primary or secondary? regionalism’s multiple roles in brazil’s international emergence

7/25/2019 Primary or Secondary? Regionalisms Multiple Roles in Brazils International Emergence

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Primary or Secondary?

Rlss Mll Rls Bzls Itl

Emergence

Sth Cls

No. 69 | January 2016

WORKING PAPER


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 69| January 2016

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-ForschergruppeTh Tfv Pw f E

Th KFG W P Ss svs t sst th sh slts f th Kll-Fsh b

th vlbl t b bl. It s t h xh s wll s t stth b

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All KFG W Ps vlbl th KFG wbst t www.tsf. b t v

l t tsf-@f-bl..

Cht f ths ss: Sth Cls

Etl ssst : Mhl Gs, D Kl

Cls, Sth 2016: P S? Rlss Mll Rls Bzls Itl E,

KFG W P Ss, N. 69, J 2016, Kll-Fsh (KFG) Th Tsfv Pw f E-, F Uvstt Bl.

ISSN 1868-6834 (Pt)

ISSN 1868-7601 (Itt)

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Kll-Fsh

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Ph: +49 (0)30- 838 57033

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tsf-@f-bl.

www.tsf.


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Primary or Secondary? | 3

Primary or Secondary?

Regionalisms Multiple Roles in Brazils International

Emergence

Stephen Clarkson

wh Ab A, Fx Cw, Ch Fqh, Jh H, J L,

A Pk

Ab

Of ll th ts s s ws th wl st, Bzl s t hv w sbl

ll stth f ts t wth vs fs f ls th x-

sst s wh Ll ws st. Whth b hl t ll, t-l t (Msl) ,

lt, s tl (UNASUL), Bsl t hv th t t fth ts w -

ll tsts b v ts wth ts sll hbs. Sbsqtl

t t l l t-l s btw Msl th E U th lbl

Nth btw Msl ASEAN th lbl Sth. M tl sll, t s ts ws b ss-

ts-ll wth ws tht sll t wth th w s IBSA (I, Bzl,

Sth Af) BRICS (Rss, I, Ch, Sth Af) whh sh wth t s t l

t ls th j sts f lbl v. Whl ths w sss hv th

ss t, bl t th ls blsts Bzls wht sh tl lltl zs

s th Ut Ns th WTO whh w vsl t b th US-E-J t. Ths

w sssss th lv t f ths t lss Bzls th

lbl st b ts th wth sh st xls f stts lbl s s ts

lt ht, stth, ts s-w vss. W f hw vs -

lss tt wth tl bltl lltl ls hl h Bzl ts lbl

st. W l t ss tht ls hs l l ll sv l ll.

Ev lll, t hs s b h th hl bs Bzl t ts t bt

s ts t t t stl wth th EU ssts.

Th Ah

Stephen Clarksons Pfss f Pll E t th Uvst

f Tt. I 2012 h ws S Fllw t th F Uvst

f Bls sh th Tsfv Pw f E.

I 2013 h w Alx v Hblt F sh

w whh wll bl h t hs llb wth hs

Bl lls f th xt fw s wh h s st t--

ls th E/Nth A/Sth A tl. Hs

s fs s th s f ll s t f -

vstt st hst stts th , bt hhl -

tvsl, vst-stt bt sst.


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Contents

1. It: A f Bzls Glbl Rs 5

2. B: Dl Bzls H Pw 7

2.1 Military Might 7

2.2 Economic Strength 8

3. It-l Gv 10

3.1 Economic-Integraon Regionalizaon: First Mercosul,

Then UNASUL 10

3.2 Funconally Specic Regional Governance: First Public,

Then Private 12

3.2.1 Public Financial Regionalism 12

3.2.2 Private-Public Transnaonal Business Regionalism 14

4. Rl It-ll Ab 16

4.1 Mercosul and Brazil in the Global North: The European Union 17

4.1.1 Region-to-Region Relaons 17 4.1.2 State-to-Region Relaons 18

4.1.3 Bilateral State-to-State Relaons 20

4.2 Mercosul and Brazil in the Global North: North America 21

4.2.1 Brazil and the United States of America 22

4.2.2 Brazil and Canada 22

4.2.3 Brazil and Mexico 22

4.3 Mercosul and Brazil in the Global South 23

4.3.1 ASEAN 23

4.3.2 Africa 24 4.4 Trans-regionalism: IBSA and BRICS 25

5. Rs Secondary Role in Bzls Itl Pll E 27

Rfs 30

Ax: Cslts 36


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1. I: A f B Gb R1

L b t th t f th vt t f 2015, t s l tht, s b, Bzls st

hs sh. I ths ts st Pst Ll Slv, th lbl Bzl v th lblSths blltl s t. Sbsqtl Dl Rsss h tbl sl wth,

t hs t sb t b sls (h lls vlv bth Ptbs,

th ts sttl h, th v Ws Pt); thl s (ts Wl

C ftbll t bb h ts sll blt, hh-th sts); l b

ws (l wth ts, sl , s lt, hh tst ts, fll

xts); ll sf; , ss t ll ths ls, ws st (ssv sts

sts). Bth th f ts t s tht f ts sll t vssts,

bl ft f th ts l ts w t vss s th ss t hs

vt t ts l ls.

Th zzl tht ths sss s th xtt t whh ls ws sll jst tll

lt t Bzls ssv s th st s f th w ll t ts s s:

N. 6 th wl s GDP s; th t , ll, lt s

L A; v, v t s ssbl, t lbl s.

Stts ll ts hv b lh st t jts wth th hbs,

sll s th Cl W . Hv l fs Wst Es st, f l bt s

s, ss f sl, ls shls th 1990s b t lz hw s--

s f hll s stts t t fth th bs ,

ll, st tsts lll t t th llv t th wl st.

S shls s sh st wl s s th b bt th ASEAN (th Ass f

Sth-Est As Ns, 1967) th Sth th w bt th NAFTA th Nth t b

t jst tt, bt ss ts btw th lbl l lvls f v.

Nth t b wl, s th Wl T Oz (WTO) s t b, t sll

tl, s w st -stts, ths ll ls f hll s

stts l t ws b ft th bl-l hlls s b lblz (Hll

2007: 143). I ths w ls, tl ts s (H t l. 2006), llwths stt s t th xtl fs (Rl 2006: 18). Wth ths s

t th v t stth, th t

th t t s ts th w ht, th -t-stt wth f vts

t-ll wth th s (H 2010). Althh t s l tht w-l l

1 Th sh f ths w ws sl st b th Uvst f Tts D f th Flt f

Ats S whs f bl stt sh t Ab A, Flx Cw, Chs Fqhs,

Jh Hs, Js L, A Pstl t s th w f 18-22 Mh 2013 wth Sth Cls

Bsl wh bs f th Msts f Extl Rls F, th B f Bzl, l wth

th xts, ll f wh lst th Ax, sl s th s s. Sssv

s t f th s bsvs, ll ths f M Mlb. Cls s ssbl

f w ths txt, whh s ll bs ths stts sh, h bs sl ssblt f

s t sll t. H wl tl t fth sss: sth.ls@tt.


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zs hv b t lthh ths hv, t, sw tw-l lshs

wth th vts s, t s t t ll l hw signicantth h s th

lbs ll .

N s t bvs hw shlsh t th lv t. Rs tl b st-

vll ts f th stl t, t, ltl ht,

tl ls, bt ths f sh ts t f s wtht ssl ssss th

t. W w tht ASEAN xsts, f st, bt w t lws w hw tt t s rel-

avet ts bs tl t-vtl l, t th l -vlt

ls, v t w, lss hll fs f tw v.

Ths w ss t ssss lss t b s t wht xtt t hls v-

l vts hv th , ll, st, ltl, l ss. T ths,

t ts th sl s f Bzl, bs, th s f b st l lbl s,

ths t hs stt lbt t wth ls bth ts w t

b. Bsls v ls llws s t s whth ts ssss fls wl hv b

stl t wtht ths l sss. I th ws, h sts lt

tftl l. Bs w wt t th tb tht ls hs t Bzls

tl s, w ll th qs, Hw h lss h s

w wl t hv t th bs f ts l sss?

I ths lss, w h t b ssv t th lxs f Bzls s lbl ftt whh -

l hw w shl st th s f th vs fs f ls wth whh t

hs v . Bsls st-Wl-W-II f th tl ws l

htz b ts l f l bl f- vs th tl bts

f l l ws. Wth Lls l 2002, th ts vlvt wl ls b

lft, ll, vst. Ivlv vt f ss s

t thh vs l s, th Mst f Extl Rls (Itt), t

b vtl l st vl t th j s- tbls f lbl v. Wth fw

s bt wth fs tfl f ts ll, sl, st, t t f th

s ths lltl zs whh v v th sllst stt vt t s ts

b w. Gv th sh lt f ts tl h ss, whh t b f LAs bst , Bzl ws xs t lvl wll bv wht l ws

tll hv ( Al 2009: 180).

O lss stts b sth th l fts f ts h w lt ht

stth. Th s th s wll ssss hw h bth ts h ts s w ssts hv b

t b ts s l ts. Ths s Pt 3 wll s Bzls f -

bsh Msl (Mercado Comum do Sul), ts w f s Sth A stts whh

q b v stt 1991, th UNASUL (Unio de Naes Sul-Americanas),

whh s tth ll f Sth As stts wth th l s t b tll

tt , ll, ltl z. Bzls t wth ts hl ls

ls tw t ss f slz fl fs f ll stt sss f


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L A Cbb stts tht s tt bjvs sh s vl-

t stblz. Bsls bvlt h t ths zs sts s bt

th vl f l ls t b t wth stl l, tl

ssts.

Pt 4 wll ss Bzls x wth ls ts ts w t. I th Nth, Bzl

ls wth th stl stlz E U l th tjts: t-ll

stt-t- wth Bssls t-vtll wth vl EU b stts. Wth th wl

stlz NAFTA, t hs h bt t lt bltll stl wth th ts th

l vts. I th Sth, ts tw st tt tlts hll :

ASEAN Sth-Est As Af, whh s bth bs t b thll

wth th t f whh t s bs t hs ts w tl st, th Af

U, l wth sb-l zs. Bzls bsh th hstll t ts--

l Lssh sts st, v xlsv lsh wth Pts-s stts

wth whh t lvts lsll vl bt ls ll tbl ls.

M tl, Bzl hs b tw wth th vs th th f , st tbl tw

zs f l- -stts, h f whh s t ts w t: IBSA (I, Bzl,

Sth Af) BRICS (Bzl, Rss, I, Ch, Sth Af). Istll lt thh

ths ts-s b, th bss Bzls vl f ts ls t t-w stts.

O ls wll s s s l s t lst f s

whs w stb s s stl s s L As.

2. Bk: D B H Pw

If w t ssss th l tht ls hs l Bzls 21st-t f l-

s, w t stt wth sth th ts tl h w, whth s lt

ts.

2.1 Military Might

D th Cl W, IR lsts th lbl Nth h tbl t Bzls bs t tss s-

sl bs ts fs w s st. Ev w, Bzl hv th tth lst lt

stblsht th, bt t s v tth: th wls t t, l J ss lss

ts lt ( t f ts GDP) th Bzl (1.3 t) (SIPRI 2012).

Bt t h ht vlt Bzls lt sl relavet ts fsv -

sv s. Ev s ts t f st, th B f R B, slv th ts tst


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b sts wth ts lv hl hbs, Bzls stt ls hs lv t

sst st st ssbl thts t ts tt th th l w v th st h

s (C 2012). I ths ss, Bzls fsv h w b t v hh s t hs vtll

st s. At f th Sth Atl, wh t s w stth ts tl thh -f ts vl w (Ab/ Sz Nt 2013), ts lw sv t s ll lvt t ts

ll s whh s f v f th wls t ts.

I, ts sll lt vstt tll s h t st ts s-w ls t l s

t t th fl sl f tl ts. Lt ts s t bl ts

fs bs f ts t x wth ts lt ttshs ss w tht

th st ss sl tt wl tsll t s- fts,

Bzl hs t t th f st b hsz ws whh ss t wt

sstbl , ss v, vt th lbl Sth t l

sl sss, bt l lbl st s (Stlt 2012: 11). B t-

l st wth tl vlt f, f st, t h s th l w f

ss st Bzl lts ssvl slt tl sts b th

w l f tlt t v lbl st bts (A 2010: 226). I lt ts, th,

Bzls h, fsv w s tsll lt t ts tql s ts hl s, whl

ts l f sv w sts ts qst t t lbl st sts.

2.2 Economic Strength2

Ev thh Bzl s t ss t w tslf wth j sv t,

ts sl s vthlss bs stt f blt t l st l sh

tl-v sss s tl ssts, slv tl l ss,

v thl ssst t lss ss ts. S, f Bzl s t b s

wl w, t st hv tl st whth j b sh qtv -

ts s sz wth ts b ts qltv ts f -vlt t b lbll

v. Evl th Bzl s stth vs th ss b st whh

t j t wht xtt ts ssss hv b v b Bzls t wth ls t h b.

Bzl ssvl wll th -twth t ths t ts stt-v t-sbst--

stlz stt (ISI) ft hh lvls f bl-st vstt th t f ts

fts st f ts. Wl t thht L A s t US-l

lblz Wl W II, ths vlt l s hsl f Bzl th 1970s

wh stl wth ts bl th s GNP (Bss-P 2009: 50; Fs 2001:

9). Bt th 1980s, th fl fl t lv. Ist, sstt bt ts, tt,

2 Flx Cw sh ths s.


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l stblt l t s bt, tsth , stt wth (Bl t l.

2011: 99f; H 2001: 104).

Is b th -lbl Wsht Csss, F Mst F Hq Css1994 Rl Pl Bzls svth stblz t t s (Bl t l. 2011: 94) ll wstl

Bzls f 2,500 t 1994 t 10 t 1995 (L/Kl 2006: 64; Dt/

Pl 2008: 146). As Pst f 1994 t 2002, Cs th s txs, slsh vt

svs, vz stt s, th w , t lw, lblz ts.

Dvl th realb t 1999 hl Bzl xt vss, sl,

t f t vstt, tbt t vv th ts l GDP wth t

stbl, f stl, 2.7 t (Bl t l. 2011: 104f; Dt/ Pl 2008: 148).

I th 2000s, th s t x f t lt. C sl sl

wth Ll llw th vt t v ts bt t b t

sls, t t th th bl bt, t b ts IMF ls (Pz/Gs 2009: 119; Bl

t l. 2011: 108). Ov th s , t GDP s f s $3,000 t $12,000 (Wl

B 2012) ths t t vt sl s sh s ss (Ms/S-Flh 2011:

35). Dbl th w 2000 l ts f lls t f vt v ssvl

s s bs f Bzl s (ECLAC 2013). Ist, whh s st f th shs

f th 1990s, l th 2000s v. Pvt vs t f 29 t f vll Bzl

GDP wth tht s s t t w thl, w ss f vstt, s

(Bl t l. 2011: 115f). Nbl bv 1990s lvls, GDP wth ws sll v l

b s s t b lb t xs (Bl t l. 2011: 113, 116).

Pxll, Bzl ts hs th hhl t f vstt,

whh ts f lst h f ts tl st (OECD 2013). 3Whth sv th s t

xt tl ss f xt, FDI ll ls t thl th th ll

v, s tht, v ft st, th hh th lvl f FDI, th lw th lvl f

s thll wss (Gss 2006: 186; Kll/Csslt 2009: 64f). Bzls st ,

wl-bs sts ipso factoth s wth th hhst ts f f vstt

(Ps 2008: 59).

Th 1990s sh tws -lbls l wth ssv stt st w t th x-

s f v Bzl s b. Thh vs hvl bth th lbl Nth Sth

sts l , stl, t- (UNCTAD 2010: 48), l Bzl s hv w t

ssv tsl s: twlv f th twt-v lst L A -l TNCs

Bzl (ECLAC 2012: 38).

Althh Bzls s lvl ls, xts qtl f $55 bll 2000 t $256

bll 2011, wth ft s l th w l s b sw s wth

xts (ECLAC 2013). Th tl f ft xts f $32 bll 2000 t $87

3 I 2010 Bzl h $473 bll w FDI, t f ttl GDP f $2.17 tll.


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bll 2011 stt tbl ss th s z bt ws vshw b

th v , svfl s f s xts f $23 t $170 bll th s

(ECLAC 2013). S th t f th ll, vs ss ts w

f th Ut Stts E hs th s vlblt s ts stblt.

B th Bzl s hh GDP t, ts st tbl s f th s ws

s ts f lw t , slf-s ss tht Bzls tl w s lss lt

th ht hv b xt th vs fs f ls whh t hs .

O th whl, Bzl st s v, s th vt vs t t t hl

t b v thh thll ls wth f ts s

thh bl s btw vss st tht l t v, vlt,

vt. Ths v f tsf vt t ts tst vl ts l

lshs, bth ts w t vss s w xl Pts 3 4.

3. I- Gv

I th 1990s, wh Bzl ws f tw s f lt ttsh s f

stl wth lf (Bl t l. 2011: 94f), t t ll ls whh

h bth ts st ts stth. I th fllw t t bt t

whl-htl st fll slz l ls.

3.1 Economic-Integraon Regionalizaon: First Mercosul, Then UNASUL4

Wth th s f th Tt f As 1991, s f tsts ls wth A w

l t st ths t t th tw ts l t t sst f vl l

ts. Dst Msls tl bst stl fw, ll j ss hv b

t th sl lvl (G 2011: 687), tht fvs th b wth 80 t fth sb-s ssts (whth t GDP l) (Kl 2003: 355). Whl Msls

t- tb t Bzls lt st ws sl vsbl, ts st-h -

tb t ts w ws bvs, thh lvl st.

Ct th ls th f vt f s, svs fts f

b stts; th stblsht f xtl t t l l t --

b stts; th f - stl ls (Ms 1991) Mercosul

Bzl st sht t aperturat th wl bs t th hb-

bt tt ts t th xt f Bzls thws v s fts. Th

4 Js L sh Bzls ls wth Msl th lbl Sth.


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t bt f Msl ws th tl s vl f t-l t, whh s

f $3.6 bll 1990 t $12 bll 1994 (Bsw 2012: 175). Alst 90 t f Bzl xts

t th stl s-stl fts. Th hz f t ls ws ls

v t f vsts Bzl whs t vstts th s f $1.1 bll 1991t $32.8 bll 2000 (IMF 2013). At f t vstt, Msl

Bzl s h t xt wth vs b th bs. I t, th xt

t v s, Bzls v tlsts th tt t

vl ts-b hs th hbh thb bl bth t

s wl-b v ts-l (TNCs).

A U f Sth A Ns (UNASUL) ws l t 2000 wh Pst Cs hst

Sth As st st Bsl (K 2011: 31). Th sl Bsl Cq ll f

sl f sb-l sss tl v tht f Wshts

v t stblsh F T A f th As, whl xl ts tl L A vl

Mx (UNASUL 2000). U Ll, th l f tll lsv f-t t

stl v h t ll l, sl ls, , , f-

stt, , th vt, l s- qlt. I 2004, th s

ws t v tws th th v btw Msl, th A Ct,

Chl thh th f f th f t ... bs xs sts, v th -

l ss f ts wtht, s , vlv w l xs (UNASUL

2004). A st 2007, Bzl, A, Vzl, E, Clb, Chl, P,

U, Blv, P, G, S s th Cstv Tt 2008, whh lh l

U Ns Ss, UNASUL.

B t lsh l f UNASUL, Bzl b ts sh f , ts s-

s th ts l t, thb bs ts tl l. It ll ths

whl qtl ss stl vlts tht l w ts hbs t s ll

stts l bs t (Ml 2011: 8).

Hwv qltvl vlbl ll t-ls hv b s st st f xt Bzl

s ssts x th s bs f th ft s, ts -

vl t Bzl ws lvl lt. T wth ll UNASUL ts ts t lss th hf ts xts svth f ts ts. Ev ts lst t t th t, A,

ts f lss th tth f ts t. Ths t-l st b jst sblt th

f Bzls vhl, bt t s tt sblt thlss s vl Bsl

whs vlt b, BNDES (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econmico e Social, 1952), -

t Bs As $2.7 bll ls f 2005 t 2009 t st Bzl s fstt jts

A ( Slv 2009; Wl B/IPEA 2011: 81; BNDES 2012: 156).

Bzls sbl wth sbstl sl ss vt qlt

v th st hv b hl sl b Msls t f ts xts, bt ths hv-

ts l l th s ts xs b x s t ts

vss ts, th b stts f th EU, th Ut Stts, st tl, Ch (ECLAC 2013).


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Bzls t wth ts w stblz ts lt st st ts h, tl

w, ths l th st f ts bl tl ts s-w ts. Bt wht

ws fl t s t ssl s . Plll, ts t-ls s t b l -

sh ts. Bzls ts t s tslf s lbl vt f th Sth l hllb ts w Msl ts. Ev thh Vzl Pst H Chvz ws t f

j Msl, t tl t wth Bzl f ll (Ml 2011: 12), ,

2005, A l s ts b f t st th UN St Cl (V/Al

2011: 517). I bhv sl t I Sth As bt st t tht f th Ut Stts Nth

A, Bzl hs f th Msl UNASUL f vl h lsh

whh th sll w ts st ts l bs th t bts f llb

wth th l t th th wl f s t. H sts lt f ts

s, lt tl s.5As w wll w shw wth l ls, Bsl s t llt

tht th bts f st f ts l tts wth th h xts tht

wl b ss t l st s.

3.2 Funconally Specic Regional Governance: First Public, Then Private6

Bs t t-l t vstt tll ss wth fs f b- l

v tht t b hb stts ss t z v .

Ath t f vs f th t-w tlz t th l lvl f l

sts ll stblsh wth lbl ts. Th fllw s sss Bzls -

t wth tw ts f bl l v, lv th xt s t ss t f

f vt-bl tl l.

3.2.1 Public Financial Regionalism

Ev bf Wl W II t , th Al-A lls w l hw t stlz

f th st-w tl v f l stblt, vltl wth, -l xs. Th stblsh, svl, th Itl Mt F (IMF) t b

stts t ls ss, th Itl B f Rst Dvlt

(w th Wl B) t v f f st-w st st-ll vlt ,

lt, th Gl At Ts T (GATT). Rl slts t th GATT th f

f ts f t ts hv v sst shll , whl l

tts t th Wl B th IMF hv b lss ll x th tl ll

5 Cl tvw, Bsl, Mh 2013.

6 Ths s ws sh b Jh Hs bws f th xtsv lss t b

f Hs/Cls (fth).


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(IPE) ltt. S L A hs l x wth l l zs,

Bzls h t ths lss st f f ls svs fl .

Dvlt L. F th Wst Hsh, Wsht t th It-ADvlt B 1959 bt th IADB ws tslf slt t b th L A

Dvlt B (CAF, Corporacin Andina de Fomento, 1968), whh w vs l

th th th Wl B th IADB b. Th lz f vlt l

b Bzl s s. F xl, t v 17 t f CAF sbsts btw 2007 2011

st hl lss th sv t f th bs shs.7Bt ths st t t lss th

0.05 t f Bzls GDP (CAF 2012; IMF 2013b). I tst, f t tbs t th ts

vlt hv b slf-t v th stt-w Bzl Dvlt B, th

wls s lst b f ts (Lh 2013).

BNDES vt-sbsz ls, sh s th $30 bll sbs s 2003 f th sl f ts-

t qt b (BNDES 2013), hv hl Bzl s s s tl

ts, thb vlt flt Bzls tl . Th

sh sl f th BNDES vstts $300 bll f 2008 t 2012 l t hv b th

b l sts (BNDES 2013b). I t s, th BNDES hs l f fstt

st Bzl th th CAF, IADB, Wl B hv llvl v f th whl f Sth

A.8

Rl vlt l b ll st f ts s , bt Bzls

vlvt ths l ls s t wtht ll vl. B s th L A

stts hs t th CAF 2007, Bsl tbt t l stblt (Rts 2007). Phs

ttl, l CAF t Vzls b t t l vl t th Wl

B th IMF whh wl hv th Pst H Chvz -A ls -

t-w st hv t t ss Bzl t tbt stl t ts tlz

(Shj 2012).

Lqt/Css L. D l ss, th IMFs b stts bl t bw f th F

t stv llqt slv whl js th - ls. Ths ls

sbjt t stt s tht s t s tht b stts fswll tslt t l sstblt. Hwv, L A stts st ths -lbl

sss, ll th bt ss th 1980s. S th, ths stts hv s t

lth hw l l ht hl th wth ss v sv

flt wtht hv t st t th IMF t th f hv t lt ts sttl

jstt s.

7 Clls b ths bs : CAF (2012).

8 Cll b ths bs BNDES (2012: 34); B (2012); CAF (2012).


14/40


I ths , Bzl hs b wll t t v l t f. Bs f ts

st sz, Bsl fs tht t wl b th l t l , ss f ts w,

b b th hl f ts sll hbs (O/Ttl 2012: 27). Bs t vs ll

s f ss ts w thh s-w l, Bzl hs v tht jt th f l t f. Rth, t s th s s th xs f th L

A Rsv F (FLAR, Fondo Lanoamericano de Reservas) t bl Vzls f

l Blvs th t. Sll, Cs sht t stblsh Banco del Surt t

wth th Wsht-bs tl l sts. B st xs f th FLAR s

ltv t Vzls bs sl llw Bzl t stt slt wth ths stts

ll f st f th IMF whl t llw Blv l t t f.

Rl t s ll ss t b bts t stts thh s ss-b-

ws f s, svs, lb vstt. I, t tbs t th IPE ltt hv

th s bts f l nancial Sth A (O/Ttl

2009; Aj/Ehv-Gt 2014). Hwv, ths hs t b Bzls x. It hs ll f

l ls s wth wht t hs t sll. Ass szbl f

xh (fx) svs v th st ($377 bll Al 2013) v Bzl wth ts w

slf-s st l shs v ts v stblt, thb t t-

tv st f FDI. It s b th s f ths lss t stblsh t sl lsh btw

fx svs FDI, bt t s vthlss twth tht, wh Bzl bl ths svs 2007,

t FDI sbsqtl w 130 t f $20 bll t $45 bll (IMF 2013; IMF 2013).

I s-w ts, ths f xh svs llw Bzl t b t t wth th

IMF 2009 (G 2009). Ths s h lt s t l t wht t Bzls lls

f qt f l l f tslf wth th F whl ls hl t t j blt

th lltl fs, sh s th Fl Stblt B. F ths ss, th l t hs

flt b t l th wht, f ts t f vw, wl b st t-

b t l slt hss.

3.2.2 Private-Public Transnaonal Business Regionalism9

Whs vst lbl l ss sh vts t s t-w, v sls

tht l ts l Bzl sst, tsl bsss v ts b- ss

f -s st-bl tht stts st sst vll, lbll, , f

s, ll (Ebl t l. 2012). Gv tht vstt sts whh l vts

s b t ts bl th ls btw bl vt tl lw, th t t s

sl ssts , lthh th tl sss f l tss. Dst ts stt-

9 Ab A sh f vstt t vst-stt bt.


15/40


t t, th ltt wl s hs b tbl slt th lbl -

l stts lsh wth f vstt.10

S 1966, wh th Wl B stlz ll s t tt TNCs st hst v-ts tst s b s l Itl Cv f th Slt f

Ivstt Dsts (ICSID), f vst-t lss hv b stl ft f t-

l ts, ll tl vstt ts (IIAs) btw tl-x-

tl- s (Sh 2001: 1118).

Wht s th s f f-vstt-t hts th s bt s-

ts t t lss s tht Bzl hs t b th stl f l slt ht hv

xt, bt l sst. Whl st vl stts t th vl -lbl ws

tht sl ll vls t TNCs s ss t t th f t vstt (FDI),

Bzl hs st x. Althh t fllw th t t t ths t f th Wsht

Csss, t s f th wls st l sts f FDI.

S 1966, t hs fs t s th ICSID v j ths L A stts tht th

sl hts f TNCs. M stl f lss, t hs t v st ths hb

stts tht s ltv bt sss whth bltll, sb-ll, ll.

As slt f Bzls fsl t sl hts f f vstt tt tl

st bt, t s f sq f ths lss tht s L A ts st s

vst-t ts th, wh th s sbstl s w b vt

btts, b ss f st f ICSID b f th vl IIAs s th

th l svt s w ls th l l vl-

t bjvs.

Bt t s lvt t sss Bzls t wth ls tht ts vt wt s f s t

t s tw ss llvl t b ts Msl lls th st s f th llb.

Th Ptl f Cl f th P Rl Pt f Ivstts (1994) ws s

t fltt vstt wth btw Msl stts. Al 9s st-slt hs

vsts t hs tl bt, thh l f st h t b slv blt s. Th Ptl f Bs As f th P Pt f Ivstts f

N-Mb Cts (1994) (Kl/Ms 2008: 434) th h f js,

tht th hst h stts l t sl th sts th s ts f th t.

I t vsts t s ss tl ts, th tl slt tht

stts w vll ssbl f th ft f btl ws (Ms 1994b). Csl, t

l b l tht Msl b wll xt [bt sts] wth

ts w lsl, l tht ws tt s tt f lslv t

10 Hll (2007: 143) ll t th f stt f lw stlz v tht

s qltvl t f tl tl lw.


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(Ms 1994b). Ths ss t l svt ws t h t s Bzl t wv f

ts sstt fsl t t vt tl st bt.

Alst tw s lt, Bzls ll sls xt t t s E vt st UNASUL Abt Ct (UAC) s l btl tht tht wl l th Wl

Bs ICSID. Gv b b s f stvs f h f UNASULs b stts,

th UAC wl t s s t sbt t bt, bt, th s f ls tht s f

l stts lsl, th UAC wl q s st t xhst s jl s b-

f sb t tl bt l f th ts t vt vst-stt

st slt (Fzz 2011: 134, 140).

S L A sst t xtl fts l t th s-

f stt lsl, th UAC sl wl jt btl ls f th l l-

s , hlth , tl ss. F st, ws wl

th bl hlth t hv st th UAC. S L As

f f ts jl t, th sl wl q l t t stt tht th st

h jz th tls st. Th s st ls ss th -

s f ICSIDs t b stts t hll btl ws b w f jl ls,

vs tht wl vst-stt bt sbjt t th s sts f l fss

s v b UNASUL bs s ll ssts (Fzz 2011: 141).

It s tt f t tht th UAC wl tbt t l hs b th f-

qt t-l ts v vstt bt tht hv h fl stv t

Sth A (ICSID 2015). B sh sts th s f l btl tht wl

t sts f ttt f ts tht hv, l, l

th t th s ll t.

Tht Bzl t ts st f UNASULs l v, whh f th v s ls f

jl svt tht h vt ts st fsl t stlz f vst hts, tlls s tht

sv t wth ls s f f b t stt Bsls xtl

ls. Isf s ths ll t s ls slf-st ll t, t l st

tslf bth f ts Msl lls f ts UNASUL ts ts t t w s tht l L A vls bl sts t f th.

4. R I- Ab

Th ll t f s stts s t jst f hl t t th -

b-stts thslvs. B th v t, th xst f th l z ss th

ssblt f -t-, stt-t-, stt-t-stt ls.


17/40


F th t f vw f -bs, Msl st bl s wll s tt. As

t, ts ts st bs st th ts xts. Bt s tt

sst, th f ll slt s l ltl f f TNCs f

th l st s wth ts t, tll f bs Bzl. F Bzls t f vw,Msl ls st tt bl, whh w wll sssvl ss ts f ts

ls wth th E U Nth A th Nth wth ASEAN Af th Sth.

4.1 Mercosul and Brazil in the Global North: The European Union11

Th tw lll, ll, ltll st tt th s v stl f-

ft sts f Bzl lts. Whs Nth As lz th f f lhtl

stlz NAFTA v Bsl wth ltv t s ts tsts v th bltl

lshs, Es lz th f f th hvl stlz E U

Bsl vbl tlt thh Msl bv b ts bltl ls wth sh -

ts s G.

4.1.1 Region-to-Region Relaons

It-l ls wth th EU w -b tl t Bzls f l th 1990s.

Es tsfv w ws vt ts ssv l s stl l

f Msl th zs st. O stblsh, Msl bs v th EUs

v st f th s- ss v fs f t, thll tsfs, sl

s. Bt lt , vl v -t- lsh ss th Atl

v h lt b s f fst Bsl.

Pvl t-l h ws bs th EUs s t t ts s w b b

h th fsts f ls (Ptl 2009: 11; Rz/Pl 2009: 102). Bzl

ts Msl tts w t t th EUs tsh ssst t stth l w s (Fst 2006: 162). D th 1990s, Msl bl ts sh f EU

t, whl E vstt t wth Bzl A st fllw ths -

ts - fs (Fst 2006: 160). B 1999, t s x stl-

ts t hs th tl txt t Msls h (H 2010: 154).

O f th ss tht sh th EU t fl s ws Wshts t xt

NAFTA t F T A f th As (FTAA). Bs bth th EU th Ut Stts w

bt ls th Sth A, th stth Msls -

s. Bt Bzl s bl th FTAA s, th EUs zl t ts

11 Chs Fqhs sh Bzls ls wth E.


18/40


t L A l (D 2011: 154). Msls w l hs

ts blt t slv s btw As ts Bzls lbl

st ths t t fw t-ss s tht wl b v t Bssls. Th lwst--

-t s t b ts f bs ws t h t tt th EU t s-ss f ts w (D 2011: 156). Th s b w 2004, lv Bsl t-h.

Tw s lt, Bssls vt ts h t th l s f ts t ts. Ist

f th Third Worldsvlt thh l ts, th l f th

EUs t s ws sttll s s f sl wth jbs

in Europe (E Css 2006).

It s wth th txt f ths h-s sh th EUs s tht t-l s

w -lh 2010, ss tht bth ss xt th w bts t b h f

EU-Msl t. Dst b th Msl ts t ss f tst

ss, Bzls stlsts st s th fs f E j th ltl

fllw zs t f sss fv t ls (Lh 2013b). Wth stl

svv P th ss f t ts t sss, wth Vzl

Blv wl t t th z bt sll -lst, wth A s ll fs

f tl ts, Msls t t h sss ts sss

lw th llh tht t-l t l b h tht wl t Bzls s

t t lbll (St 2010: 110). Axt wth ts bsss t ls t s,

hv s t th stts f l- t, Bzl f th lss f ts fl, lw-t

ss t th E t th EUs Glz Sh f Pfs (MPss

2013). Gv th s xt f ts v ltl st f bt f ss t th

EU t, Bzls bsh Msl, whh vt t f t t wth

Bssls bltll, ws ll h ts sts.

4.1.2 State-to-Region Relaons

Wth -t- ls v tbls, Bzl vl w f f bltls, th vt t l t. Nw ws th w Bsl t t fth ts tsts tl wth th EU

stt-t- bss. I Ast 2013 t tht t ht ss f ts w, t

t wth th EU (Rthb/Lh 2013). Ths tl sh s t th -th Bssls

whh w th EUs st f ls vss sh ts stt t -t-stt

h tht vl bltl ls wth th stst th-wl s.

Its 2007 s t Stt Ptsh wth Bzl t Bssls wss tht x-

ssv fs sssfl t-l s wth Msl h s t t lt ts -

t-stt lsh wth ts st tt L A t (Stt 2012: 127). I 2010, th

E Cl hsz th EU-Bzl Stt Ptshs (EUBSP) t f vtl

xhs, tts, tsfs f w-hw btw th [Css] Bzl


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(E Css 2007). Rz Msls t t sss, th EUBSP hv

sh s ll s s s ssv vtl l fst thl -

wl tsfs vt f sts.

Th tv v f vtl vls btw th EU Bzl fs Bssls v

l st f Bzls ht st fst bvst lss (E Css 2012).

At th s , th EUs bs wbl- tts (t t f ts ws t

f bfls b 2020) ss t th Bzl bfl st ll tt (B/K

2010: 38).Dst slf-f s t whh sh th EUs ssl vls f

h hts, Bzl hs t t l tslf wth ts BRICS ts Rss, I, Ch,

Sth Af (Gs/Gzlz 2012: 14). Whl, f st, th EU fv b, st-Kt

whh vl ts wl hv t th sss, Bzl s wth th Sth, ss

hsv, bs, bt vlt lbl t t thl tsfs f

th h t th vl wl (Stt 2012: 135).

Althh th EUBSP hhlhts thl tsfs bl ltl s t fth

Bzls vlt t stth ls btw th ts, t l hv sh s-

sss s vs wv t (Cl f th E U 2011: 18) s f E

Bzl vss wth Istt f Sts Bzl-E. Mst EU s f vlt

, wl tsf, ltl xhs lt thh th l btw

th EU th s- f L A th Cbb. Bzl ts t t st -

vt f ALBAN ( xhs), AL-INVEST (flt th tlz f L A

bssss), ALFA (hh ), URB-AL (ll-lvl tshs btw E

L A ths), bt ths s t t th tl lvl t b -

t t th EU-Bzl lsh (Hl Mss 2010: 175-179).

Th EUBSP ws v s sbt t t-l s btw th EU Msl

s s t vt Bzl th EU f th bts f f t t th st f fll Ass

At (E Css 2007b: 3). Althh th Jt A Pl xltl wl tht

th t-l lsh stts th s f [stt-t-] l (E Css

2007: 14), th Bsl-Bssls tsh hs s f th 29 thl-st ls (TSDs) t

s jt jts v ss sss l bl t th t-l s.

Th -t-stt TSDs jts f l sss sh s vtl

t slz s sh s stllt v, v l stss ll, t-

wl tsf btw lvt E Bzl sts (Dls Sts 2011).

Th St Dl E vl 2009 C At btw EURATOM Bzl

l wth fs sh, whl th Dl S Thl t Nl

Mt W Ct f Ntl Dssts Bzl, whh ls E v ls

t Bzl t (Dls Sts 2009).

Thl vss th stt-t- st ls ls hv -t- sllvs.

Shl Bzl hv t wth Bssls st htst ss (SPS), ths l


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l st l flt th tt t-l s bs th EUs st-

t SPS ls s b Msls bs t b tt b bl L As

ltl xts (Dls Sts 2011b).

C sss hv v lt t slv t th t-l lvl. B ss th thh

th stt-t- Dl C, Bzl th EU vt t-l bstl. At

th s th b l th f f wbl t-l s whh th

Msl bs l lt t. I ths st, Bzl ss s th v f Msl, bt s

vs t ts w l fs sh sss s s tls (Dls Sts 2011).

Assss th EUBSP th bss f ts stt ls f s lltl ssss

fst sl xhs, t hs b whl. Bt s bll f th

TSDs bt th t-l l s, Bsl hs bt f ts lsh wth Bssls

hs th th EU hs bt f ts lsh wth Bzl. Tht t ts t bt sll

ll, v t th st f ts s slt, ws l b ts tht sbsqtl

t t l t ts w t wth Bssls.

4.1.3 Bilateral State-to-State Relaons

Of v t s f ths lss, Bzls bltl, stt-t-stt ls wth j E

ts sll l t th st bvs bts. Bsl hs l b hhl t bltl -

l b t v s tht-v E stts, vl ll st

lshs wth th Ut K, Ptl, th Nthls. Ev sll Nw s Bzl

tt lt l f sh s l hll s ts vst l svs.

Rls wth G st t s th xl f wht Bzl hvs thh ts tl stt-t-

stt s t f l bs, whth Sth A E. G s Bzls l-

st E t t fth-lst t wl-w. Its t w f $21.5 bll

2012 st 54 t s v 2006 lvls lbt wth l t t (Ut Ns

2012). Ul f ts lshs, Bzls t wth G s t wht tws -ltl ts. Althh Bzl s tt t th f s ts s wll

s ss , th lst f Bzl xts s tbl f sh ft s s vhl

ts, vl , th h, whh vtl wth G xts (Fl F O 2013).

Ths Bzl-G t-st t ts tht s bth ts vsf th

sls, tsf thl, v th vl h, whh Bzls t vl-

t s (OECD 2002). At th -ll lvl, t-st t hs ls

ts stlls f tsts fv f t (OECD 2002). I, Bzl G hv

svl ss ss jt lls th sv l zs t ss ql

th h- bt l-bl t t (MPss 2012).


21/40


It-st t ts l ts f FDI s s s t x th s b.

Mh G vstt Bzl s bs wl-sh btw s th s st

stl ts tht t th v stths f G s bt

ls t t t Bzls wth sts vlt s (Dtsh B Rsh 2010: 1).Th bltl 1996 Fw At f S Rsh Thll Dvlt t

t bl bl tsh f bth ts thh th -

l s sts s wll s lt h, sstblt, hlth, , thll

t (Itt 2007). I ths st, G t vstt Bzl hs vlv f tw xst-

ts t l t ll ts t b llbv ss whh Bzl s

s s lt l t t sh (Dtsh B Rsh 2010: 2).

Thll tsf s t lt t th vt st. Th v 380 tshs btw Bzl

G vss, l s t v vtl sstblt st v-

t svs, t f bth G Bzl (Fl F O 2013). I , wl

s tsf thh sl tts: s 1993, v 16,000 stts hv t

xhs f b th G A Exh Sv, thss hv t f th

s EU-ss xh s (Fl F O 2013).

Whth l t th EU t-ll thh Msl thh ts stt-t- Stt

Ptsh, Bzls vlvt wth th E U s lss th ts th . Th E U

b vsbl lll bt t s lss tt ll f Bzl th ts tl

bltl ls wth th EUs l bs. Thll hlfl, Msl hs tll b

h t Bzl hv ts l bjvs, s tht, b flt, Bsls st tt -

l hs s ts tl bltl f l. At th s , ts bsh

Msl sll hs Bzls vss s th f vstt st f E s

t sv ths l t.

4.2 Mercosul and Brazil in the Global North: North America

As f Bzls ls wth th Nths th wl , th bstl bltl, hlls th thh th tl bltl lshs. NAFTA h ls l

C Mx bt t t stl stt f th t (Cls 2008). S, whtv

ssss b bt t NAFTA th 1990s (th Nth A s sh f

lbl t w f 25 t 31 t (Pst 2012: 17), t fl t slt Nth A s

wl th th st ts 9/11 (Cls/Mlb 2011). Ths, Bzl hs

t wth whh t stt-t- bss, f t t l stl wth th Ut

Stts, C, Mx.


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4.2.1 Brazil and the United States of America

As Sth As l w, Bzl hs sst th Ut Stts ts t jt ts

h thht th hsh b thw Wshts t t h NAFTA t t vstt l-b f th whl Wst Hsh. Th l-b f th tw ts stl

f stl tl ws Bzls fsl t t stl F T A f th As tht

wl hv t US t st Bzl v txls, lth, ftw

sv US ltl sbss whl q Bzl t lw ts bs t US ts. Mwhl,

th Ut Stts lv l Bzls lv s th lsh bl.

Ths stt-t-stt lshs t hs lss t wth ls th wth Bzls s

lt wth lltl zs vsl t b Wsht.

4.2.2 Brazil and Canada

Dst b tw v l ts wth lt s th s hsh, C

Bzl hv h xtl sql lsh. At f l sts t th

WTO h ts xt sbss f ts sv -sz Bb Eb

, th lsh hs b lt bt stt. As st-wl t whs w TNCs j

ls tl , C hs l b sh ts tlts L A t -

t IIAs. Althh L Bt hv s sh IIAs wth Ow, Bsl hs fs t s. O th

lltl lvl, th bstl t ls ll ls s th w h hts sss

btw th tw ws, th Bzl vt b ssv, th C -

. Whl Ow hs ll st tslf f sh lbl tls s th Rssblt t

Ptt t (whh t h fl l l l st t th UN), Bsl hs l

wsh f th t wth ts v f Rssblt whl Pt vt whh h-

szs th t f vls hsls.

4.2.3 Brazil and Mexico

Ev f Bzl s th lst t f Mx f vstt, ths bltl lsh s f f

hv h ts l ll tl. I t s, thtw ts hv t

t b s s L As l. D th Cl W, Mx ss th ll hh b

v Wsht f th Oz f A Stts st f vs

f Fl Csts Cb b s US st f ht xtst lt vts Ctl

A. Its h z bt f ts Ib slt sblz b s NAFTA hs -

tl b tl b Mx Cts ss th P All, w hsh l

z tht xls C th Ut Stts bt s l b tslf. B b th t

t th tbl st, Bsls bltl ls th, ll Mx

vt st Bzls t st th UN St Cl. A fth t f th tw


23/40


ts l s tht Mx j th tbl f th Ts-P Ptsh

f whh Bzl s xl.

4.3 Mercosul and Brazil in the Global South

Rls hs l tl t Bzls t wth th lbl Sth, t lss

hl th l th l x-ll ts whh t t ll thslvs

t f vt bwss t h th lvls f wlth vlt

hv th Nth. Exl th tht th lbl t f vt ws sh

tws th Sth, Ll lbt hs f-l ts th fv f v sh f -

ll fllws f Bzl bsss tl ts (Ss L/Hst 2006: 25). Th

vst f th lbl Sths vs l ts s t bts t Bzl whh,

2005, xt ts t As t f t ft s bt sl hl

ts vhls t Sth Af (M 2005: 5f).

B thl , Bsl hs f ts s th vl ts b bth

t whh shs th hstl, ltl, s- ls f ls bt whh

hs x sssfll v th ls tht th hv . Bzl hs l-

b f th wls lst s, ts tbs hv s b ft f twt

btw 2007 2010 (Th Est 2010). I t t s Bzls l, ts

(ABC,Agncia Brasileira de Cooperao) ts tslf f th ts s ws

fs th b b l w wth bl sts, b q ll q--q,

b s lt, b v hts. Ist, t ts sl f jts tht

s t qsts f t vts whh th t ssblt f th lt.

Bt ls btw Nth Sth t bl: Bzls tltl tshs wth sh vl -

ts s J, Gt Bt, G hv bl t t h bv ts wht ts sbst f

ssst b ts shts ss x.

Msls w sl stt lvs Bzl t f ts st f xt-l s

xt wh fl t ts. W t s f t ts (FTAs) wthl Ml Est stts, Bzl h ltv bt t s thh Msl. A Sth-A-

Ab Cts St fltt Msls sbsqt s f FTAs 2010 wth Et

2011 wth Pls (A 2010: 52).

4.3.1 ASEAN

B th sh bs, s vsbl th Sth, wh th hv lft, f sl f-

fvl. A x b shs s ASEAN whh, t ts ts b t th US-ss,


24/40


-Svt Sth-Est As Tt Oz, -b tslf Is lsh s th

Ass f Sth-Est As Ns 1967.

Msls fl, t-l lsh wth ASEAN tll vs Bzl ss t v -s wth ts bs, bt ls t l st ll v b vt st

s h t ts th sh hsl b st b th As b t th

s w t.12At th st fl Msl-ASEAN stl 2008, th tw -

l s th st f Sth-Sth ll f v

tshs bs f th t f tl t s f wth

sl vlt (ASEAN-Ms 2008). I tl ft, t t hs b t,

th st st sbsqt vlt ws th 2012 Tt f At C, whh, b

l f -tf th s s f ASEAN b-stts, ws th

ll qst f Bzls fth ts w l t s th (Sts 2012).

Althh th tw s t t xz ts, lthh ASEAN-

Msl s th vfl th 2000s, th lsh l t f 3.5

t f Bzls t 2010 (E Css 2011). Ft sts f Bzl-ASEAN stt-

t- ls l ll t th vt sts w vs (METI 2011). I 2011, th

Bzl Mst f Extl As t t xts b t hs v-

t t s l f t ts (Ah 2011). Th lshs ttv t

ts tht Bzl s t t wth x h ts-P t-ls wh

t hs s h t f t w bt wth ts bltl, lst vwhl As

lsh wth Ch whh hs b ts st, f swht tht t.

4.3.2 Africa

Af s wh Bzls slf-j s v t f th Sth hs sbl

t. I ft, f th ht vl ts wth whh Bzl hs s thl

jts, tht-ht Af. Sht f fl t ts thh Msl, Bzl

wth vl Af ts bltl bss tl tt wth th thvs l ts t h ts s. O sh ws ltl. Bzls

t wth Af stt wth th f Pts-s ls Al, G-Bss,

Mzbq s vl ss f ts vstt, bsss tlz, vlt

ssst. Ths ts-l Lssh ws v zl t wth th fl f

Ct f Pts L Cts (CPLP, 1996). Al wth Ptl tslf, ths Ass

Bzl s wth tsl bs lsll sv t wh th

l l hw t vl tll w f ts.

12 Cl ssss wth Bzl lts 20 Mh 2013.


25/40


Clt hst ls t Bzls ts-l ht f slv t tht ll f

Afs stts whth sl, llvl, sb-ll tts f Lls xt

l ts t lbt sl lshs tht st Bzls xs. Afs

tl ss w v t Bzl hv st f s stts, th ts w l-lss s ws f Bzl f-

ts t t t t th st-wl vls v ts.

Gv th l wht j sts f lbl v, ths ts w sl t

b Bsl s ts f ll lv thh ts xl thl ts. Bzl

hs ls xtsv s f bltl thl-sh ts, ls, fstt jts,

l s , vt lf, lt t t stblsh ts w sh f

th t.

4.4 Trans-regionalism: IBSA and BRICS

Its l f l-bl t t tl stblt t st f ts w

wsss l Bzl Ll t t vv s tht ts-l xls f

tw v th ss tht th b tth -s stts tht sh th h-

ts f b ts th w s. J I Sth Af IBSA ss tslf

wth Rss Ch thh BRICS llw Bzl t t v s t vt f lb

th Sths s tl v sts.

IBSA. Rltt t th s f Nth- tl sts (V/Al 2011)

w t ss wht t ss s ts hl l s j t wl s, Bzl

wth th tw l ts sth As sth Af whh w ls t t bst th stts

th tl t.Gls w st t s t vls btw I, Sth Af,

Bzl f $5 bll 2004 t $25 bll b 2015. Cslts btw ths stts th l

zs l t fl t ts b s btw Msl I, Msl

th Sth Af Csts U (SACU), I SACU. Ts w lw f b f

ts, w s w stblsh. Csstt wth th stt-t- ts s 2003,th ll bts tht Bzl v f IBSA vshw ts vl.

Wth th t hqts xv stt, IBSA ls sts, stl

s, w s. Th bs f b hs t wll st lvl

f bt hs t t v. F st, th WTO, I s lss wll t -

s lt t-ss sss, whl Bzl Sth Af wll t t

ss f lblz.

At th lvl, IBSA s ls w f Bzl t t ts s w wth lss vl ts, s-

ll Af. Eh IBSA b tbts $1 ll ll t th IBSA F, whh hs ss

slf-t jts. Thh ths ts-ls, Bzl fs ts s b f


26/40


th lbl ll . Tht s, whl IBSA hs hv sss ts t l, th

I Sth Af hs b j t t f Bzl (E Css 2011).

BRICS. L IBSA, BRICS stt stlz ss ll th l sts s wh sts ls jt qs t t l th v stts vs t s

th b ss t t l-l wl (BRIC 2010) whh th h l

v l lbl s-. BRICS s ll f lvl l l tht wl t th t

qs th vl Nth-bs lbl t ls. Ths stts bth ll

bjv, bs stth th s b s vs--vs th lbl Nth ls t

bts.

D th 2013 St, th BRICS ts tht th w Nw Dvlt

B (NDB) wth l tl l $50 bll Ct Rsv At f $100 bll

t fstll sht-t lqt sss, v tl st, fth stth l stblt,

, b l, vl th US-t Wl B Itl Mt F. Th NDBs

wth th Wl B th IMF s tht t wll t h t ts ls sh ll s s

qts tht l ts st sttll jst th v ssts f wth

-lbl sts. Ath vlt s BRICS fs Af. Its Mlltl Ifstt

C-F At f Af sts hf Bzl t. Ev thh th BRICS bs

tbt ql ts f tl t th NDB, Ch ss tl: th s h wth stblsh-

th b s Ch Y f th Ch Dvlt B (Fbs 2013).

Ass wth BRICS wfl bs ll bst Bzls tl s, lthh

th L A t s vthlss t sll t st th zs . As Bjs s

t Bsls UN St Cl sst, Bzl wll l b bl t bts s f s ts

tsts v wth Chs. Ths st ts lts hw f BRICS st ts s.

Ath lt s BRICS bs blt t sh lbl vlts w tht ts th

s tsts (Bs 2012: 92). Th fl t s th E U t ts hh

ltl sbss s tt wht Bzl vs s ls js, bt vthlss

wfl h t bl w lbl vs tht ht th tsts.

Bt ths t l b h. I 2013, th Bzl Rbt Azv ws hs t b Dt-

Gl f th WTO, th st vl t l hs h th z f fll t.

Ths tt sst tht th stth f th lbl Sths v ws l l s

tbl ts f Bsl (MClh 2013). Bs sl s shlsh t v

h sl fts, l th vs f s-s, vl lss l

ths sss t b t qtv f. It sts t s tht Bzls th

2000s h h t wth ts ts vs ts f s whh lz ts stt s

f th Sths st st ws. B th s t, th w f Bzls tl stt-

t b Dls tbls th 2010s l b xbt b BRICS fllw-bs Rss,

Sth Af, Chs w tbls, l wth ts, f vstt lsss.


27/40


5. R S R B I P E

I ts s f th vs vlbl fs f ls t vl ts t h t x ts

b, Bzl hs t l t h.

Mbshs fll slz tl zs sh s FLAR CAF ll

stt Bsls qtl h t l t: s t wh t hls, -

v bl t wh t hs. Wh t t ftl tl st, tbl ts

j f vst-stt st bt, ts l slt wth Msl UNASUL

t t ts l th jl tt t th fs f ts stl t.

A vss s th lbl Nth, th E Us t f twhs NAFTAs

s f t-l sv, bt v Bzls stt-t- lsh wth

th EU t th th vl t f ts tl ts-Atl bltl ls.

A s th lbl Sth, ASEAN hs l st tl f Bzl. I tst, th

Lssh Af, l wth th ts sb-l s, hv t vl f

bth ltl ss.

As f ts-ls, sblll f wth j lbl ls wh sbl

tl xt hs h Bzls lbl stt (tbl t th WTO), f

t ts lt bjv v s t w thh t -

bsh th UN St Cl.

Hv vw th t f Bzls l bshs th txt f ts tl f l

stts, w sll l wth s tt vl th relavet f bth sts f

f l tls.13Awl tht Bzls tl s st st b -

st tl lst stl ts, w s t wht xtt t l b fll h

wtht sl Bzls xbl s f lss vs fs t-l, fl, t--

l, ts-l t xls f ts vs vss.

At st l, w l hv lt ls f th x f fts xl Bzls l-21st--t ssss. Sl ts ss t sh lbs t th hl f lbl v s th

G20, ts l qt th IMF whs Fl Stblt B t ls b l, w-

th s f th WTO l b l xl b vl ts f th ts h

w (wth 50 t f Sth As l bt 80 t f ts GDP) ts s w (Ll

ll swth th wl st st b Itts hhl tt l s

tlz hs hs). M f ts ts hv b t thh Bzl tlt-

ll wth st-wl t wtht f t ts l ssts. T b s, Bzls lsh

th s t f H ws st b ts L A hbs bt t ws t t th

(Ml 2011). Ths ws ls t f Dls ltl v f Rssblt whl Pt

13 A Pstl sh Bzl l f ths .


28/40


l t slt th UNs Rssblt t Ptt t. Whl ths -f lss s -

ht s f s t s, ths ts f Bzls sss t b fll t f wtht t lst

considering Msls UNASULs tbs t ts s st wth t h,

th bts t hs v f th EUs llv t wth Msl L A, th ss tht ls hs v Bzl Af, th ll vl- v f

l s wth th s ws thh IBSA BRICS.

W l ls hv tht ls s t lvt t t f Bzls tl fls.

Th f ts t wth T th tbl ss f Is qst f l w-

-bl t h th t wth ts bsh Msl. Its b f t b-

sh th UN St Cl ws st b s f ts l ts bt t ws ls s

b Msl b, A, whl th, U, h t svs, twthst

Lls tt t Sth A t (A 2010: 227). Bt ths l f -

t t t th t-ftl ssblt tht Bzls v-h tv th I ss

ts fstt t th Ut Ns w vthlss bl b ts s th

l l L As l l zs, ts l zs

vss, ts wth th t fs thh ts-l tws.

Ths sh ssss th t f s b s th l qs, t wht xtt th hl

th bs hv th , ll, st, ltl ss. It t th s f jst

t bt hhl tt t f th l tht bl t l z-

s hs l flt h th hvt f ts l ls.

O xl hs l s t th lt t tht, v wh s bl s s ssbl, -

ls s t b lss tt lt f th sbjt f sh th ts s

wl hv l t xt. Althh lss fs t ll h, Bzls l

21st-t x wth th shws tht, s t ts w sh f , t sll hs

t ll b l ts w t vtl sl th b v xssv

ss t stth vs ll fs f ls. Plll s, ths s b

hl th h bt th hv lss hl- vl th w wth t stts th

s l .

If ths s th s, th qs ss s t th l f Bzl v s h l t

ls t h b. Th sw s t l th stl v f hhl -

fsslz l sv. Itts ls wt t b bs f ll t tl

lbs t b st t th lbs wh th f Bzls tsts.

W ths l f ths s st tht, wh t s t b t, ts l -

zs sts f vlv t v fs tht bst st tl tss

bls t s. A t ts l zs svl t xtt l

bts f ts ssts fsvl t tl th s. It hs fw t s tht ts

lt. Pl b ll hv b ss ts hb stts t

b th sts t s wth ths f th ts j w (Cls/Mlb 2011:


29/40


280). F ts l th USA Nth A, Rss th Cwlth f It Stts, I

Sth As, , ths s, Bzl Sth A, ths shll bt bt th h-

s s b s b fl ll sl: ls f ss, bt

t ssl ls. I th ws, s, t .


30/40


Rf

Abdenur, Adriana E./de Souza Neto, Danilo M.2013: Bzl th Sth Atl: Gw Pts

Ut Csqs, : NOREF Pl Bf, M 2013, Osl: Nw Pbl

Rs Ct.Adamrah, Mustaqim2011: Bzl ss ASEANs Tt f At C, : Th Jt Pst,

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Amorim, Celso2010: Bzl F Pl Pst Ll (2003-2010): A Ovvw, : Rvst

Bsl Pl Itl 53/3, 214-240.

Armijo, Leslie E./ Echeverri-Gent, John2014: Bv Nw Wl? Th Pls f Itl F

Bzl I, : Aj, Lsl E./Kt, S N. (s): Th Fl Stt f E

Pws: Shl Sw As L A, Nw Y: Plv Mll, 47-76.

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Bendiek, Annegret/Kramer, Heinz2010: Th EU s Wl-B Glbl At: Stt Ptshs

It-l Rls, : Hs, J/ Mhl, Gth/M, Stf (s): E Nw

L Pws: Tws Ptsh Stt Pl As, B-B: Ns Vls-

sllsh, 21-42.

Biswaro, J. M.2012: Th Qst f Rl It th 21st Ct: Rht Vss Rlt - A

Cv St, Tz: M N Nt.

Blanco, Fernando/Filho, Fernando de Holando Barbosa/Pessa, Samuel2011: Bzl: Rsl th F

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E Its Gwth Psts, Wsht, D.C.: Wl B, 91-153.

Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econmico e Social (BNDES)2012: Al Rt 2011, Bsl: B-

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Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econmico e Social (BNDES) 2013: Dsbls l sst

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Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econmico e Social (BNDES)2013b: Th BNDES Nbs Pf-

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BRIC2010: BRIC St Jt Sttt, : 2 BRIC St, 15-16 Al 2010, Bsl, Bzl.

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Clarkson, Stephen2008: Ds Nth A Exst? Gv th Ct NAFTA 9/11, T-

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Clarkson, Stephen/Mildenberger, Mao2011: Dt A? Hw C Mx Cstt

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Corra, Luiz Felipe de Seixas2012: B R B: E bslsh Dlt slh Bl,

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Council of the European Union 2011: Pss Rls, : 3071st Cl M, 24-24 Fb 2011,

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Hws, G J.D. (s): Stt Sttl Ch th Bzl E, Al-

sht: Asht, 9-32.

da Silva, Luiz Incio Lula2009: Dss Pst Rbl, Lz I Ll Slv, s

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de Almeida, Paulo R.2009: Lls F Pl: Rl Glbl Stts, : Lv, Jsh L./B,

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Deutsche Bank Research 2010: Thl C: G L A Bl Cl-

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Dilogos Setoriais 2009: Rt Ss Al t Pv, W Mt f Fl Sl Mst, : h://lssts./x.h//s--thl2; 13 N-

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Dilogos Setoriais 2011: C Isss: Ilt, : h://lssts./x.h/

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Dilogos Setoriais 2011b: St Phtst Isss: Ilt, : h://lssts.

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Dilogos Setoriais 2011: Wht s th EU-Bzl St Dls St Flt?, : h://lsst-

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Doctor, Mahrukh/de Paula, Luiz F.2008: Bzl: Mx It f Fl Css Mft

Fl Sts, : Rbts, Js (.): Pw Pls Fl Css: RthF Ots E Mts, Bsst: Plv Mll, 144-167.

Doidge, Mahew2011: Th E U It-ls: Ps f Et, Fh:

Asht.

Eberlein, Burkard/Abbo, Kenneth W./Black, Julia/Meidinger, Errol/Wood, Stepan 2012: Tsl

Bsss Gv Its: Ctlz Fw f Alss, : Os

CLPE Rsh P 29, Tt: Os Hll Lw Shl.

Economic Commission for Lan America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)2012: F Dt Ivstt

L A th Cbb, 2011, S: Ut Ns Pbls, : h://www.

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Economic Commission for Lan America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) 2013: ECLAC Dtbss Stsl

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European Commission2006: Glbl E: C th Wl: A Ctb t th EUs Gwth

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European Commission2007: Bzl: Ct Stt P, 2007-2013, E/2007/889, : h://s.-

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European Commission2007b: C f th Css t th E Plt th

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European Commission 2011: EU T Wth M Pts, : h://t.../lb/

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Faust, Jrg2006: Th EUs Rls wth Ms, : H, H/Rl, Rlf/Rl, J (s):

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Federal Foreign Oce 2013: Bzl, J 2013, : www.sws-t./s_8C1B-

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Fiezzoni, Silvia2011: Th Chll f UNASUR Mb Cts t Rl ICSID Abt, : Bj

Lw Rvw 2, 134-144.

Forbes2013: A BRICs B? N Ths, Th IMF Wl B B Eh, 22 Al, : www.

fbs./sts/lsl/2013/04/22/-bs-b--ths-th-f--wl-b-

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Gardini, Gian L.2011: MERCOSUR: Wht Y S Is Nt (Alws) Wht Y Gt, : E Lw Jl

17/5 (Stb 2011), 683-700.

Goodman, Joshua2009: Mt Ss Bzl t B $10 Bll f IMF Bs, : Blb, 5 Otb,

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Graus, Susanne/Gonzalez, Debora2012: Th EU Bzl: Sh Gls, Dt Stts, : R,Ths/Gv, Gv (s): Ht Isss, Cl Shls, Lw Pts: EU Stt Pt-

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Grosse, Robert2006: Itl Bsss Stts Bzl, : J, Sbhsh C. (.): E E-

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th: Ew El, 183-205.

Haglund Morrissey, Anne2010: Th Nt f It-l Dvlt C L A,

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Hnggi, Heiner /Rolo, Ralf/Rland, Jrgen2006: It-ls: A Nw Ph Itl

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Rls, Nw Y: Rtl, 3-14.Hardacre, Alan2010: Th Rs Fll f It-ls EU Extl Rls, Dht: Rbl

f Ls Pblsh.

Henderson, John/Clarkson, Stephenfth: Itl Pbl F th Rs f Bzl: C-

ts Us f Rls wth ts Ultls Bltls, : L A Rsh

Rvw.

Hene, Bjrn2010: EU F Pl: Th Itl Ml, : Sb, F/Stl, Pt

(s): Th E U th Glbl Sth, Bl: L R, 15-43.

Homann, Rodolfo2001: I Dstb Bzl th Rl Stl Ctsts, : Glh-

t, Jq J.M./Hws, G J.D. (s.): Stt Sttl Ch th Bzl

E, Alsht: Asht, 85-106.

Hurrell, Andrew2007: O Wl, M Wls? Th Pl f Rs th St f Itl St,

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Internaonal Monetary Fund (IMF) 2013: IMF Dt M, : www.f./xtl/t/-

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Internaonal Monetary Fund (IMF)2013b: Wl E Otl Dtbs 2013, : hs://www.f.

/xtl/bs//w/2013/02/wt/x.sx; 16 Al 2013.

Internaonal Monetary Fund (IMF) 2013: Dt Tlt Itl Rsvs F C

Lqt, Dt Stss, : www.f./xtl//st//IRPssWb/lst.sx; 27

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Kalicki, Jean/Medeiros, Suzana2008: Ivstt Abt Bzl: Rvs Bzls Tl R-

lt tws ICSID, BITs, Ivst-Stt Abt, : Abt Itl 24/3,

423-446.

Kapar, Petr2011: Th L f Us: Its Os Istlz, : Msts Thss, Alb:

Alb Uvst, D.

Klom, Andy2003: Ms Bzl: A E Psv, : Itl As 79/2, 351-368.

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Ssts Pls, L: Ath Pss, 35-72.

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Maag, Isabelle2005: Bzls F E Pl: Sth-Sth, Nth-Sth Bth?, : Dl

Glblz: B Ps, Mh 2005, Gv: Fh Ebt S.

Malamud, Andrs2011: A L wtht Fllws? Th Gw Dv btw th Rl

Glbl Pf f Bzl F Pl, : L A Pls St 53/3, 1-24.

McClanahan, Paige2013: Nw WTO h st t Hl f Glbl Sth, : Th G, 26 Al, :

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MercoPress 2013: A s tst Ms, bt Bzl wts s w, 17 St-

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MercoPress2012: Bzl G t hv th EU/Ms t t, 14 Fb-

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-s-t-t; 26 Otb 2015.

Mercosur 1994: Th Ptl f Cl f th P Rl Pt f Ivstts

th MERCOSUR, Ms/CMC/D. N. 11/93, s 17 J 1994.

Mercosur 1994b: Th Ptl f Bs As P Pt f Ivstts C f

N-MERCOSUR Stt Ps, Ms/CMC/D. N. 11/94, s 5 Ast 1994.

Mercosur 1991: Tt Estblsh C Mt btw th A Rbl, th Fl R-

bl f Bzl, th Rbl f P th Est Rbl f U (Tt f As-

), s 26 Mh 1991.

Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry of Japan (METI) 2011: Nw T Pts: MERCOSUR, l

x th t l b Bzl, : www...j/lsh/t/wlls/2011Wht-

P/2-2.f; 16 Nvb 2015.

Itamaraty 2007: Jt Cq f th 26th M f th Bzl-G Jt Css S-

Thl C.

Morais, Lecio/Saad-Filho, Alfredo2011: Bzl b Ll: F Ah Ps f Bth?, : L

A Psvs 38/2, 31-44.

Ocampo, Jos A./Titelman, Daniel2009: Sbl Fl C: th Sth A Ex-

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Appendix I: Cslts Bsl, 18-22 Mh 2013. Cllv s f th Rsh G

Name Dt Ist Ps/Dtt

Abss S

M

18 Mh 2013 Mst s Rls

Exts (Itt)

Dt f th Dtt f

E

Mst Ls F

Abb Glv


Exts (Itt)

H f th Dvs f E

- III

Abss Cls

Hq Mj

Ab Slv


Exts (Itt)

Dtt f th Ut

Stts f A, C

It-A As

Csll Cl

Al Bbs


Exts (Itt)

Dtt f th Ut

Stts f A, C

It-A As

M Cs Cst

Ms


Exts (Itt)

Csl H f Dvs

f ASEAN T-Lst

Gstv Rh Mzs

18 Mh 2013 Mst s RlsExts (Itt)

Csl H f Dvsf Ch Ml

M M A

Cvl Rs


Exts (Itt)

H f Dtt f Ctl

A th Cbb

Ol Flss 19 Mh 2013 Mst s Rls

Exts (Itt)

Csl f Dtt

f Ctl A th

Cbb

Mst Ls At

Bl C


Exts (Itt)

Dt f th Dtt f

Fl As Svs

(G20)

P Vls Mst s Rls

Exts (Itt)

St, C Sl-

Sl, A Bsl

C

Mst Rbs G

Ds Flh


Exts (Itt)

Dt, Dtt f T

Ivstt P

I Bbs 20 Mh 2013 Mst s Rls

Exts (Itt)

Assss, Dtt f T

Ivstt P

Mst Nbt M 20 Mh 2013 Mst s Rls

Exts (Itt)

Mst Itl P

St Dvs

R Pl 21 Mh 2013 Mst s Rls

Exts (Itt)

St, Dvs f E

C T As

f Msl

B H 21 Mh 2013 Mst s Rls

Exts (Itt)

H, Dvs f Pll,

Istl, Jl,

Sl Isss f Msl

Abss Cl

Cz

20 Mh 2013 Mst f F

(Fz)

St f Itl

As


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Appendix II:Cslts Bsl. Ivl Ms f th Rsh Gs Mbs

Name Dt Ist Ps/Dtt

M Mh 2013

Abss Evt V

Vs

28 J 2012 Mst s Rls

Exts (Itt)

Abss f Bzl t

G

Abss R Tvs 19 July 2012 Mst s Rls

Exts (Itt)

Abss f Bzl t th

E U

Abss Afs Js

S Cs

24 Fb 2013 Mst s Rls

Exts (Itt)

Csl-Gl f Bzl

Tt, C

B wh Nh A

Jl Khh 22 Mh 2013 Dtt f Glbl

As f C

Abss f C t

Bzl

S Sv 23 Mh 2013 Mx Ebss Bzl Mst

B vPf. At Bss 21 Mh 2013 Uvst f Bsl Dtt f Pll

Science

Pf. Rb Abs 22 Mh 2013 Uvst f Bsl Dtt f Pll

Science

Js D T 22 Mh 2013 A Bsl

Dsvlvt Istl

Planning Manager

Rbt S P 22 Mh 2013 A Bsl

Dsvlvt Istl

Istl Pl-Ct

Pt Hl V 22 Mh 2013 A Bsl

Dsvlvt Istl

Pjt Ct f

Itl C

B wh Cls Albt Rs 21 Mh 2013 Itl Mt

Fund

Avs t th Exv

Dt f C, Il

th Cbb

Isbl Rb Ds

Maia

21 Mh 2013 Ctl B f Bzl H f Dtt,

Exv O f

Ct Rs

Bhs

Paulo Mauricio Fonseca de

Cll

21 Mh 2013 Ctl B f Bzl S Avs, Exv

O f Ct Rs

Bhs

Dl Ps Rs

Alt

21 Mh 2013 Ctl B f Bzl S Avs, Itl

As Dtt

Pl Cs Fts

Mamede

21 Mh 2013 Ctl B f Bzl Dt Avs, Itl

As Dtt

Rlf Fts Olv 21 Mh 2013 Ctl B f Bzl H f Dvs, Extl

Dbt Itl

Rls Dtt

Iv P Iv-S D S

Hss Al Klt 21 Mh 2013 S Ct f Js H f th Itl

Dvs

G R B

Gl

21 Mh 2013 Uvst f Bsl Pfss f Itl

Lw D, Flt f Lw

M Chll 21 Mh 2013 Dl f th E

U Bzl

Dt T Csll,

T S


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Iv T Mh Olv 22 Mh 2013 Istt Psqs

E Al (IPEA)

C Ests

Rls Es

Its,

Dt Ests

Rls Es

Pls Its

T Rb Ds Sts 22 Mh 2013 Mst s Rls

Exts

Dt H, Dvs f

E

B R wh E

M Chll 21 Mh 2013 Dl f th E

U Bzl

Dt T Csll,

T S

Iv T Mh Olv 22 Mh 2013 Istt Psqs

E Al (IPEA)

C Ests

Rls Es

Its,

Dt Ests

Rls Es

Pls ItsT Rb Ds Sts 22 Mh 2013 Mst s Rls

Exts

Dt H, Dvs f

E

B F P

I Cst Lt 20 Mh 2013 Uvst f Bsl Rsh Asst,

Sth-Sth C

Rsh Pl Ct

Fernando Meirelles de

Azv Ptl

21 Mh 2013 Mst f F

(Fz)

Asst St f

Itl As, Jl

sbss

Appendix III: Oth Cslts 2013

Name Dt Istt Ps/Dtt

S Fst 7 Mh 2013 F F

Hq Cs

Stt Exv

K Lh Uvst f S Pl Asst Pfss, Istt

f Itl Rls

Albt B Uvst f Tt Dtt f Es

S Aq Uvst f Tt Dtt f Pll

Science

Ls Pl Uvst f Tt Dtt f Pll

Science

Rh Sb Uvst f Tt Dtt f Pll

Science

M Mlb Yl Uvst Shl f Fst

Evtl Sts


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Th K-Fh - E A Exh

Iv Rh

Th Kll-Fsh (KFG) s f lh b

th G Rsh F (Dtsh Fshs-

sh - DFG) 2008. As Rsh Cll, t s t t v-

sll sl vt f vv sh

wth sll f s j shs.

Th Kll-Fsh Th Tsfv Pw f E -vsts hw s s ss s. D ts st

hs f sh, f 2008-2012, th KFG st th s

f l s sts wth th E U (EU), ts

ts hbh. D th s hs, f 2012-

2016, th KFG ls ts fs f tst th s f s,

ls, sts b E (v ls)

th lss f th EU t th v f xtl s.

Its tw sh s :

Th EU Rl Ists L A, Af,

th Ml Est As

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