principles of athletic training 14 th edition

© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Principles of Athletic Training 14th Edition

William E. Prentice


Principles of Athletic Training 14th Edition

PowerPoint Presentations

Damian Goderich, MA, Physical Education, USF


Chapter 1: The Athletic Trainer as a Health Care

Provider


• Are they a doctor?• Can they prescribe medicine?• Are they a coach?• Where can they work?• Do you have to go to school to be

an athletic trainer?

What is an ATHLETIC TRAINER?


• Athletic trainers specialize in preventing, recognizing, managing and rehabilitating injuries

• Function as a member of a health care team which also incorporates and involves a number of medical specialties

• Provide a critical link between the medical community and physically active individuals


Historical Perspective

• Early History– Evidence suggests that coaches, physicians

& therapists existed in Greek and Roman civilizations• Assisted athletes in reaching top performance

– Athletic trainers came into existence in the late 19th century in intercollegiate & interscholastic sports

– Early treatments involved rubs, counter-irritants, home remedies and poultices


Evolution of Contemporary Athletic Trainer

• Traditional setting of practice included colleges and secondary schools– Dealing exclusively with an athletic population

• Today certified athletic trainers (ATC) work in a variety of settings and with a variety of patient populations– Professional sports, hospitals, clinics,

industrial settings, the military, equipment sales, physician extenders


• Rapid evolution of the profession following WW I– Athletic trainers became specialists in preventing and

managing injuries– Dr. S.E. Bilik wrote, The Trainer’s Bible (1917)– The Cramer brothers developed a line of liniments to

treat ankle sprains (1920’s) and followed the publication The First Aider (1932)

– In the 1930’s the NATA started to come into existence but then disappeared during WW II

– In 1950 the NATA was reorganized and it has continued to flourish and expand


• With the evolution of the profession a number of milestones have been achieved– Recognition of Acts as healthcare providers– Increased diversity of practice settings– Passage of practice acts– Third party reimbursement for athletic

trainers– Constant revision and reform of athletic

training education


Changing Face of Athletic Training Profession

• Role of the athletic trainer is more in line, today, as a health care provider– 40% of athletic trainers are employed in

clinics, hospitals, industrial and occupational settings

– Also involved in NASCAR, performing arts, military, NASA, medical equipment & sales, law enforcement, and the US government

• Has resulted in changes in athletic training education


• Athletic trainers do not just provide medical care to athletes or those just injured during physical activity

• Becoming more aligned as a clinical health care profession– Requires terminology changes

• Patients and clients vs. athletes• Athletic clinic or facility vs. athletic training room• Athletic trainers – NOT TRAINERS!!


Sports Medicine and Athletic Training

• Broad field of medical practices related to physical activity and sport

• Involves a number of specialties involving active populations

• Typically classified as relating to performance enhancement or injury care and management


Practice of MedicinePractice of Medicine

Human Performance

Human Performance

Injury Management

Injury Management

Exercise PhysiologyExercise Physiology

BiomechanicsBiomechanics

Sport PsychologySport Psychology

Strength ConditioningStrength ConditioningSports Physical TherapySports Physical Therapy

Athletic TrainingAthletic Training

Personal Fitness Trainers

Personal Fitness Trainers

Sports MassageSports Massage

Sports Podiatry/Orthotists

Sports Podiatry/Orthotists

Sports DentistrySports Dentistry


Growth of Professional Sports Medicine Organizations

• International Federation of Sports Medicine (1928)• American Academy of Family Physicians (1947)• National Athletic Trainers Association (1950)• American College of Sports Medicine (1954)• American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972)• National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978)• American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee

(1979)• Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981)• NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and

Medical Aspects of Sports (1985)• National Academy of Sports Medicine (1987)


International Federation of Sports Medicine

• Federation Internationale de Medecine Sportive (FIMS)

• Principal purpose to promote the study and development of sports medicine throughout the world

• Made up of national sports medicine associations of over 100 countries

• Organization includes many disciplines that are concerned with physically active individuals


American Academy of Family Physicians

• To promote and maintain high quality standards for family doctors who are providing continuing comprehensive health care to the public

• It is a medical association of more than 93,000 members

• Many team physicians are members of this organization


National Athletic Trainers’ Association

• To enhance the quality of health care for athletes and those engaged in physical activity, and to advance the profession of athletic training through education and research in the prevention, evaluation, management and rehabilitation of injuries

• The NATA now has 32,000 members


Figure 1-1


American College of Sports Medicine

• Patterned after FIMS (Umbrella Organization)

• Interested in the study of all aspects of sports

• Membership composed of medical doctors, doctors of philosophy, physical educators, athletic trainers, coaches, exercise physiologists, biomechanists, and others interested in sports

• >20,000 members


American Orthopaedic Society for Sports

Medicine• To encourage and support scientific

research in orthopaedic sports medicine and to develop methods for safer, more productive and enjoyable fitness programs and sports participation

• Members receive specialized training in sports medicine, surgical procedures, injury prevention and rehabilitation

• 1,200 members are orthopaedic surgeons and allied health professionals


National Strength and Conditioning Association

• To facilitate a professional exchange of ideas in strength development as it relates to the improvement of athletic performance and fitness and to enhance, enlighten, and advance the field of strength and conditioning

• 30,000 strength and conditioning coaches, personal trainers, exercise physiologists, athletic trainers, researchers, educators, sport coaches, physical therapists, business owners, exercise instructors and fitness directors

• Accredited certification programs– Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist, (CSCS) – NSCA Certified Personal Trainer (NSCA-CPT)


American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports

Committee• Dedicated to providing the general

pediatrician and pediatric sub-specialist with an understanding of the basic principles of sports medicine and fitness and providing a forum for the discussion of related issues

• To educate all physicians, especially pediatricians, about the special needs of children who participate in sports


American Physical Therapy Association, Sports Physical Therapy

Section

• To provide a forum to establish collegial relations between physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and physical therapy students interested in sports physical therapy

• Promotes prevention, recognition, treatment and rehabilitation of injuries in an athletic and physically active population

• Provides educational opportunities through sponsorship of continuing education programs and publications


NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and

Medical Aspects of Sports

• Collects and develops pertinent information regarding desirable training methods, prevention and treatment of sports injuries, and utilization of sound safety measures

• Disseminates information and adopts recommended policies and guidelines designed to further the above objectives

• Supervises drug-education and drug-testing programs


National Academy of Sports Medicine

• Founded by physicians, physical therapists and fitness professionals

• Focuses on the development, refinement and implementation of educational programs for fitness, performance and sports medicine professionals

• Offer a variety of certifications (fitness and performance)


Other Health Related Organizations

• Various aspects of health related professions have also become involved– Dentistry, podiatry, chiropractic medicine

• National, state and local organizations have also emerged – Focus on athletic health and safety

• All bodies have worked towards the reduction of injury and illness in sport


Sports Medicine Journals• A variety of publications exist, providing excellent

resources to the sports medicine community– Journal of Athletic Training– Journal of Sports Rehabilitation– International Journal of Sports Medicine– Physician and Sports Medicine– Clinics in Sports Medicine– American Journal of Sports Medicine– Sports Health– Athletic Therapy Today– Training & Conditioning– Athletic Training & Sports Health Care


Employment Settings for the Athletic Trainer

• Employment opportunities are becoming increasingly diverse– Dramatic transformation since 1950– Due largely to the efforts of the NATA

• Started out primarily in the collegiate setting, progressed to high schools and are now 30% are found primarily in hospital and clinic settings


• Settings include:– Clinics and hospitals– Physician extenders– Industrial/Occupational settings– Corporate settings– Colleges or Universities– Secondary schools– School districts– Professional sports– Amateur/Recreational/Youth sports– Performing arts– Military & Law enforcement– Health & fitness clubs


Figure 1-3


Treating Physically Active Populations

• Consists of athletic, recreational or competitive activities

• Requires physical skills and utilizes strength, power, endurance, speed, flexibility, range of motion and agility


• The Adolescent Athlete– Focuses on organized competition– A number of sociological issues are

involved• How old or when should a child begin training?

– Skeletal maturity presents some challenges with respect to healthcare

– Physically and emotional adolescents can not be managed the same way as adults


• The Aging Athlete– Physiological and performance capability changes

overtime• Function will increase and decrease depending on point

in lifecycle• May be the result of both biological and sociological

effects

– High levels of physiological function can be maintained through an active lifestyle• The impact on long-term health benefits have been

documented

– Beginning an exercise program


– Exercise program should be gradual and progressive as long as no unusual signs or symptoms develop

– Individuals over age 40 should have a physical and exercise testing before engaging in an exercise program


• Occupational Athlete– Occupational, industrial or worker “athlete” are

involved in strenuous, demanding or repetitive physical activity• May result in accidents and injury

– Involves• Instruction on ergonomic techniques to avoid injury

associated with physical demand of job responsibilities• Intervention when injuries arise

– Correcting mechanics, faulty postures, strength deficits, lack of flexibility

• Injury prevention is still critical


Roles & Responsibilities of the Athletic Trainer

• Charged with injury prevention and health care provision for an injured patient

• Athletic trainer deals with the patient and injury from its inception until the athlete returns to full competition


Roles and Responsibilities: Board of Certification

Domains• Prevention • Clinical evaluation and diagnosis • Immediate care • Treatment, rehabilitation and

reconditioning • Health care administration• Professional responsibilities


• Prevention– Ensure safe environment– Conduct pre-participation physicals– Develop training and conditioning programs– Select and fit protective equipment properly– Explaining important diet and lifestyle

choices– Ensure appropriate medication use while

discouraging substance abuse


• Clinical Evaluation & Diagnosis– Recognize nature and extent of injury– Involves both on and off-field

evaluation skills and techniques– Understand pathology of injuries and

illnesses– Referring to medical care– Referring to supportive services

• Immediate Care– Administration of appropriate first aid

and emergency medical care (CPR, AED)

– Activation of emergency action plans (EAP)


• Treatment, Rehabilitation Reconditioning– Design preventative training systems– Rehabilitation program design– Supervising rehabilitation programs– Incorporation of therapeutic modalities and exercise– Offering psychosocial intervention

• Organization & Administration– Record keeping– Ordering supplies and equipment– Establishing policies and procedures– Supervising personnel


• Professional Responsibilities– Athletic trainer as educator– Athletic trainer and continuing

education– Athletic trainers as counselor– Athletic trainers as researcher

• Incorporation of evidence medicine and participating and acquisition of evidence for efficacy of patient care


Personal Qualities of the Athletic Trainer

• Stamina and the ability to adapt• Empathy• Sense of humor• Communication• Intellectual curiosity• Ethical practice• Professional memberships


Athletic Trainer and the Athlete

• Major concern on the part of the ATC should be the injured patient

• All decisions impact the patient• The injured patient must always be

informed– Be made aware of the how, when and

why that dictates the course of injury rehabilitation


• The patient must be educated about injury prevention and management

• Instructions should be provided regarding training and conditioning

• Inform the patient to listen to his/her body in order to prevent injuries


Athletic Trainer and Parents

• Athletic trainers must keep parents informed, particularly in the secondary school setting– Injury management and prevention

• The parents decision regarding healthcare must be a primary consideration

• Insurance plans may dictate care– Selection of physician


• The athletic trainer, physician and coaches must be aware and inform parents of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)– Regulates dissemination of health

information– Protects patient’s privacy and limits the

people who could gain access to medical records


The Athletic Trainer and the Team Physician

• Athletic trainer works under direct supervision of physician

• Physician assumes a number of roles– Serves to advise and supervise ATC

• Physician and the athletic trainer must be able to work together– Have similar philosophical opinions

regarding injury management• Helps to minimize discrepancies and

inconsistencies


• The physician is responsible for compiling medical histories and conducting physical exams– Pre-participation screening

• Diagnosing injury• Deciding on disqualifications

– Decisions regarding athlete’s ability to participate based on medical knowledge and psychophysiological demands of sport

• Attending practice and games• Commitment to sports and athlete


• Potentially serve as the academic program medical director– Coordinates and guides medical

aspects of program– Provides input into educational content

and provides programmatic instruction


The Athletic Trainer and the Coach

• Must understand specific role of all individuals involved with the team

• Coach must clearly understand the limits of their ability to function as a health care provider in their respective state

• Directly responsible for injury prevention– Athlete must go through appropriate

conditioning program


• Coach must be aware of risks associated with sport

• Provide appropriate training and equipment• Should be certified in CPR and first aid• Must have thorough knowledge of skills,

techniques and environmental factors associated with sport

• Develop good working relationships with staff, including athletic trainers– Must be a cooperative relationship


Referring the Patient to Other Personnel

• The athletic trainer must be aware of available medical and non-medical personnel– Patient may require special treatment outside

of the “traditional” sports medicine team

• Must be aware of community based services and various insurance plans– Typically the athletic trainer and team

physician will consult on the particular matter and refer accordingly


• Exercise Physiologist• Biomechanist• Nutritionist• Sport Psychologist• Coaches• Strength & Conditioning

Specialist• Social Worker• Neurologist• Emergency Medical

Technician

• Exercise Physiologist• Biomechanist• Nutritionist• Sport Psychologist• Coaches• Strength & Conditioning

Specialist• Social Worker• Neurologist• Emergency Medical

Technician

• Physicians• Dentist• Podiatrist• Nurse• Physicians Assistant• Physical Therapist• Occupational Therapist• Massage Therapist• Ophthalmologist • Dermatologist• Gynecologist

• Physicians• Dentist• Podiatrist• Nurse• Physicians Assistant• Physical Therapist• Occupational Therapist• Massage Therapist• Ophthalmologist • Dermatologist• Gynecologist

Support Health Services & Personnel

Support Health Services & Personnel


Recognition and Accreditation of the Athletic Trainer as an Allied Health

Professional• June 1990- AMA officially recognized athletic

training as an allied health profession• Committee on Allied Health Education and

Accreditation (CAHEA) was charged with responsibility of developing essentials and guidelines for academic programs to use in preparation of individuals for entry into profession through the Joint Review Committee on Athletic Training (JRC-AT)


• June 1994-CAHEA dissolved and replaced immediately by Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP)– Recognized as an accreditation agency for

allied health education programs by the U.S. Department of Education

• Entry level college and university athletic training education programs at both undergraduate and graduate levels were accredited by CAAHEP through 2005


• In 2003, JRC-AT became an independent accrediting agency– JRC-AT would accredit athletic training education

programs without involvement of CAAHEP– JRC-AT officially became the Committee for

Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) in 2006

– CAATE was officially recognized by CHEA in 2007 • CHEA is a private nonprofit national organization that coordinates

accreditation activity in the United States• Recognition by CHEA puts CAATE on the same level as other

national accreditors, such as CAAHEP


• Effects of CHEA accreditation are not limited to educational aspects

• In the future, this recognition may potentially affect regulatory legislation, the practice of athletic training in nontraditional settings, and insurance considerations

• Recognition will continue to be a positive step in the development of the athletic training profession


Accredited Athletic Training Education

Programs• Entry-level athletic training education

programs– In 2009, 357 undergraduate programs, 19

entry-level master’s programs

• Advanced graduate athletic training education programs– Designed for individuals that are already

certified ATs


Education Council• In 1997 the Education Council was established

to dictate the course of the educational preparation for the athletic training student

• Focus has shifted to competency based education at the entry level

• Education Council has significantly expanded and reorganized the clinical competencies and proficiencies


Athletic Training Education Competencies

• Twelve Content Areas– Risk management– Pathology of injuries and illnesses – Orthopedic clinical examination &

diagnosis– Acute care– Pharmacological aspects of injury and

illness– Therapeutic modalities


Athletic Training Education Competencies

– Conditioning & rehabilitative exercise– General medical conditions and

disabilities– Nutritional aspects of injury and

illnesses– Psychosocial intervention and referral– Health care administration– Professional development &

responsibilities


• Foundational Behaviors of Professional Practice– “People” components of the profession

• Recognizing the primary focus of practice should be the patient

• Understanding that competent health care requires a team approach

• Being aware of legal elements of practice• Practicing ethically• Advancing the knowledge base in athletic training• Appreciate cultural diversity• Being an advocate and model for the AT profession


Post-Professional Athletic Training Education

Programs• 15 programs are certified by the

NATA Graduate Education Committee

• Designed to enhance academic and clinical preparation of already certified athletic trainers


Specialty Certifications

• NATA is in the process of developing specialty certifications– Further enhance professional

development– Aid in expanding scope of practice

• Specialty certifications build on entry level knowledge


• Purpose– To provide the athletic trainer with

advanced clinical practice credential that demonstrates attainment of knowledge and skills that will enhance patient care, enhance health-related patient quality of life, and optimize clinical outcomes in specialized areas of athletic training practice


Requirements for Certification as an Athletic

Trainer• Must have extensive background

in formal academic preparation and supervised practical experience

• Guidelines are set by the Board of Certification (BOC)


• Upon meeting the educational guidelines applicants are eligible to sit for the examination

• Examination is computer based

• Exam assesses the 6 domains– Prevention– Evaluation and diagnosis– Immediate care– Treatment, rehabilitation &

reconditioning– Organization and administration– Professional responsibility


• Upon passing the certification examination = BOC certified as an athletic trainer– Credential of ATC

• BOC certification is a prerequisite for licensure in most states


Continuing Education Requirements

• Ensure ongoing professional growth and involvement

• Requirements that must be met to remain certified– 75 CEUs over the course of three

years


• Purpose:– To encourage athletic trainers to obtain current

professional development information– To explore new knowledge in specific areas– To master new athletic training related skills and

techniques– To expand approaches to effective athletic

training– To further develop professional judgment– To conduct professional practice in an ethical

and appropriate manner


• CEUs are awarded for:– Attending symposiums, workshops, seminars– Serving as a speaker or panelist– Certification exam model– Participating in the USOC program– Authoring a research article; authoring/editing a

textbook– Completing post-graduate work

• All certified athletic trainers must demonstrate proof of current CPR/AED certification


State Regulation of the Athletic Trainer

• During the early-1970s NATA realized the necessity of obtaining some type of official recognition by other medical allied health organizations of the athletic trainer as a health care professional

• Laws and statutes specifically governing the practice of athletic training were nonexistent in virtually every state


• Athletic trainers in many individual states organized efforts to secure recognition by seeking some type of regulation of the athletic trainer by state licensing agencies

• To date 47 of the 50 states have enacted some type of regulatory statute governing the practice of athletic training

• Rules and regulations governing the practice of athletic training vary tremendously from state to state


• Regulation may be in the form of: – Licensure

• Limits practice of athletic training to those who have met minimal requirements established by a state licensing board

• Limits the number of individuals who can perform functions related to athletic training as dictated by the practice act

• Most restrictive of all forms of regulation


– Certification• Does not restrict using the title of athletic trainer to

those certified by the state• Can restrict performance of athletic training

functions to only those individuals who are certified

– Registration• Before an individual can practice athletic training he

or she must register in that state • Individual has paid a fee for being placed on an

existing list of practitioners but says nothing about competency


– Exemption• State recognizes that an athletic trainer performs

similar functions to other licensed professions (e.g. physical therapy), yet still allows them to practice athletic training despite the fact that they do not comply with the practice acts of other regulated professions

• Legislation regulating the practice of athletic training has been positive and to some extent protects the athletic trainer from litigation


Future Directions for the Athletic Trainer

• Will be determined by the efforts of the NATA and its membership– Ongoing re-evaluation, revision and reform

of athletic training education– Further recognition of CAATE by CHEA will

further enhance credibility– Athletic trainers must continue to actively

seek third party reimbursement for athletic training services

– Standardization of state practice acts


– Athletic trainers will seek specialty certifications• Expanding breadth and scope of practice

– Increase in secondary school employment of athletic trainers

– Increase in recognition of athletic trainers as physician extender

– Potential for expansion in the military, industry, and fitness/wellness settings

– With general population aging = increased opportunity to work with aging physically active individuals

– Continue to enhance visibility through research and scholarly publication


– Continue to be available for local and community meetings to discuss health care of the athlete

– Increase recognition and presence internationally

– Most importantly, continue to focus efforts on injury prevention and to provide high quality health care to physically active individuals regardless of the setting in which the injury occurs

principles of athletic training 14 th edition

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