principles of heat stress reduction and light...
TRANSCRIPT
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PRINCIPLES OF HEAT STRESS REDUCTION AND LIGHT
ENHANCEMENT IN ORCHARDS USING REFLECTIVE MATERIALS
Michael GlennSoil Scientist
USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res. Station, Kearneysville, WV
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What is a ‘Particle Film’?
• A microscopic layer of mineral particles
Particle Film
Plant Surface
• allows water and carbon dioxide to pass through the film
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After initial application After 24 hours
Stomates are not blocked
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Reflective surfaces are common plant adaptation
• Plants “use” pubescence and cuticular waxes to reduce environmental stresses and reduce disease and insect damage
• Particle film technology builds on this strategy of a reflective plant surface that repels insects
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Particle Film Technology• Based on a chemically inert mineral, Kaolin. Used in paints, plastics, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals,food. •Registered with EPA in 1998 as “Surround” for insect control.•Exempt from Tolerance and is approved for organic use with a 4 hour REI.• Surround WP is used in conventional (85%) and organic (15%) fruit production; valuable for transition from conventional to organic crop production.
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• Reduced Insect Damage–Protection against insects in a wide range of
crops• Horticultural Benefits
–Sunburn reduction–Heat stress reduction
»Increased photosynthesis»Decreased water stress
–Improved fruit quality»Improved fruit color
Particle Film Technology
Multi-functional Tool for Agricultural Production
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• Particle Film Development
• First Spray
• Second Spray
• Third Spray
SurroundWP
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•Mechanisms that reduce sunburn damage
1) Reduced temperature2) Reflection of IR 3) Reflection of UV 4) Reduced visible light
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Fruit temperatures demonstrate infrared reflection and temperature reduction
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Chile
Surround
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The processed kaolin is highly reflective of all UV wavelengths
Visible RadiationUv-A and Uv-BRadiation
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Radiation levels at solar noon
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
200 300 400 500 600 700 800Wavelength (nm)
Rad
iatio
n (W
/m2)
Aug 31 WVJan 13 Talca
UVb
UVa
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Sunburn damage (%)
Wenatchee, WAUSA
Nelson,New Zealand
Surround-WP 2 1
Untreated 11 22
Generally, sunburn is reduced approximately 50% or more
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Aerial Application of Surround WP to Bananas for Sunburn Control in Honduras
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How do particle films alter light transmission and scatter?
Laser on glass Laser on particle film
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Whole Canopy Photosynthesis 2003
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
651
1451
2251 65
114
5122
51 651
1451
2251 65
115
5123
51 751
1551
2351 75
115
5123
51 751
1551
Hour
Car
bon
Ass
imila
tion
(g C
O2/
hr/tr
ee)
UntreatedSurround
15 August2003 16 2120191817
Mean fruit weight (g)Control 110 b
Surround 117 a
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Photosynthesis is fundamentally limited by 2 factors:
• Carbon dioxide levels within the leaf• Light reaching the leaf surface
– Particle films reduce light (5-10%) but increase internal leaf carbon dioxide.
– The balance between these 2 limiting factors determines if photosynthesis will increase or decrease.
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Transmission of PAR through particle films of various kaolin sources.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15 20Residue (g/m2)
Tran
smitt
ance
(%)
after Glenn et. al. (1999)after Abou-khaled et. al. (1976)after Jifon and Syvertsyn (2003)
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Effect of particle film on carbon assimilation in apple and internal carbon dioxide concentration
-200
2040
6080
100120
140160
180
6 8 10 12 14 16 1818 Aug (HR)
Ci
(Int
erna
l lea
f CO
2 le
vel)
3% 12% Control
12%
Control
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Effect of Surround-WP on fruit weight (g/fruit) of ‘Empire’ apples
Treatment 1998 1999 2000 2001Surround WP 117 a 164a
105 b(0.12)
134aControl
124a116b139b 131b
(0.09)
Treatment 2002 2003 2004 2005Surround WP 144 117a
144 ns138a
Control170a153b110b 123b
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Effect of ‘Surround’ on fruit color (2005)
Control Surround 3% Surround 12%
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Increased light scatter within the plant Increased light scatter within the plant canopycanopy
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Reflection of light from the orchard floor
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Light levels in an apple orchard West 1m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
Hour
% o
f inc
omin
g P
AR
Control
aluminized plastic
particle film material
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Effect of Mylar film and particle film on ‘Empire’ apple color development
TreatmentFruit weight
(g) hue°
Control 131 b
136 a
132 b
72aControl+ ground particle
film 60b
Aluminized plastic 63b
Lower hue angle indicates increased red color
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Amount and quality of light reflected from grass, reflective particle films and an aluminized
reflective plastic film.Treatment Reflected
photosyntheticallyactive radiation
Ultraviolet radiation (315 to 400 nm)
Red/Far Red ratio (660/730 nm)
(% of incoming)Grass 5.1 2.0 0.12FTKS 10.7 8.1 0.38GCO 11.1 8.0 0.37Reflective film (new)z
65.5 56.9 1.27
Reflective film (old) y
49.3 46.8 1.13
Full sunlight 1.33
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Effect of Mylar film and particle film on ‘Empire’ apple color development
TreatmentFruit weight
(g) hue°
Control 131 b
136 a
132 b
72aControl+ ground particle
film 60b
Aluminized plastic 63b
Lower hue angle indicates increased red color
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• The Particle Film improves red color development in the unexposed surfaces of apples– Site and region specific– Cultivar specific
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Insects Crops Pear Psylla ApplePear Rust Mite PearApple rust mite PeachCodling Moth CherryLeafhoppers AlmondPlum Curculio Walnut Apple Maggot PecanThrips GrapeLeaf Rollers BerriesJapanese Beetle CornMediteranean Fruit flyOlive fruit fly OliveGlassy-Winged Sharpshooter Citrus
Blueberry Maggot Melons
Successes of Particle Films
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Summary of Particle Film Technology
• Horticultural Benefits– Sunburn reduction– Heat stress reduction
» Decreased water stress may improve fruit quality and yield
– Improved fruit quality
» Improved fruit color
Multi-functional tool for agricultural production • Reduced Insect Damage
– Many classes of insects are repelled in a wide range of crops
• Potential Obstacles to Use– Washoff of mineral
residues from fruit– Washoff by rain and
wind– Interference with
biological control