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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES:A WAY OUT?

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES:A WAY OUT?

What are the renewable energy sources?

Solar Energy Bioenergy

Ocean energy

Ocean Energy

Tidal sources

of Energy

Geothermal Energy

The ultimate sources of renewable energy are:

the sun, gravity and earths rotation

Hydroelectricity

Wind Energy


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Schematic of a vapor-dominated geothermal power plant

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Alternate

Re-injection

Production well to

bring the resource

to the surface

CondensatePump

Direct-contact

Condenser

Steam-jet

Ejector

Centrifugal

Separator

T G

Cooling tower

Injection well to

recycle the spent

geothermal fluid

back to the reservoir

Ground

Geothermal


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400MW Geothermal power station complex at Lardello, Italy

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY


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BIOMASS ENERGYResources

Bioenergy resources such as forestry and agriculturecrops, biomass residues and wastes already provideabout 14% of the world's primary energy supplies.

Bioenergy offers cost-effective and sustainableopportunities with the potential to meet 50% of world

energy demands during the next decades and at thesame time meet the requirement of reducing carbonemissions from fossil fuels.


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Bio-Refinery process

BIOMASS ENERGYBIOMASS ENERGY

Waste PlasticsGreen Waste

Crop Residues

Wood Waste

Manure

BIO-

REFINERY

Gas/OilEthanol

Hydrogen Gas

Methane Gas

FuelSupplyWasteResourcesFuelProcessing


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Bio-Refinery process

BIOMASS ENERGYBIOMASS ENERGY

Anima

Manure

GreenWaste

Plastic

Waste

Anaerobic

Bio-digester

GasifierProcess

POET

Process

GasifierProcess

Ethanol

Process

Gas/Oil

Distillation

Ethanol

Fuels

Hydrogen

Gas

Gasoline/Diesel

For Electric


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BIOMASS SECTORS

Large-Scale Thermal

The dominant technology

Diverse range of feedstock's: wood, agricultural, MSW Flexibility: CHP and co-firing

Landfill Gas

Short term option Capturing energy otherwise wasted Mainly developed country large metropolitan areas Waste management /environmental benefits

Anaerobic Digestion Relatively small commercial sector Farm based units important for effluent management - Asia, Western Europe Centralized units gaining in importance - e.g.. food industry By product fertilizer supports economic case


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Biomass Capital Expenditure Totals, 2004-2013

(US$ billion)

Anaerobic

Digestion,1.35

Landfill Gas,

2.76

Large Scale

Thermal,

13.91

Total=$18 billion= 11 GW Capacity8.5 GW

1.7 GW 0.8 GW


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Ebb generating system with a bulb turbine

Generating Electricity from the TideGenerating Electricity from the Tide

Estuary FloorBulb Turbine

High Water MarkSluice Gates

BasinBarrage

Low Water MarkSEA


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La Rance 240 MW Tidal Power Plant


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Schematic of a closed-cycle OTEC power plant

ENERGY FROM THE OCEANSENERGY FROM THE OCEANS


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Global Wave Power Distribution in kW/m

of Crest Length


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Ocean Waves Energy Conversion

ENERGY FROM THE OCEANSENERGY FROM THE OCEANS

32

22

THgP=

The average power P (W/m) in a regular sine

wave per meter wave front of waves with

height H and period T

Wave direction

VelocityvCrest length

WaveHeight HWave

Length L

Sea bed

Mean water level

WaterDepth D


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Air

Wells

Turbine

Generator

OWC encloses

a column of airon top of column

of water

As the wave

approaches OWC

the internal water

is raised forcing

air upwards

to drive turbine

As the wave

trough arrives

the internal water

falls, drawing

air back into the

column via turbine

Principle of operation of OWC


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A leading light: The Pelamis wave energy device from Ocean PowerDelivery Ltd

Pelamis-sea-snake


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Wavegen's Limpet shoreline wave energy device

Limpet-diagram

The wells turbines rotate in the same directionregardless of the direction of the air flow.Turbines are generating regardless of upwardor downward movement of the water column.

Air compressed and decompressed by the oscillatingWater column (OWC). This causes air to be forced outand then sucked back through the wells turbines.

Reinforced concrete captureChamber set into the Rock face


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Wave EnergyWave Energy Possibilities

Australia

Denmark

Douglas-Westwood Associates

ShorelineShoreline

NearshoreNearshore OffshoreOffshore

Portugal


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Capital Cost for Various PowerTechnologies

Plant Technology

Wind Turbines

Solar Photovoltaics

Solar Thermal

Coal Thermal ( Steam-Turbine )

Combined Cycle ( Gas Turbine )

Capital Cost, $/KW

800 1500

5000 9000

2500 5000

400 600

800 - 1200


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WHERE are the Renewables growth prospects?

Five sectors will dominate the $272 bn market (2001-2010)

Biomass

43%

Geothermal4%

Small-Hydro

9%

Solar

15%

Wind

27%

Wave&Current

2%


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Costs of Electricity with and without external

costs(/kWh)

3.1-5.30.1-0.33-5Wind

24.7-48.70.724-48Photovoltaics

2.4-8.80-1.12.4-7.7Hydro power

7.2-12.40.2-3.47-9Biomass

10.2-14.80.2-0.810-14Nuclear

4.5-9.51.1-4.53.4-5.0Natural gas (new)

6.6-21.72.3-16.94.3-4.8Coal / Lignite

Total costsExternal costsGenerating costs

*External costs are environmental and health costs for 15 countries in Europe* Source: Mainstreaming Renewable Energy in the 21st Century, Washington,DC, May 2004

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