The Principles of Organic AgricultureThe Principles of Organic Agriculture IFOAM 2005IFOAM 2005

Organic agriculture is based on:

1. The principle of health2. The principle of ecology3. The principle of fairness4. The principle of care

• Principle of health:

Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet

• Principle of ecology

Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them and help sustain them.

• Principle of fairness

Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities

• Principle of care

Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment.

Organic Production and Processing is based on a number of principles and ideas.IFOAM is the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements. It is an‘umbrella’ organization for the organic industry, made up of nearly 800 organizationsfrom 104 countries.

The principles of Organic Farming

• To produce sufficient quantities of nutritious wholesome, high quality food

• To work compatibly with natural cycles and living systems

• To include the wider social and ecological impact within the organic production and processing system

• To enhance biological cycles by involving microorganisms, soil flora and fauna, plants and animals within the farming system

• To encourage development of an ecologically valuable and sustainable aquatic ecosystem

• To maintain and increase long-term fertility and sustainability of soils

• To maintain, promote and increase agro-biological diversity through sustainable production systems and protection of their ecological context

• To promote the responsible use and conservation of water and water resources

• To use, as far as possible, renewable resources in production and processing systems

• To create a harmonious balance between crop production To create a harmonious balance between crop production

and animal husbandryand animal husbandry

• To minimize all forms of pollutionTo minimize all forms of pollution

• To utilize biodegradable and recycled packaging materialsTo utilize biodegradable and recycled packaging materials

• To allow and provide everyone involved with a quality of To allow and provide everyone involved with a quality of

life that satisfies their basic needs, and furnishes an life that satisfies their basic needs, and furnishes an

adequate return, within a safe, secure and healthy working adequate return, within a safe, secure and healthy working

environmentenvironment

• To support the establishment of an entire production, To support the establishment of an entire production,

processing and distribution chain which is both socially just processing and distribution chain which is both socially just

and ecologically responsibleand ecologically responsible

• To recognize the importance of, protect and learn from, To recognize the importance of, protect and learn from,

indigenous knowledge and traditional farming systems.indigenous knowledge and traditional farming systems.

Definition of some farming systemsDefinition of some farming systems

Traditional Agriculture

Farming methods before agrochemical, high yielding varieties & machines have been

introduced

Sustainable Agriculture Conventional AgricultureA group of agriculture systems “Green revolution” agriculture:Which are not clearly defined, monoculture of high yieldingAiming on sustainable land use varieties, use of chemical fertilizer,e.g. LEISA pesticides, etc.

Bio-dynamic agriculture Organic

Type of Organic Agriculture

Organic Agriculture

Integrated Production

Improved conventional agriculture through reduced chemical & pessticides

ORGANIC CERTIFICATIONORGANIC CERTIFICATION

Organic Standards and CertificationOrganic Standards and Certification

• Organic certification was first instituted in the 1970's by the same regional organic farming groups that first developed organic standards. In the early years, the farmers inspected one another on a voluntary basis, according to quite a general set of standards.  Today third-party certification is a much more complex and formal process.  Although certification started as a voluntary activity, the market began to demand it for sales transactions, and now it is required by the regulations of many governments for any kind of an "organic" claim on a product label.   

ORGANIC CERTIFICATION

Purposes of organic certification:• as evidence of an organic products• as marketing instrument in premium markets• is needed if organic products are traded world wide• as a standard that constantly reviewed• getting higher selling prices• open a new market• useless for personal consumption• avoid consumers from abuse in the growing and lucrative market

Certification is expensive and bureaucratic !!Certification is expensive and bureaucratic !!

1. International standard• IFOAM Basic Standard: How organic products

are grown, produced, processed and handled.• The Codex Alimentarius: A joint FAO/WHO food

standard program as a guideline for production, processing, labeling and marketing of organic products. Codex are in line with IFOAM basic standard & EU

2. National Standard Guideline for production, processing and import

of organic products including inspection procedure, labeling, marketing for the whole Europe

• EU Regulation 2092/91 for crop in 1993• EU Regulation 1804/99 for livestock in 2000

Type of certificationType of certification

•EU regulation is fully implemented in 28 European

countries, 7 in Asian and Pasific regions, 3 in

America and Caribbean, 1 in Africa and middle east.•Indonesia is in the process of drafting regulations

• International certification is higher than National International certification is higher than National

certificationcertification

LOGO OF ORGANIC FARMINGLOGO OF ORGANIC FARMING

Logo EU Germany

Turkey Ethiopia Austria Thailand

Canada France Switzerland

America Indonesia

CERTIFICATION CONDITIONCERTIFICATION CONDITION

• Conversion from conventional to organic

minimum two years.

• If they wish to produce both conventional and

organic produce, the operation should be

separated.

• All farms are subjects to inspections by inspection

bodies or other authorities.

• Organic label can not be used for non organic

products and products that contain GMOs.

• After conversion annual inspections

INSPECTIONSINSPECTIONS

• Inspection of documentation over purchases and sales, livestock and medication log books etc

• Possible taking of samples

• Inspection of in and outdoor livestock conditions

• Inspection of warehouses, fields, orchards, greenhouses and pastures

• Additional inspections and on the spot

• If the operators not complying with all requirements, their organic certification can be withdrawn.

Certification for Organic Farming

Procedures:

1.Initially, a farm is inspected and a report is lodged with the certification review committee (CRC).If CRC recommends the farm enter the certification system , it will be placed "Under Supervision" for the first 12 months. During this time, produce or products cannot be sold as 'Certified Organic" or as 'IN CONVERSION TO Organic".2.After 12 months , the farm may be upgraded to "In Conversion" if the second inspection is satisfactory. The farm must then complete two years "In Conversion" before it is considered for certifying as "Organic"(otherwise known as "A GRADE Organic")

3.The "In conversion“ period may be reduced - but only where it can be demonstrated a farm during the years immediately preceding conversion used techniques closely allied to those of organic agriculture and which meet all testing and inspection requirements. Whatever the length of the conversion period, product may not be sold as "In conversion to Organic" until a farm has been under an inspection system for 12 months.4.In the case of other farm activities not being certified , those activities must be clearly separated and the products must be of a different nature from the certified produces or products. There can not be organic and non -organic growing (parallel production) of the same species on the same property-or on any other property under the same grower's management or control.5.When a defined area is certified , the remainder of the farm must be converted to organic within 10 years.

CERTIFICATION IN INDONESIACERTIFICATION IN INDONESIA

• Departemen Pertanian : Indonesian organic

standard SNI 01-6729-2002.

• Organic process: all process from land

preparation – post harvest should follow organic

method, not shown from product already

produced. SNI was design based on the

Guidelines for the production, processing,

labeling and marketing of organically produced

foods and has been modified in accordance with

Indonesian condition

PENGENDALIAN GULMA PADA PENGENDALIAN GULMA PADA PERTANIAN ORGANIKPERTANIAN ORGANIK

•GULMA : Tumbuhan yang tidak dikehendaki & tidak

diperlukan dan mengganggu penggunaan tanah, air, unsur

hara serta mengganggu kesejahteraan manusia (Rao,

2000)

• KELEBIHAN GULMA DIBANDING TANAMAN:

- Mampu menyerap unsur hara lebih cepat & lebih besar

- Selalu menang dalam kompetisi hara

KERUGIAN AKIBAT GULMAKERUGIAN AKIBAT GULMA• Kehilangan hasil tanaman (20-90%)• Mengurangi kualitas hasil• Kerugian akibat gulma > hama,

penyakit, tikus dan nematoda dan yang lainnya

• Kehilangan hasil akibat gulma di USA adalah 12% atau US $ 9-10 Milyar/tahun

• Kehilangan hasil akibat gulma di negara berkembang & kurang berkembang > negara maju

PENGENDALIAN GULMA PADA PENGENDALIAN GULMA PADA PERTANIAN ORGANIKPERTANIAN ORGANIK

1. Pengendalian gulma secara preventif

2. Penggunaan cover crops

3. Penggunaan Mulsa

4. Kultur teknis

5. Penggunaan allelopathy

6. Pengendalian gulma biologis

7. Pengendalian gulma mekanis

Pengendalian gulma preventifPengendalian gulma preventif

• Usaha untuk mencegah gulma tumbuh pada lahan yang ditanami tanaman budidaya

• Mencegah masuk dan menyebarnya gulma pada lahan pertanian

• Pengendalian yang cocok bagi berbagai jenis tanaman budidaya

• Salah satu bagian dari IPM yang murah dan menggabungkan beberapa cara pengendalian dan kebijakan

Cara pengendalian preventiveCara pengendalian preventive

1. Mencegah masuknya gulma secara: - Karantina - Pembelian biji bebas gulma - Pencucian alat alat pertanian - Penggunaan kompos yang matang - Alat transportasi panen yang bersih - Panen dan pasca panen yang bersih

Pengendalian Gulma dengan Cover crops

• Tanaman penutup tanah hidup• Tanaman penutup tanah tidak hidup• Tanaman penutup tanah hidup lebih

efektif dibandingkan tanaman penutup tanah tidak hidup

• Tanaman penutup tanah hidup lebih menekan perkecambahan gulma, munculnya gulma, pertumbuhan gulma & produksi bibit gulma

Jenis tanaman penutup tanah hidupJenis tanaman penutup tanah hidup

• Mucuna Spp• Vigna unguiculata• Crotalaria juncea• Pureraria javonica• Calopogonium mucunoides• Centrosema pubescens• Banyak digunakan pada tanaman

karet & kelapa sawit

Tanaman penutup tanah tidak hidupTanaman penutup tanah tidak hidup

• Residu tanaman penutup tanah mengurangi sinar

matahari yang masuk, sehingga menghambat

perkecambahan biiji gulma

• Mulsa penutup tanah mempunyai kandungan

biomass & C/N rasio yang tinggi, sehingga mampu

menekan pertumbuhan gulma

• Residu tanaman penutup tanah mengeluarkan

phytotoxin, sehingga menghambat perkecambahan

dan pertumbuhan awal dari gulma.

3. Penggunaan mulsa3. Penggunaan mulsa• Mulsa berupa bahan organik &

anorganik yang disebarkan secara merata pada permukaan tanah

• Mulsa berupa lembaran dari bahan alami atau sintetis yang digunakan untuk menutupi permukaan tanah (mulsa plastik putih, hitam dan perak)

Jenis jenis mulsaJenis jenis mulsa

• Mulsa kertas koran, karton• Mulsa kain• Mulsa karpet bekas• Mulsa kulit kayu• Mulsa kompos• Mulsa serbuk gergaji, jerami padi• Mulsa potongan kecil kayu

4.4. Pengendalian kultur teknisPengendalian kultur teknis

• Penggunaan tanaman budidaya yang mempunyai daya kompetisi yang tinggi terhadap gulma, mampu berkecambah dengan cepat, pertumbuhan batang & akar cepat, mempunyai daya menutup kanopi cepat, mempunyai nilai ILD yang tinggi serta cepat menghasilkan cabang dan anakan.

Cara mendapatkan tanaman yang mempunyai Cara mendapatkan tanaman yang mempunyai daya kompetisi yang tinggi terhadap gulmadaya kompetisi yang tinggi terhadap gulma

• Memilih bibit/benih yang sehat• Menempatkan biji pada tanah dengan

kedalaman yang tepat• Penggunaan jarak tanam yang lebih

sempit/populasi lebih tinggi• Menggunakan kultivar yang

mempunyai bentuk morfologi lebih tinggi

• Rotasi tanaman dan penanaman secara intercropping

• Penanaman Mucuna cochinchinesis, Pueraria phaseoloides yang ditanam secara intercropping dengan tanaman jagung mampu menekan pertumbuhnan gulma alang alang.

• Peranan penting intercropping adalah memberikan naungan pada gulma, sehingga tanaman budidaya lebih mampu berkompetisi

5. Penggunaan Allelopathy5. Penggunaan Allelopathy

• Allelopathy=Pengaruh langsung atau tidak langsung baik positiv atau negative dari satu tanaman kepada tanaman lainnya melalui pelepasan senyawa kimia ke lingkungan.

• Beberapa tanaman dan gulma mempunyai potensi allelopathy

• Allelopathy dilepaskan ke lingkungan melalui leachate, volatilisasi, exudasi akar, residu tanaman yang mati.

Tanaman & gulma yang Tanaman & gulma yang mempunyai potensi allelopathymempunyai potensi allelopathy

• Bioasay sorghum yang mengandung phenol mampu menekan gulma Helianthus tuberosus, Xanthium strumarium, Rumex crispus

• Residu tanaman padi yang mengandung syringic, vanilic menurunkan hasil tanaman padi

6. Pengendalian Biologis6. Pengendalian Biologis

• Usaha menekan atau mengurangi kepadatan gulma sampai batas yang tidak merugikan secara ekonomi dengan menggunakan virus, bakteri, serangga, nematoda, burung, ikan, mamalia.

• Organisma yang sering digunakan adalah berbagai jenis serangga, pathogen penyakit, hewan mamalia, ikan grass carp.

Cara musuh alami mengendalikan Cara musuh alami mengendalikan gulmagulma

• Menghancurkan bagian dari biji gulma, daun, akar atau batang

• Menekan atau memperlemah gulma

• Membatasi kemampuan gulma untuk berkembang biak

• Musuh alami jamur menginfeksi akar gulma sehingga transportasi air terganggu & pertumbuhan gulma terganggu.

7. Pengendalian gulma secara 7. Pengendalian gulma secara mekanismekanis

• Pengolahan tanah• Penyiangan dan pencabutan gulma• Flame atau nyala api• Air panas• Sinar infra merah• Sinar ultra violet