principles of behavior sixth edition
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Principles of Behavior Sixth Edition. Richard W. Malott Western Michigan University. Power Point by Nikki Hoffmeister. Chapter 8. Shaping. Example. Andrew entered Big State Hospital when he was 21 From the day he entered, he didn’t say a word – 19 years of silence - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Principles of BehaviorSixth Edition
Richard W. MalottWestern Michigan University
Power Point by Nikki Hoffmeister
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Chapter 8
Shaping
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Example
• Andrew entered Big State Hospital when he was 21
• From the day he entered, he didn’t say a word – 19 years of silence
• He attended Dawn’s group therapy session with patients who did speak
• In one session Dawn accidentally dropped a stick of chewing gum from her purse
• Andrew showed interest in the gum
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Andrew
• In the next group session, Dawn held the gum in front of Andrew’s face and waited until he looked at it
• Then she immediately gave him the gum• After 2 weeks, he reliably looked at the
gum when she held it in front of his face
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Next Step
• Dawn waited until Andrew moved his lips slightly before giving him the gum
• After he was doing this reliably, she waited until he made a sound before giving him the gum
Before
Andrew has no gum
BehaviorInitial:
Andrew moves his lips
After
Andrew has gum
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Differential Reinforcement
Before:
Andrew has no gum
After:
Andrew has no gum
Behavior
Intermediate:
Andrew moves his lips
Behavior
Intermediate:
Andrew makes croaking sound
After:
Andrew has gum
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Terminal Behavior
• Then Dawn prompted him to say “gum gum”
• His croaking sound faintly resembled “gum”
• Dawn immediately reinforced this response
• She then reinforced closer and closer approximations to the word “gum”
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Differential Reinforcement
Before:
Andrew has no gum
After:
Andrew has no gum
Behavior
Intermediate:
Andrew makes croaking sound
Behavior
Terminal:
Andrew says gum
After:
Andrew has gum
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Results
• Andrew clearly said, “Gum, please,” after 6 weeks of this intervention.
• After that day he would answer any question Dawn asked.
• He also chatted with his nurse outside of therapy sessions.
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Analysis
• Because he didn’t talk, everyone assumed he couldn’t.
• So they interpreted his gestures and signs.• When 2 responses produce the same
reinforcers, we tend to do the one needing the least effort.
• But the contingencies changed when Dawn required more and more effortful vocal and verbal behavior before she delivered the reinforcer.
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Shaping with Reinforcement
Operant Level:• The frequency of responding before
reinforcement.
Terminal Behavior:• Behavior not occurring in the repertoire or
not occurring at the desired frequency; the goal of the intervention.
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What is Initial Behavior?
Initial Behavior:• Behavior that resembles the terminal
behavior • along some meaningful dimension • and occurs at least with a minimal
frequency.
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What is Intermediate Behavior?
Intermediate Behavior:• Behavior that more closely approximates
the terminal behavior.
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So What is Shaping with Reinforcement?
Shaping with Reinforcement:• The differential reinforcement of only the
behavior • that more and more closely resembles the
terminal behavior.
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When do you use shaping?
• When you want to bring about new responses.• Reinforce the initial behavior until it occurs
frequently.• Then abandon that response.• Select and differentially reinforce another
response that approximates the terminal behavior.
• Continue until the terminal behavior occurs, and reinforce it until it occurs frequently.
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Shaping Reinforcement
Before:Andrew has no gum
After:
Andrew has no gum
BehaviorInitial:
Not applicableIntermediate:
Moves lips onlyTerminal:
Says words unclearly
BehaviorInitial:
Andrew moves lipsIntermediate:
Makes croaking soundTerminal:
Says words clearly
After:
Andrew has gum
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Example
• Dicky, the autistic boy, needed glasses.• The glasses were aversive for Dicky, and
he would not wear them.• Mont Wolf and his team of behavior
analysts spent 2-3 20-minute sessions with Dicky in his room.
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Procedure
• They reinforced Dicky’s carrying his glasses,
• bringing them closer and closer toward his face,
• and actually putting them on.• A gradual shaping process.
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Shaping Reinforcement
Before:Dicky has no candy or fruit
After:
Dicky has no candy or fruit
BehaviorInitial:
Not applicableIntermediate:
Only carries glassesTerminal:
Glasses only near face
BehaviorInitial:
Carries glassesIntermediate:
Glasses near faceTerminal:
Puts on glasses
After:
Dicky has fruit or candy
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Is wearing glasses a behavior?
• No.• It fails the dead man test.• So we talk about putting the glasses on or
taking them off.
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Results
• After 30 minutes of shaping, Dicky was putting on the glasses properly and looking through the lenses at various toys.
• Soon he put his glasses on any time they requested.
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Example• 13-year old Melanie was aphonic.
– She spoke in a low, raspy whisper• Behavior analysts used praise to shape the
loudness of her vocal responses.• First they shaped breathing, then humming, then
saying consonants, then reading, and finally conversing.
• They helped her speak loudly and clearly.• During a 2-year follow up they realized her vocal
responses were still loud and clear.
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Shaping with Reinforcement
Before:
Melanie gets no praise
After:
Melanie gets no praise
BehaviorInitial:
Converses very lightlyIntermediate:
Converses lightlyTerminal:
Converses Moderately
BehaviorInitial:
Converses lightlyIntermediate:
Converses moderatelyTerminal:
Converses loudly
After:
Melanie gets praise
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What is Shaping with Punishment?
Shaping with Punishment:• The differential punishment of all behavior
except that which more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.
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Example
• Juke taught himself how to do a headstand.
• He started with his legs over his head, leaning against a wall.
• Once he could hold his feet against the wall for 1 minute, he raised the criterion.
• He tried to stand on his head without touching the wall; but he fell.
• But he got better and better.
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What was the contingency?
• Both shaping with reinforcement,– Right moves caused him to feel good about himself
• and shaping with punishment.– Wrong moves caused him to fall or almost fall
• As with all punishment contingencies, the general response class needs some history of reinforcement.– Some reinforcement needed to maintain Juke’s
standing on his head or the punishment of falling would suppress all efforts
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Example
• Little Rod was in his crib• His favorite toy, a rattle, is in the far corner• He squirms toward it and finally scores• During the next few weeks he gets better
at squirming• The squirm evolved into a crawl• His crawl evolved into a toddle, and then a
walk
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Differential Reinforcement
Before:Rod has no rattle in his hand
After:
Rod has no rattle in his hand
Behavior:
Rod does a weak squirm
Behavior:
Rod squirms forcefully
After:
Rod has a rattle in his hand
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Shaping Along the Force Dimension
Before:Rod has no rattle in his hand
AfterInitial:
No rattleIntermediate:
Rattle in 10 secondsTerminal:
Rattle in 6 seconds
BehaviorInitial:
Weak forceIntermediate:
ForcefulTerminal:
Very forceful
BehaviorInitial:
ForcefulIntermediate:
Very forcefulTerminal:
Super forceful
AfterInitial:
Rattle in 10 secondsIntermediate:
Rattle in 6 secondsTerminal:
Rattle in 4 seconds
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Natural Shaping
• The natural environment differentially reinforced squirming
• Force was the response dimension• Rod got the reinforcing rattle only if he
squirmed with sufficient force• The more forcefully Rod squirmed, the
more quickly he got to the rattle• Getting to the rattle quickly is more
reinforcing than getting it slowly
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Shaping Along the Topography Dimension
Before:Rod has no rattle in his hand
AfterInitial:
Rattle in 10 secondsIntermediate:
Rattle in 4 secondsTerminal:
Rattle in 2 seconds
BehaviorInitial:
Weak squirmIntermediate:
Rod squirmsTerminal:
Rod toddles
BehaviorInitial:
Rod squirmsIntermediate:
Rod toddlesTerminal:
Rod runs
AfterInitial:
Rattle in 4 secondsIntermediate:
Rattle in 2 secondsTerminal:
Rattle in 1 seconds
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What is Fixed-Outcome Shaping?
Fixed-Outcome Shaping:• Shaping that involves • no change in the value of • the reinforcer, • or aversive condition, • as the performance criterion more and
more closely resembles the terminal behavior.
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What is Variable-Outcome Shaping?
Variable-Outcome Shaping:• Shaping that involves a change in the
value of • the reinforcer, • or aversive condition, • as performance more and more closely
resembles the • terminal behavior.
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Example: Fixed-Outcome Shaping