primates include prosimians, apes, monkeys and human chapter 43: section 4
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QuickTime™ and a decompressor
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• Include prosimians, apes, monkeys and human
Chapter 43: Section 4
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Primate CharacteristicsLarge brain parts relative to size
Acute Color Vision(binocular vision,depth perception)
Generalist Teeth(herbivorous and omnivorous teeth)
Communication(broad range of expressionand sounds)
Infant Care(attention to young, mammary glands)
Manual Dexterity(opposable thumbs,Flattened nails for Protection)
Social Organization(groups with complexbehaviors among members.)
Characteristic skeletal structure(sit upright, cling)
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Prosimians• Most primitive primates
“pre-monkeys”• Nocturnal • Sensitive vision• Complex tactile hairs• Large, movable ears • Strong sense of smell• Developed hand control• Tropical woodlands• Most are endangered
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Old World Monkeys: REDNew World Monkeys: Orange
MonkeysNew World vs Old World
• Flat nosed• Nostrils far apart and open to the
side• No cheek pouches• No buttock pads• Thumb lies in line with other digits• Small to medium sized
• Down-facing nose
• Nostrils close together and open downward
• Prominent buttock pads that they sit on
• Thumb is rotated and more opposable
• Generally larger
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• Larger and heavier
• No tail
• More upright body posture
• Broad chest
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GREAT APES
• Orangutans, Chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, bonobos and human
• Family Hominidae• Face is almost naked• Round ears• No cheek pouches• Thumb is shorter than fingers• Wide range of vocalizations and facial expressions• *at DNA level, human is more related to chimp, than a chimp is related to a
gorilla
Hominids• Include: humans and extinct humanlike
species
• Bipedalism: ability to walk upright
• Why?
• Adaptations
– Bowl-shaped human pelvis to support internal organs
– Spine curves in an S shape-allows for upright posture
– Toes are aligned with each other and shorter than apes
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Ardipithecus ramidus “Ardi”• Discovered in Ethiopia (1992-took 15
years to fully analyze and publish)• 125 pieces of the skeleton• 4.4 mya• Small-brained, 110-pound female• Oldest fossil skeleton of a human
ancestor• Shows unexpected mix of advanced
characteristics and of primitive traits
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• Feet, pelvis, leg and hands suggests she was a biped on the ground but a quadruped when moving in trees
• Grasping big toe like apes
• Upper pelvis positioned to walk on two legs
• Lower pelvis built like an ape
• Intermediate stage in our evolution that nobody knew about
• Ardipithecus, then Australopithecus, than Homo
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Australopithecus anamensis• Found 1995, Mary Leakey
• Kenya
• Similar to Chimpanzee but bipedal
• 4.2 mya
• Oldest known member of genus
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Australopithecus afarensis(Lucy)
• 1974• Afar Valley of N.
Ethiopia• 3.2 myaQuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Australopithecus africanus
• Southern Africa
• 2.3 - 3 mya
• Taller/heavier than Lucy
• Slightly larger brain capacity
Australopithecus robustus• Southern Africa
• Large teeth and jaws
• Different lineage than Lucy
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Australopithecus boisei• Eastern Africa• Boney ridge on crest of head • Anchor large jaw muscles• 2 mya
Homo habilis
• “handy-man”• 1960s, East Africa• Stone tools• Body not much
taller than Lucy• 4 ft tall• 2 mya
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Homo erectus
• “upright human”• “Java man”• Thicker skull, larger brow
ridges• Lower forehead• Large, protruding teeth• 5 ft tall• Crude tools and fire• Hunted and cooked• Lived in tribes of 20-50
Homo neaderthalensis• Europe and Asia• 230,000 - 30,000 yrs ago• Heavy bones• Thick brows• Protruding jaws• Lived in caves• Stone scraper tools• Care for dead• Not sure what caused
extinction
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Homo sapiens
• Appeared in Africa• 1st discovery in Cro-
Magnon cave in France (Cro-Magnons)
• Hunted• Complex patterns of
social organization• Sophisticated language• tools
Dr. Spencer Wells• Found genetic evidence, based on
thousands of DNA samples taken across the world, that shows that all humans alive today have descended from a single man who lived in Africa some 60,000 years ago
• Y-Adam“We are all Africans under our
skin”
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Y Chromosome• Develop genetic markers• As inherited, they are
passed down through generations, forming a complex story that can be traced backwards in time
• Each son has inherited the marker
• Find the point at which it first occurred…most recent common ancestor
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