USHistoryPrimaryvs.SecondarySourceReviewPointsPossible:50ptsSource1–JohnAdamstoHezekiahNiles

Source2–PoliticalCartoon

ColonialAmericansdidnotwantBritaintosendbishopstothecolonies.WorriedthatthepresenceofAnglicanbishopswouldinterferewiththeirreligiousbeliefs,AmericanswantedtheclericstogobacktoEngland.Inthispoliticalcartoon—publishedinLondonwithaBritishpoint-of-view—anindignantmobpushesabishop'sboatawayfromAmerica.

Asthepriest—whoclimbsuptheropesofashipnamed"Hillsborough"—prays"Lord,nowlettestthouthyServantdepartinPeace,"themobthrowsavolumeofJohnCalvin'sWorksathimwhilewavingcopiesofbooksbyJohnLockeandAlgernonSydney(ongovernment).

Thecrowds'shoutsof"Liberty&FreedomofConscience,""NoLordsSpiritualorTemporalinNewEngland"and"ShalltheybeobligedtomaintainBishopsthatcannotmaintainthemselves"aresignsofthetroublestocome(betweenBritainandtheAmericanColonies).

Source3–PoliticalCartoonAdecadebeforetheoutbreakoftheAmericanCivilWar,thisartistlaysontheDemocratsthemajorblameforviolenceperpetratedagainstantislaverysettlersinKansasinthewakeoftheKansas-NebraskaActof1850.Hereabearded"freesoiler"hasbeenboundtothe"DemocraticPlatform"andisrestrainedbytwoLilliputianfigures,presidentialnomineeJamesBuchananandDemocraticsenatorLewisCass.DemocraticsenatorStephenA.DouglasandpresidentFranklinPierce,alsoshownastinyfigures,forceablackmanintothegiant'sgapingmouth.Thefreesoiler'sheadrestsonaplatformmarked"Kansas,""Cuba,"and"CentralAmerica,"probablyreferringtoDemocraticambitionsfortheextensionofslavery.Inthebackgroundleftisasceneofburningandpillage;ontherightadeadmanhangsfromatree.

Source4–PoliticalCartoon

Thisfrequentlyreproducedcartoon,longastapleoftextbooksandstudiesofCongress,depictscorporateinterests–fromsteel,copper,oil,iron,sugar,tin,andcoaltopaperbags,envelopes,andsalt–asgiantmoneybagsloomingoverthetinysenatorsattheirdesksintheChamber.JosephKepplerdrewthecartoon,whichappearedinPuckonJanuary23,1889,showingadoortothegallery,the"people’sentrance,"boltedandbarred.Thegalleriesstandemptywhilethespecialinterestshavefloorprivileges,operatingbelowthemotto:"ThisistheSenateoftheMonopolistsbytheMonopolistsandfortheMonopolists!"

Keppler’scartoonreflectedthephenomenalgrowthofAmericanindustryinthe1880s,butalsothedisturbingtrendtowardconcentrationofindustrytothepointofmonopoly,anditsundueinfluenceonpolitics.ThispopularperceptioncontributedtoCongress’spassageoftheShermanAnti-TrustActin1890.

Source5–Tindall&Shi LongbeforeChristopherColumbusaccidentallydiscoveredtheNewWorld in his effort to find a passage to Asia, the tribal peoples hemislabeled“Indians”hadoccupiedandshaped the landsof theWesternHemisphere. The first people to settle the New World were nomadichunters and gathererswhomigrated from northeastern Asia during thelastglacialadvanceoftheIceAge,nearly20,000yearsago.Bytheendofthefifteenthcentury,whenColumbusbeganhisvoyagewest,thereweremillionsofNativeAmericanslivingintheWesternHemisphere.Overthecenturies, they had developed stable, diverse, and often highlysophisticated societies, some rooted in agriculture, others in trade orimperialconquest. TheNativeAmerican cultureswere, of course, profoundly affectedby the arrival of peoples from Europe andAfrica. Theywere exploited,enslaved, displaced, and exterminated. Yet this conventional tale ofconquestoversimplifiesthecomplexprocessbywhichIndians,Europeans,andAfricansinteracted.TheIndiansweremorethanpassivevictims;theywere also trading partners and rivals of the transatlantic newcomers.They became enemies and allies, neighbors and advisers, converts andspouses.AssuchtheyfullyparticipatedinthecreationofthenewsocietyknownasAmerica. The Europeans who risked their lives to settle in the New Worldwere themselves quite diverse. Young and old, men and women, theycame from Spain, Portugal, France,Great Britain, theNetherlands, Italy,and the various German states. A variety of motives inspired them toundertakethetransatlnaticvoyage. Somewereadventurersandfortuneseekers,eagertocreatekingdomsofGodintheNewWorld. Stillotherswereconvicts,debtors,indenturedservants,orpoliticalorreligiousexiles.Many were simply seeking higher wages and greater economicopportunity.AsettlerinPennsylvanianotedthat“poorpeople(bothmenand women) of all kinds can here get three times the wages for theirlabourthantheycaninEnglandorWales.” Yetsuchenticementswerenotsufficienttoattractenoughworkersto keep up with the rapidly expanding colonial economies. So theEuropeansbegantoforceIndianstoworkforthem.Buttherewereneverenough of them tomeet the unceasing demand. Moreover, they often

escapedorweresoobstreperousthatseveralcoloniesbannedtheiruse.The Massachusetts legislature did so because Indians were of such a“melicious,surlyandrevengefulspirit;rudeandinsolentintheirbehavior,andveryungovernable.” Beginning in the seventeenth century, more and more coloniststurned to the African slave trade for their labor needs. In 1619 whitetradersbegantransportingcapturedAfricanstotheEnglishcolonies.Thisdevelopmentwould transform American society inways that no one atthe time envisioned. Few Europeans during the colonial era saw thecontradiction between the New World’s promise of individual freedomand the expanding institutionof race slavery. Nor did they reckonwiththe problems associated with introducing into the new society peoplestheyconsideredalienandunassimilable. The intermingling of peoples, cultures, and ecosystems from thethree continents of Africa, Europe, and North America gave colonialAmericansocietyitsdistinctivevitalityandvariety.Inturn,thediversityofthe environment and climate led to the creation of quite differenteconomiesandpatternsoflivinginthevariousregionsofNorthAmerica.As theoriginal settlementsgrew intoprosperousandpopulouscolonies,thetransplantedEuropeanshadtofashionsocialinstitutionsandpoliticalsystemstomanagegrowthandcontroltensions. At the same time, imperial rivalries among the Spanish, French,English, and Dutch produced numerous intrigues and costly wars. ThemonarchsofEuropehadadifficulttimetyingtomanageandexploitthisfluid and often volatile colonial society. Many of the colonists, theydiscovered,broughtwith them to theNewWorlda feisty independencethatledthemtoresentgovernmentinterferenceintheiraffairs.ABritishofficial in North Carolina reported that the residents of the Piedmontregion were “without any Law or Order. Impudence is so very high[among them], as to be past bearing.” As long as the reins of imperialcontrol were loosely applied, the two parties maintained an uneasypartnership. Butas theBritishauthorities tightened their controlduringthe mid-eighteenth century, they met resistance, which became revolt,andculminatedinrevolution.

*Source6–PoliticalCartoonFollowingtherisetopowerofHitlerandtheNaziPartyinGermany,HitlerviolatedthelawsestablishedafterWWIthatweremeanttokeepGermanyfrombecomingamajormilitarypoweragain.Asheviolatedtheselaws,fewcountriesdecidedtoresistasHitler’sGermanyremilitarized,annexedneighboringterritories,andthreatenedmore.SomecriticizedthisPolicyofAppeasementasweak,whileothersbelievedthataPolicyofAppeasementwouldavoidanothercostlyinternationalwar.

*Source7–PoliticalCartoon

WhenPresidentHarryS.Trumantookoffice,hesaid,“Everyindividualhastherighttoexpectfromhisgovernmentafairdeal.”Truman’sFairDealbecameaprogramtoextendthereformsoftheNewDeal(aproductoftheGreatDepression).Itcalledforincreasedsocialsecuritybenefits,publichousing,andanationalhealth-insuranceprogram.Thenationalmoodhadchanged,however,asthecartoonindicated.

*Source8–PoliticalCartoonInthe1970s,newproblemsemergedintheUnitedStatesandacrosstheglobethatleftmanyAmericansworried.ManyAmericanswereforcedtorecognizethatproblemsinothercountriesorenvironmentalissuescouldhaveadramaticimpactuponAmericanstabilityandeconomy.

*Source9–PoliticalCartoonPresidentsreferencedaboveinclude(fromlefttoright):DwightD.EisenhowerJohnF.KennedyLyndonB.JohnsonRichardM.NixonGeraldR.FordJimmyCarterRonaldReaganGeorgeH.W.BushBillClinton

*Source10–GeorgeGallupGeorgeGallupdevelopedthe“GallupPoll,”whichisamethodofdetermininghowAmericansfeelaboutpoliticsandsocialissues.Inthisspeechfrom1953hediscussesoneofthebiggestculturalinfluencersofthe20thcentury:Television.*Source11–TheMayflowerBeerRunAtleastaccordingtoonePilgrim,thereasontheMayflowerstoppedontheshoresofMassachusettsratherthanVirginiaastheyhadoriginallyplannedwasbecausetheywererunningoutofbeer.Beerwasconsideredanimportantpartofonesdailydietinthosedaysespeciallyonlongoceanjourneysbecauseitwaslesslikelythanwatertobecontaminated.WhenastormblewthePilgrimsoffcourseontheirwaytoVirginia,onePilgrimenteredintohisjournal"Wecouldnottakefurthertimeforfurthersearchorconsideration,ourvictualsbeingmuchspent,especiallyourbeere."AssoonasthePilgrimssetfootonland,theyimmediatelygottoworkonanewbatchofbrew.

*Source12-Myth:GeorgeWashingtonwastheFirstPresidentoftheUnitedStatesFact:WhileGeorgeWashingtonwasourfirstpresidentelectedunderthecurrentConstitution,hewasnotthefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates.In1781,thelastofthethirteenoriginalcoloniesratifiedtheArticlesofConfederation.Notlongafter,theCongressunanimouslyelectedJohnHansonofMarylandasPresidentwiththetitle"PresidentoftheUnitedStatesinCongressAssembled".EvenGeorgeWashingtonhimselfreferredtoHansonas"thepresident"atthetime.CongresselectedsixmorepresidentsbeforethecurrentConstitutionwasratifiedmakingWashingtonactuallythe8thpresident.