principles of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Principles of
Ecology
![Page 2: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is Ecology?
• Ecology is the study of interactions that occur between organisms and their environment
![Page 3: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Biosphere
• Recall that the biosphere includes all living things
• In order to better understand the biosphere, we must first understand how living things are affected by nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) things present in their environment
![Page 4: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Abiotic Factors
• Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of the environment
• EX: temperature, humidity, light, soil
• Why should we include these factors when studying living things?
![Page 5: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Biotic Factors
• Biotic factors are living things that inhabit an environment
• All organisms depend on other living things directly or indirectly for: food, shelter, reproduction, or protection
![Page 6: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Levels of Organization
• To help ecologists study the interactions of the biotic and abiotic parts of the world, they have organized the living world into levels:
• Organism
Population Community Ecosystem Biome
![Page 7: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Population
• A population is a group of organisms of the same species that interbreed and live in the same area at the same time
• Members of the same population compete with each other for food, water, mates, or other resources
• EX: Zebras compete with each other for the same food source, reproduction, and water source
![Page 8: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Community• No species lives
independently• While populations are
composed of individual organisms, communities are made up of different populations
• A community is made up of interacting populations in a certain area at a certain time
• EX: zebras live with lions, giraffes, elephants, and gazelles
![Page 9: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ecosystem
• An ecosystem is made up of interacting populations in a community and the community’s abioticfactors
• EX: Populations of animals and plants interact with each other and with the abioticcomponents of the area (waterhole)
![Page 10: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Biomes
• Types of abiotic factors, like climate, humidity, temperature, and precipitation all work together to create different biomes where specific animal and plant species are found
![Page 11: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Feeding Relationships
• All organisms must “eat” in order to have energy to reproduce, grow, find food, and defend themselves.
• Ultimate source of energy for all life: sun
![Page 12: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Feeding Relationships• Autotrophs /Producer- an organism that uses
light energy to make energy-rich compounds
• Radiant energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy that organisms can breakdown for metabolism
• EX: plants, green algae
![Page 13: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Feeding Relationships
• Consumers/Heterotrophs depend upon autotrophs for nutrients and energy
• EX: deer, mice, lions, birds
![Page 14: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Feeding Relationships
• A heterotroph that feeds only on autotrophs is called an herbivore
• EX: deer, mice, squirrels, zebras, giraffes, rabbits
![Page 15: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Feeding Relationships
• A heterotroph that eats only other heterotrophs is called a carnivore
• EX: tigers, lions, wolves, hawks, owls
![Page 16: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Feeding Relationships
• A heterotroph that feeds on other heterotrophs as well as autotrophs is called an omnivore
• EX: bears, humans, raccoons, possums
![Page 17: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Feeding Relationships
• Some heterotrophs do not kill for food, but still eat other heterotrophs. These are called scavengers, and they eat animals that have already died.
• EX: Vultures, buzzards, ants, beetles
![Page 18: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Feeding Relationships
• Some organisms break down complex compounds of dead and decaying animals and plants into simpler molecules that can be absorbed. These organisms are called decomposers.
• EX: bacteria, fungi, worms
![Page 19: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
How Energy Flows in an Ecosystem
• These herbivores, carnivores, decomposers, and scavengers work together to create the food chain/food pyramid in an ecosystem
![Page 20: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Trophic Levels and Food Chain
• Trophic level: A feeding level in an ecosystem
• Food chain: lineup of organisms that shows who eats who
• Shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem
![Page 21: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Eaten
by
Eaten
by
Eaten
by
Eaten
byB
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
Trophic Levels and Food Chain
![Page 22: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Energy Pyramid
•Every time an organism eats, it obtains energy from its food•So energy is transferred from the 1st trophic level to the 2nd trophic level to the 3rd trophic level and so on.•Some of this energy is lost along the way during an organism’s metabolism and as heat. This energy can be measured in kilocalories (kcal) •Energy pyramid - picture showing how much energy is transferred to the different trophic levels in a food chain
![Page 23: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Trophic Level Energy Available
1st
Producers
2nd
Primary
consumers
3rd
Secondary
consumers
4th
Tertiary
consumers
10 kcal/m2/year
10,000
kcal/m2/year
1000 kcal/m2/year
100 kcal/m2/year
Energy Pyramid
![Page 24: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Energy Pyramid
• Notice that there are many more producers than there are consumers, and many more primary consumers than there are secondary consumers, etc
• When the producer is eaten by the consumer, it is an exchange of energy. Ironically, 90% of the energy that the producer had is lost, and the consumer only receives 10% of it. Therefore, to get enough energy to survive, the consumer must eat more producers, meaning that, to sustain the consumers, there must me many more producers.
• Also, there is much more energy to available to producers, which facilitates faster growth and larger numbers of producers
![Page 25: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Survival Relationships
• In biomes all animals are part of some type of survival relationship
• Predator-prey: predators are consumers that hunt and eat other organisms called prey
• Predators have no natural enemies
![Page 26: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Survival Relationships
• Symbiosis: relationship in which one species lives on, in, or near another species and affects its survival
• Three types:(1) Mutualism(2) Commensalism(3) Parasitism
![Page 27: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mutualism• Mutualism: type of symbiosis in which
both species benefit• Ants living in the tropical acacia trees- trees
are protected when ants attack animals that try to feed on the tree and ants receive nectar and shelter from the tree.
![Page 28: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Commensualism
• Commensalism: type of symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited– Spanish moss grows on the
branches of trees. The moss gets a habitat and the tree gets nothing.
– Whale have barnacles that live on them. The barnacles have somewhere to live, but do not affect the whale.
![Page 29: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Parasitism
• Parasitism: type of symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed– Parasite: organism that harms but does not
kill another organism– Host: organism that is harmed by a parasite– Ticks feed on dogs, people, etc. The ticks get
food (blood) and the hosts lose blood and can be infected with disease.
– Best parasites do not kill their hosts…why?
![Page 30: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Limiting Factors
• A limiting factor or limiting resource is a factor that controls a process, such as organism growth or species population size or distribution
• Examples of limiting factors include: availability of food, predation pressure, or availability of shelter
![Page 31: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Carrying Capacity
• As a result of limiting factors (like food availability, disease, predation, etc) no population will continue to increase forever
• The carrying capacityis the largest number of individuals in a population that a given environment can support
![Page 32: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Growth Rate
• The growth rate of a population is affected by three things:
• (1) the number of births
• (2) the number of deaths
• (3) the number of individuals that enter or leave the population
– Immigration – individuals that enter the population
– Emmigration – individuals that leave the population
![Page 33: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Human Population Growth
• If birth rate is greater than death rate, population will grow
• If death rate is greater than birth rate, population will decrease
• Current human population growth is exponential
• Will the population continue to grow unchecked?
![Page 34: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Human Population Growth Discussion
• Human (or any species) growth cannot continue unchecked-why?
• What resources do we need to survive as a population?
• Are we just concerned about longevity of life? Or do we also care about anything besides physical necessities?
How does human population growth affect biodiversity?
![Page 35: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Logistic Growth
• As resources become less available, the growth of a population slows or stops.
• An s-shaped curve of this growth pattern is called logistic growth
![Page 36: Principles of Ecologyatkinsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/7/5/40751961/principles_of_ecology__2_.pdfPrinciples of Ecology. What is Ecology? •Ecology is the study of interactions](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062916/5ec32f501d89d876891e0b1e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What can affect population size: Disease
• Competition for limited resources, predation, and disease can all affect the size of a population
• EX: Dutch Elm Disease – Elm trees are attacked by a fungus spread by a beetle. Result: many elm tree populations have been decimated by this fungus
• EX: Pfiesteria- a toxic heterotrophic dinoflagellateassociated with fishkills and algal blooms.