principles of stroke rehab
TRANSCRIPT
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Stroke Rehabilitation
Dr Deshan KumarRegistrar
TTSH Rehabilitation Centre
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Definition• From Latin “ habilitas “ – to make able• Literal translation – “ to be able again “• The process of helping a person
achieve the highest level of function, independence and quality of life
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Why impt• 4th leading cause of death• Prevalence of 3.65 % in adults > 50
years old• Leading cause of long term disability• 63% of stroke survivors in Singapore
are moderately to severely disabled 3 months after stroke
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Types of Stroke
Ischemic (~74%) Intracerebral
hemorrhage(~24%)
30 day survival 73-81% 30 day survival 36%
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Recovery• Neurological recovery
• from early spontaneous recovery• usually within the initial few weeks when
penumbral area recovers their function
• Functional recovery• recovery in everyday function with adaptation
and training in presence/ absence of natural neurologic recovery
• lags neurological recovery by 2 weeks • the part most helped by rehabilitation
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Neurological Recovery
• Early recovery ( Local processes )
1. Resolution of post stroke edema 2. Reperfusion of ischemic penumbra3. Resorption of local toxins 4. Recovery of partially damaged ischemic neurons
• Later recovery ( Neuroplasticity )• Ability of nervous system to modify structural and
functional organisation1. Collateral sprouting of new synaptic connections 2. Unmasking of previously latent functional pathways3. Reversibility from diaschisis4. Denervation supersensitivity
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Neurological Recovery
• Majority of neurological recovery in first 3 months
• 5% of patients continuing to show recovery for up to 1 year
• Return of motor power not synonymous with recovery of function
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Functional Recovery• Improvement in independence in areas
of self care and mobility• Dependent on quality and intensity of
therapy• Dependent on patient’s motivation• Modifiable by interventions
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Copenhagen Stroke Study
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Stroke Rehabilitation
• ~ 10% of patients have complete spontaneous recovery
• ~10% do not benefit from rehab due to severity of lesion
• remaining ~80% will benefit from rehabilitation
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Stroke Rehab Principles
• Identify impairments
• Careful attention to comorbidities and complications
• Early goal directed treatment
• Systematic assessment of progress
• Experienced interdisciplinary team
• Education
• Comprehensive discharge planning
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Early Mobilisation• If condition stable – To start active
mobilisation within 24-48 hours• Early mobilisation reduces complications • Strong positive psychological benefit• Tolerance for therapy affected by stroke
severity, medical stability, mental status, level of function
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Early Mobilisation• Physiologically sound changes in bed
position• Range of motion exercises• Specific tasks ( sitting up, turning from
side to side ) • Self care activities ( feeding, grooming,
dressing )
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Secondary Complications
• Recurrent Stroke• DVT• Pressure sores• Bowel /bladder dysfunction• Dysphagia
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Pressure Sores• Pressure ulcer risk assessment tools eg.
Braden scale• High risk patients ( dependent in mobility, DM,
peripheral vascular disease, urine incontinence, low BMI)
• Thorough assessment of skin integrity• Proper positioning, turning, transferring• Avoid skin injury from friction/ excessive
pressure
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Bladder/Bowel• Urine incontinence• Constipation• To remove indwelling catheters ASAP• Establish proper bladder and bowel
regime
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Dysphagia• Leads to aspiration pneumonia and
malnutrition• Swallowing screen to be done for all patients• If abnormal, speech therapist to perform
complete bedside examination• Videofluoroscopy Swallowing Study• Functional Endoscopic Examination of
Swallowing
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Criteria for Admission to Rehab Programme
• Stable neurological status• Significant persisting neurologic deficit• Identified disability affecting at least 2 of the
following:• Mobility• Self- care• Communication• Bowel/bladder control• Swallowing
• Sufficient cognition to learn• Sufficient communicative ability to engage with
therapists• Physical ability to tolerate the active program• Achievable therapeutic goals
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International Classification of Functioning
• Impairment• Activity limitation• Participation barrier
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Stroke Impairments• Cognitive• Communication • Motor• Sensory• Visual
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Outcome Measures• Stroke Severity – NIHSS• Upper and lower extremity function – Fugyl
Meyer• Visual perception – Line bisection• Balance – Berg Balance• Cognition – MMSE• ADLs and ambulation – FIM score, Barthel
index
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FIM Score• Functional Independence Measure• 18 items 1. Selfcare (dress, eat, groom, toilet, bathe) 2. Sphincter control (bowel and bladder) 3. Transfers (bed, toilet, tub) 4. Locomotion (walking or wheelchair) 5. Communication (comprehension and expression) 6. Social/ cognition (Problem solving and memory)
• Scored into one of seven levels of function ranging from complete dependence (level 1) to complete independence (level 7).
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Rehabilitation Goals
• Specific• Measurable• Acheivable• Realistic• Timely
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Interdisciplinary Team
• Rehabilitation physician
• Nurse
• Physiotherapist
• Occupational therapist
• Speech therapist
• Psychologist
• Social Worker
• Prosthetist and Orthotist
• Dietician
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Stroke rehab: Where?
• Inpatient
• Community Hospital
• Nursing Home
• Day Rehabilitation Centres
• Home based therapy (eg. Community rehab programme)
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Stroke- Awareness of Self
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Stroke: Improving Mobility and Balance
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Stroke: Improving Upper Limb Function
Functional electrical Functional electrical stimulation (FES)stimulation (FES)
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Stroke- Upper Limb Function
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Stroke- Improving self care
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Stroke- Higher ADLS
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Stroke- Dysphagia Therapy
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Stroke- Improving Communication
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Late Rehabilitation Issues
• Psychological maladjustment
• Depression
• Sexuality
• Vocational
• Driving
• Equipment needs
• Spasticity
• Hemiplegic shoulder pain• Rotator cuff injury• Spasticity• Subluxation• Complex regional
pain syndrome• Contactures
• Central post stroke pain
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Spasticity• Proper positioning of limb
• Passive ranging and stretching
• Functional electrical stimulation
• Pharmacological ( baclofen, clonazepam, dantrolene)
• Alcohol/phenol neurolysis
• IM botox
• Surgical options eg. Intrathecal baclofen pumps, tendon release
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Stages of Motor Recovery (Brunstromm )I Flaccid limb
II Some spasticity with weak flexor and extensor synergies
III Prominent spasticity; voluntary motion occurs within synergy patterns
IV Some selective activation of muscles outside of synergy patterns.
Spasticity reduced
V Most limb movement independent from limb synergy;
spasticity further reduced but still present with rapid movements
VI Near normal coordination with isolated movements
VII Restoration to normal
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Shoulder Pain - Spasticity
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Shoulder pain- Spasticity
Neurolysis
Serial casting
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Shoulder pain- Subluxation
SUBLUXATION
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Proper positioning Arm trough/lapboard
Slings, straps, supports
- Reduction of subluxation in sitting and standing- Dynamic joint compression of shoulder, elbow and wrist during standing- Avoiding pulling on affected arm during transfers
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Functional Electrical
Stimulation• Target strengthening
muscles around shoulder• Can stimulate
supraspinatus and posterior deltoid
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Shoulder pain- Subacromial Impingement
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Post-stroke DepressionMay present early or lateNegative impact on functionDifficult diagnosis:
Aphasia/Dysarthria Cognitive impairment Neglect
Treatment: Restoration of functionDrugs : SSRI, TCAPsychosocial support Cognitive behavioural
therapy
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Driving• Promotes independence and help avoid sense of isolation
• Neuropsychological testing for persons with cognitive or behavioural disorders • impulsivity• poor attention span• slowed decision making
• Simulated driving test
• Adaptive driving instruction program
• Driving Assessment and rehabilitation program (DARP)
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Return to work• Important
determinant of the quality of life
• “Work hardening” therapy
• Greatest opportunities to support vocational reintegration are in the areas of education and advocacy
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Rehabilitation Toolbox
• Pharmacological agents
• Constraint Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT )
• Mental imagery
• Functional Electrical Stimulation
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
• Transcranial Direct Cortical Stimulation
• Virtual Reality
• Robotic Technology
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Pharmacology• SSRI eg. Fluoxetine• Dopaminergic agents eg. Levodopa,
memantine• Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors eg.
donepezil• Piracetam
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CIMT• Evidence for arm
improvement ( EXCITE trial )
• Good upper limb is constrained ( 90% of patient’s waking time )
• Affected upper limb trained in functional tasks
• Must have some wrist and finger function before starting
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Mental Imagery• Mirror box therapy
• Small trials
• Better evidence for use to improve upper limb function
• Must be used in combination with therapy
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Functional Electrical Stimulation
• Bioness Arm Unit
• Used as a neuroprosthesis
• Functional aid to performing ADL
• Can aid motor recovery
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Functional Electrical Stimulation
• Lower extremity FES unit
• Facilitate more fluid gait
• Has a gait sensor, miniature control unit and is wireless
• Increased walking speed
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Transcranial Direct Cortical Stimulation
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Virtual Rehab• Shown to have
improvement in balance and gait
• Immersive vs. non immersive
• Wii games
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Robotic Technology• New class of
clinical tools
• Highly reproducible motor learning experience
• Relieves strenous repetitive effort of therapists
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Robotic Technology
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Functional outcome following stroke
• ~1 in 10 functionally independent at time of stroke and nearly one-half are independent at 6 months
• Most improvements in ADLs occurs during the 1st 6 months- up to 5% of pts may show continued measurable improvement at 12 months post- stroke
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Predictors of Functional Outcome
• Severity of stroke• Age • Sitting balance• Admission FIM score
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Typical disabilities• Typical disabilities in some specific
activities at 6 months post- stroke• Unable to walk (15%)• Needs assist transfer (20%)• Needs assist to bathe (50%)• Needs assist to dress (30%)
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Poor Prognostic Indicators for Upper Limb Recovery
• Severe proximal spasticity• Prolonged flaccid period• Absence of voluntary hand movement
at 4-6 weeks• Onset of movement at >2-4 weeks• Full recovery is usually complete within
3 months of onset
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Prognosis• Best neurological recovery is seen by
11 wks for 95% of patients• Prognosis in patients with mild or
moderate stroke is usually excellent• Most ADL recovery (Barthel Index) is by
12.5 weeks with daily PT/OT• But recovery could take 2 years or more• Periodic rehabilitation interventions
may be necessary to maintain function
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THE END……
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