principles of anatomy and physiology - mr. kennedy's class...

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CHAPTER 1An Introduction to the Human Body

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

14th Edition

The purpose of the chapter is to:

1. Introduce the disciplines of anatomy and physiology

2. Discuss the organization of the human body

3. Reveal shared properties of all living things

4. Discuss the concept of homeostasis

Introduction


Anatomy is the study of structure whereas physiology is the study of how body structures function

Anatomy vs. Physiology


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Levels of Structural Organization & Body Systems


Systems of the Human Body




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Palpation, auscultation, and percussion are used to assess certain aspects of body structure and function

Clinical Connection: Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques


� All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things

� Life processes in humans include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction

Basic Life Processes


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� An autopsy is a postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine cause of death

Clinical Connection: Autopsy


� Homeostasis is a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment

� Homeostasis is maintained by regulatory processes

Homeostasis


� The survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid

� This fluid is known as extracellular fluid

Homeostasis & Body Fluids


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Homeostasis


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� Communication, Regulation, and Homeostasis

Control of Homeostasis


Control of Homeostasis: Negative Feedback


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Control of Homeostasis: Positive Feedback


When homeostasis is disrupted disease, disorder, and even death may result

Homeostatic Imbalances


� Body positions

� Regional names

� Directional terms

� Planes and sections

� Body cavities

Basic Anatomical Terminology


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� Anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference

� Person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are places at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor

Body Positions


Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference

Regional Names


Directional Terms


Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another

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Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body

Planes & Sections


Practicing Planes & Sections


Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

Body Cavities


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The pericardium and pleura cover the heart and lungs, respectively

Thoracic Cavity Serous Membranes


Thoracic Cavity Serous Membranes


� The peritoneum, covers many of the abdominal organs

� The visceral membrane covers the organs

� The parietal layer lines the abdominal wall

Abdominal Cavity Serous Membrane


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� The abdominal cavity can be divided into 9 regions to easily describe the location of organs

Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants


� Medical imaging involves techniques that allow physicians to view images of the human body

� This allows physicians to diagnose anatomical and physiological abnormalities

Medical Imaging


Medical Imaging Procedures


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Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.

End of Chapter 1


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