0. It is an integer which is twice

the width of GhiD and GloD. /=i.lo0 is a 3:-, "2- or :)-bit unsigned array or integer of

this representation. If the widths of GhiD and GloD are different, then /hi.lo0 is double the

width of the widest number. In this sub-module, the output of this function is an

unsigned :) bit integer.

he other function which comes into picture in this sub-module is the Gtype castD

function. his converts the input to the data type specified. he inputs to this function

areA

a) T&pe: It is the data type to which one wants to convert the input data. In the

case of this sub-module, we wire a constant to GtypeD so that the output is of

data type GconstantD.

") 8: It is data which one wants to convert to GtypeD.

he output of this function is GJ/type J0 1(D which is the value in G(D that has been

converted to the data type GtypeD.

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he ne(t function is Gquotient 1 remainderD function. It calculates the integer quotient

and remainder of the inputs. he inputs to this function areA

a) 8: It is the dividend. It can be a scalar number or an array or cluster of

numbers.

") &: It is the divisor. It also can be a scalar number or an array or cluster of

numbers.

he outputs of this function areA

a0 8/&loor98G&): It is the remainder. his is in correspondence to the GmoduloD

function of the te(t based programming languages.

b0 loor98G&): It gives the integer quotient.

In case of this sub-module we use three Gquotient 1 remainderD functions. In the first

one we divide the input by 3555 /to get the value in seconds as the input is in

milliseconds0. he integer quotient so obtained is divided by :5 /to get the value in

minutes0. he integer quotient obtained during this iteration is further divided by :5

/to get the value in hours0.

he other function which comes into picture in this sub-module is Gnumber to decimal

stringD function. his converts a number to a string of decimal digits which are at least

a specified number of characters wide or may be wider, if need be. he inputs to this

function areA

a) Nm"er: It is a scalar number or an array of numbers or an array of cluster of

numbers and so on.

") #i%t,: It must be numeric. If left unwired, then the function uses e(actly as

many digits as are required to represent the number, without any e(tra

padding.

he output of this function is the Gdecimal integer stringD which is nothing but the

resulting decimal string.

=ere, we use four Gnumber to decimal stringD functions.

he last function of this sub-module is the Gconcatenate stringsD function. It

concatenates the input strings into a single output string. he inputs are the Gstring

5Rn-3D which one wants to concatenate. he output is the Gconcatenated stringD

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which contains the concatenated input strings in the order in which they were wired

from top to bottom. =ere, the concatenation of time is done using colons, so that it

becomes easily interpretable.

?4$ S&stemGMo%le Desi(n

=ere, we have to design such a module or system which can predict the laser cross

section of the target comprising of a flat plate and a sphere. his is done in various

steps. hese steps are listed belowA

30 he simple target, constituting of a flat plate and a sphere, is first bro!en

down to these shapes. +aser cross section is determined individually for these

shapes.20 hese shapes are then meshed into a number of equilateral triangles /e(cept

for flat plate-its +' is directly calculated0.

"0 he +' of a single triangular facet is calculated. his +' is summed up to

get the +' of the simple shape /sphere0.

)0 fter calculating the +' of flat plate and sphere individually, they are

summed up to get the total +' of the simple target.

hese steps are shown belowA

*igure ).3.?A teps for predicting the +' of a target

"7

%onsolidating t$e /%S or si*ple s$apesto o"tain t$e total /%S


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?4


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*igure ).2.?A %odule to calculate the +' of flat plate-?loc! diagram

*igure ).".?A %odule to calculate the +' of flat plate-*ront panel

=ere, we enter the length and width of the flat plate /in meters0, elevation angle /in

degrees0 and reflectance /unit less0. hen we ta!e the square of the cosine of the

elevation angle and multiply the constant four, length, width and reflectance with this.

hus we get the +' of the flat plate in square meters.

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?4@4$ !'S o Sp,ere

he +' of sphere is calculated by dividing it into a number of equilateral triangles,

then calculating the +' of one of these triangles, summing the +' obtained for all

the triangles to get the total +' of the sphere.

he number of triangles in which the sphere is to be divided is calculated by dividing

the total area of the sphere by the ma(imum area of a triangle.

he formula for calculating the +' of a single triangle is given by equation /).2.?0.

σ =4 ᴨ∗cosθi∗cosθr∗s /).2.?0

@here,

is t$e /%S or s area

is the ?9$*

Si is the incident angle

Sr is the reflected viewing angle

s is the area /of the triangle0

?4@4


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@here,

is the ?9$*

*/ ,T0 is the fresnel coefficient of the rough surface

Sl,l,Si,i are the polar and a8imuthal angles in the lighting and viewing directions

respectively

Sh is the normal

C/Sl0 and C/SV0 are the visibility functions

is the smoothness parameter

he smoothness parameter is given by

s=% /σ /).".?0

@here,

is the correlation length of the rough surface and

is the std. deviation of the aussian

=ere we use the aussian surface because modeling of the rough surface is done by

assuming that the surface deviations resemble aussian dents. hese dents are shown

in figure below

*igure ).).?A aussian dents

he aussian height field appro(imation is ta!en for calculating the ?9$*.

)2


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?4@4@4$ !a"VIE# Mo%le or 'al*latin( t,e !'S o Sp,ere

he +abCI&@ module for calculating the +' of a sphere is shown below.

*igure 2A %odule to calculate the +' of phere-bloc! diagram

)"


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*igure ).4.?A %odule to calculate the +' of phere-*ront panel

?44$ 'omplete !a"VIE# Mo%le or 'al*latin( t,e !'S o a

Tar(et

he +abCI&@ module of flat plate and sphere are enclosed in a flat sequence

structure and then +' values added up to get the total +' of a simple target. he

total +', which is in square meters, is converted to db square meters.

he conte(t diagram of the total +' calculation of this module is shown belowA

*igure ).:.?A 'onte(t diagram of total +' calculation

))

%on+erting t$e s* /%S to d" -s* /%S


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he complete module is shown belowA

*igure ).>.?A 'omplete %odule to 'alculate the +' of target-bloc! diagram

*igure ).7.?A 'omplete %odule to 'alculate the +' of target-*ront Panel

)4


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',apter >

S&stem an% Mo%le Implementation

>4A S&stem an% Mo%le Implementation

=ere, we present the system and module implementation.

>4


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*igure 4.2. urned off GreadD and GwriteD buttons

*igure 4.". urned off Gtime findingD button

*igure 4.). urned on GreadD and GwriteD buttons

*igure 4.4. urned on Gtime findingD button

?esides doing the above, we need to set the baud rate /to )755 in case of P0, data

bits /set to 70, stop bits /set to 30, parity /set to GnoneD0, CI resource name /wor!ing

CI resource nameM in this case it is '#%"0 and flow control /set to GnoneD0. lso

to test whether the serial communication is wor!ing or not, we write something in the

write buffer /it can be anything0.

@e also need to have a te(t file in which the time data of EP9%' in he(adecimal

form in vertical order, as is shown belowA

)>


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*igure 4.:. EP9%' ime data in he(adecimal and vertical form

@e then clic! on the run button to get the time /details of the result are presented in

the ne(t chapter0. he format of time is in hhAmmAssAmmm, where GhD represents

hours, first GmD represents minutes, GsD represents seconds and last GmD represents

milliseconds.

>4$ S&stem an% Mo%le Implementation

=ere, we present the system and module implementation procedure of the abovedesigned module.

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)0 'orrelation lengthA it can ta!e the values greater than 8ero and less than one.

40 tandard deviationA it can ta!e the values greater than 8ero and less than one.

:0 %a(imum area of triangleA it can ta!e any positive value which is less than the

area of the sphere /because the triangle would be a part of sphere0.

>0 *resnel coefficientA it can ta!e the values greater than 8ero and less than one.

70 9adius of sphereA it can ta!e any positive value.

fter running the module, we get the +' values of flat plate, sphere and the total

+'

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',apter J

Reslts

J4A Reslts

fter ma!ing the required connections and doing the needed configurations, as

specified in chapter 4, we run the +abCI&@ module.

o run the +abCI&@ module, we clic! on the GrunD button which is shown belowA

*igure :.3. 9un button

@e get the data /by means of serial communication0 from the P receiver. =ere, we

get a lot of information from the P receiver but we need only the time or the

EP9%' information. @e then e(tract the needed information, i.e., the EP9%'

information and convert the same to he(adecimal form with the help of internet. Now

we arrange the he(adecimal data, in a te(t file, in vertical form as shown in figure 4.:.

fter doing the above, we get the time information from the P receiver in

hhAmmAssAmmm. #ne sample output is shown in the UI developed.

*igure :.2. he UI developed

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=ere, we show the table of ten readings. hese readings are a result of running the

+abCI&@ module ten times.

S"o#

Time$decimal%

Time$&e'adecimal%

Time$read in

hh(mm(ss(mmm%) ))*+)*#** *'*) ,* + ** +(./(/)(+*/ ))*+))#** *'*) ,* ++ ** +(./(//()0 ))*+)/#** *'*) ,* +1 ** +(./(//(/+/2 ))*+)0#** *'*) ,* +3 ** +(./(//(./1. ))*+)2#** *'*) ,* + ** +(./(//(+12 ))*+).#** *'*) ,* +, ** +(./(/0(2*+ ))*+)#** *'*) ,* +C ** +(./(/0(/31 ))*+)+#** *'*) ,* +4 ** +(./(/0(../

3 ))*+)1#** *'*) ,* +5 ** +(./(/0(1*1)* ))*+)3#** *'*) ,* +F ** +(./(/2(2

able :.3. 9eadings of time e(tracted

hese readings are separated by a time of 24: milliseconds, i.e., in these readings,

after every 24: ms the P gives a time information.

J4$ Reslts

fter entering the required values, as specified in chapter 4, we run the +abCI&@

module.

o run the +abCI&@ module, we clic! on the GrunD button which is shown belowA

*igure :.3.? 9un button

#nce we run the module, we get the value of the total +'. value of total +' was

obtained with the following valuesA

30 +ength /in m0A 35

20 @idth /in m0A 35

"0 &levation angle /in degree0A"5

)0 9eflectanceA 5.440 %a(imum area of triangle /in sqm0A 3

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:0 'orrelation lengthA 5.2

>0 tandard deviationA 5.4

70 *resnel coefficientA 54

60 9adius of sphere /in m0A 35

Reslts:

a) 0lat plate !'S 9in s1m): =

") Sp,ere !'S 9in s1m): ??4=KKJ

*) Total !'S 9in s1m):


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',apter C

'on*lsion 2 0tre En,an*ement

C4A 'on*lsion 2 0tre En,an*ement

In this proect we have developed a module in +abCI&@ which can control and

communicate with P. hrough this communication we are trying to e(tract the

time information from P. he time information is present in the EP9%'

sentence which is received at the P receiver. his sentence contains a lot of other

information and we e(tract only the time in the readable format. @ith the help of the

e(tracted time, we try to synchroni8e various systems shown in figure 3.3. he timee(traction is performed with the help of three submodules. hese are i0 the serial

communication module, ii0 the test module and iii0 the P time e(traction module.

Cia the serial communication module, we allow the P to serailly communicate

with the system /computer0 and send it the EP9%' information. he settings of the

serial communication include baud rate /set at 6:550, data bits /set to 70, stop bits /set

to 30, parity /set to GnoneD0, CI resource name /set to G'#%"D0 and flow control

/set to GnoneD0. Cia the test module, we test whether the data is being transmitted

serially or not. =ere, the loopbac! test is performed in which the second and the third

pins of the '#% port /wor!ing '#% port0 are shorted, a test message writtem in the

GwriteD buffer and, if the module wor!s fine, this same message gets read in the GreadD

buffer. Cia the P time e(traction module, we finally e(tract the time which is very

accurate as it comes from the atomic cloc! present in the satellites. his module is

further divided into two submodules a0 Gutomatic te(t file readingD sub-module and

b0 GP time e(traction from the read fileD sub-module. In Gautomatic te(t file

readingD sub-module, the te(t file modified manually is uploaded into the module and

in GP time e(traction from the read fileD sub-module, the e(act time is e(tracted

from the uploaded te(t file.

ill now, we have designed a module in which we have to convert the encoded time,

available from EP9%' sentence in decimal format, to he(adecimal with the help

available online. he future enhancements would include improvising the module to

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the one which can convert the available time to he(adecimal on its own without any

help.

C4$ 'on*lsion 2 0tre En,an*ement

In this proect we have developed a module in +abCI&@ which can calculate the

laser cross section of a simple target which constitutes of a flat plate and a sphere.

+aser cross section or +' is nothing but the reflecting property of the target towards

laser. *or this we calculate the laser cross section of the flat plate and sphere

individually. his is accomplished by dividing the simple shape /other than flat plate0

into a number of equilateral triangles, calculating the +' of a single triangle and

multiplying this value with the total number of triangles /to get the +' of the

complete shape0. In case of flat plate, we directly determine its +' with the help of formula H3 while in the case of sphere, it is divided into equilateral triangles, the +'

of each of these triangles calculated individually and then the same summed up for all

the triangles to get the total +' of the sphere. #nce the individual values of +' of

flat plate and sphere are calculated, we sum them up to calculate the total +' value

of the simple target. fter getting the value of +' of the target, we can ta!e

measures to reduce the same so that the target becomes less visible to the enemy.

hese measures include painting the target surface with laser absorbing paints

/e(ampleA iron ball paint0, using foam absorber, changing the shape of the target from

edgy to flat surfaces /as edges reflect laser more as compared to flat surfaces0.

=ere, we have calculated or predicted the +' of a simple target. he future

enhancements to this module may include predicting the +' of a comple( target.

his comple( target may be bro!en down to various simple shapes whose +' can be

calculated individually and then summed up to get the total +' of the comple(

target.

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',apter K

$i"lio(rap,&

K4A $i"lio(rap,&

H3 'ontrol $esarrollo dministracion, rquimedes N%& 537" 'ommunication

Protocol /v5457en0 EP9%' entence. H#nline. vailableA

httpAFFwww.arquimedes.com.m(FguidesFenFmuFN%&Q25537"Q25protocol

Q25v5457en.pdf

H2 National Instruments, WIcon and 'onnector PaneX. H#nline. vailableA

httpAFF8one.ni.comFreferenceFen-LLFhelpF">3":3 National Instruments, W+abCI&@ CI utorialX, H#nline. vailableA

httpsAFFwww.ni.comFsupportFvisaFvintro.pdf

H7 pectracom 'orporation, WUsing =yperterminalX, H#nline. vailableA

httpAFFwww.spectracomcorp.comFportalsF5FsupportFpdfFusinghyperterminal.pdf

H6 National Instruments, W+abCI&@ &(press CI $evelopment ool!it User uideX,

H#nline. vailableA httpAFFwww.ni.comFpdfFmanualsF"2")3"a.pdf

H35 National Interagency Incident %anagement ystem, ?asic +and Navigation,

publication of National @ildlife 'oordinating roup, , 'hapter 4, p. 4.3

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K4$ $i"lio(rap,&

H3 $avid '. 53F5>533"3.pdf H" Prof. ;aivola, W+ecture Note on +asers echnology and #pticsX, #ptics and

%olecular %aterials, =elsin!i University of echnology, H#nline. vailableA

httpAFFomm.hut.fiFopticsFloF2554F

H) teinfeld et al, W#ptimum perture i8e and #perating emperature of a olar

'avity 9eceiverX, Paul cherrer Institute, H#nline. vailableA

httpAFFwww.prec.eth8.chFpublicationsFournalsFfullF33.pdf

H4 $e+eon, Whe +aser uided ?ombA 'ase =istory of a $evelopmentX, H#nline.

vailableA httpAFFwww.rand.orgFcontentFdamFrandFpubsFreportsF255:F93"32-3.pdf

H: +iu et al, W+aser ablation and micromachining with ultra short laser pulsesX,

[uantum &lectronics, I&&& Col. "", pp 3>5:-3>3:, #ct. 366>

H> ;nott et al, W9adar 'ross ectionX, second edition

H7 *ilippos 'hat8igeorgiadis, W $evelopment of 'ode for a Physical #ptics 9adar

'ross ection and nalysis pplicationX, Phd. hesis, Naval Postgraduate chool,

ep. 255)

H6 Binlong un, Wnalytic *ramewor! for 'alculating ?9$*s of 9andomly 9ough

urfacesX, %ay 255:

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priyanka sharma thesis

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