primary activities: resource exploitation – includes … · web viewprimary activities: resource...
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Primary activities: Resource exploitation – includes fishing, forestry, mining and quarrying of minerals – direct exploitation of resources unequally available in environment – differentially
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evaluated by different societies.Development depends on perceived resources, technology to exploit availability and cultural awareness of value.Fishing and forestry = Gathering Industries – harvest renewable
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resources in danger of depletion through overexploitation. Areally widespread and involves subsistence and market-oriented components.Mining and quarrying are Extractive industries – removing
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nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic minerals and mineral fuels from crust of earth.Initial raw material phase of modern industrial economies.Resource Terminology:
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Resources or natural resources are naturally occurring materials that human population at any given state of development and technological awareness – perceives to be necessary and useful to its economic
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and material well-being.Must be understood to be a resource – a cultural circumstance.Resources – renewable or nonrenewable.Renewable resources :– can be consumed and then replenished relatively quickly by
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natural or human-assisted processes. Can be exhausted if exploited to extinction – some renewable only if carefully managed.Maximum sustainable yield of resource = the maximum volume or rate of use that won’t impair its ability to be
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renewed or maintain same future productivity.For fishing and forests – that level marked by catch or harvest equal to net growth of the replacement stock.If that maximum exploitative level is
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exceeded – it becomes nonrewable.Nonrenewable Resources:Exist in finite amounts and either aren’t replaced by natural processes – within time frame of society – or replaced at rate slower than rate of
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use. Both types resources are exploited by nonagricultural primary industries.Fishing: Fish provide 19% all animal protein in global diet. Reliance on fish greatest in developing countries of East and
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Southeast Asia, Africa, and parts of Latin America.75% world annual fish catch consumed by humans – 25% processed into fish meal fed to livestock or fertilizer. These have increased demand for and
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harvest of fish. 20% annual fish supply now from inland water – lakes, rivers, farm ponds – other 80% from oceans – marine fisheries.99% of that from coastal wetlands, estuaries, and shallow coastal waters above
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continental shelf – abrupt slope to much deeper water occurs there.These areas increasingly affected by pollution from run-off and ocean dumping. Remaining 1% of maritime fish catch from open seas.
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About 1 ton of diesel oil is burned for every ton of fish caught.Government subsidizes fishers with over $50 billion annually of low-cost loans and direct grants – encouraging uneconomic over-
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exploitation of decreasing resource.Commercial fishing for market – mostly northern waters activity – Here fish congregate or “school” on broad continental shelves and banks – extensive elevated portions of
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shelf where environmental conditions most favorable for fish production.Most heavily fished = Northeast Atlantic and Northwest Pacific. Small-scale fisheries declining as commercial trawlers
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deplete fish stocks on which “artisan” or traditional fishermen depend.Overfishing – depleting available fish.Ex. – collapse of Peruvian anchovy industry 1970’s –
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result of massive overfishing. Globally all 17 of principal marine fisheries have either reached or exceeded their natural limits, 9 in serious decline.Overfishing – result of view that world’s oceans are common
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property – with no one responsible for maintenance, protection or improvement.Result of the Tragedy of the Commons – economic reality that when resource is available to all – each user in absence of
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collective controls – thinks he/she best served by exploiting resource to maximum - though this means depletion.Since 1976 – coastal states claimed 200 nautical miles Exclusive Economic Zone = EEZ within
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which they can regulate or prohibit foreign fishing fleets – brought many fisheries under control of nearest country.By mid-90’s overfishing in developed countries’ waters worse than ever - governments
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failed to act on scientific management recommendations and domestic fleet expanded.More feasible – steady expansion of harvesting fish in farm ponds – Aquaculture or by fenced
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confinement in coastal lagoons – Mariculture.Forestry:Forests cover 30% world’s land area.Commercial forests are restricted to 2 large global belts. 1 in upper mid latitudes of Northern Hemisphere. 2 in Equatorial zones
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of South and Central America, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia.Northern coniferous or softwood forest – largest and most continuous – around globe from Scandinavia -across Siberia to North
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America to Atlantic and South along Pacific coast.Southern side of belt – are deciduous hardwoods – these have been reduced in areal extent by agricultural and urban settlement and development.
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Europe and North America threatened by acid rain and atmospheric pollution – area held constant through conservation, protection, and reforestation.Tropical lowland forests – exploited for fuelwood primarily
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and charcoal – increasing amount special quality woods cut for lumber export.Developing nations (tropical) make up 90% world’s hardwood exports.2/3 of these from Malaysia.
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Contrasting uses show roundwood (log) production as primary economic activity.45% world’s annual logging harvest for industrial consumption –over 80% of this is the output of industrial countries from
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temporal and boreal forest belt.½ of all production of industrial wood from U.S., Canada, and Russia. - because of their distance from major industrial wood markets.Developing countries made up less than
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20% industrial wood production late ‘90’s. Von Thunen’s anaysis of transportation costs and market accessibility helps explain this.Burgess Concentric Circle Model – 1925 – similar to Von Thunen – The model is typical
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of all American cities –like Chicago early to mid-20th century.Model is based on spatial patterns observed in Chicago 1920’s.Burgess said towns grow out from central point in concentric pattern. Predicts
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continuous expansion ongoing process of invasion of lower income. Succession and move on – Income based segregation – cyclical process keeps moving people who can afford it out.Hoyt Sector Model – University of Chicago
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1939 – introduced impact of transportation arteries radiating from center of city.Suggested cities grow out in wedge-shapes along major arterials based on transportation arteries.
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Harris-Ullmann Multiple Nuclei Model – 1945 – Reflects influence of changing transportation.Precursor to form of Edge cities – Low income around main. Mid income Buffer. High income in
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separate outlying areas.
90% world fuelwood production from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America – demand grows by l.2% per year.Populations of developing countries
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heavily dependent on fuelwood and charcoal – resulted in depletion of tropical forest stands.Cutting well above maximum sustainable yields.In tropical areas – deforestation rates
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exceed reforestation by 10 to 15 times.South and Central America – millions of hectares cleared for pasture for beef and cattle – destined mainly for North American market. Thus – this is
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becoming nonrenewable.Mining and quarrying:Extractive industries depend on exploitation of minerals unevenly distributed – tiny portions of earth’s crust – far less than 1%.
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Success in exploiting mineral resources have been achieved at expense of depleting most easily extractable world reserves and with penalty of increasing monetary costs as highest-grade deposits are removed.
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Costs increase as more advanced energy consuming technologies must be applied to extract materials from ever greater depths in crust or new deposits of smaller mineral content.
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Relevant particularly to exploitation of both metallic minerals and mineral fuels – less applicability to 3rd category – nonmetallic minerals.Consequence of modern exploitative technologies and extraction efficiencies
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– known reserves of all fossil fuels and most commercially important metals are now larger than in mid 20th century. Reflected in steady decrease in raw material prices since 1950’s – adversely affected some export-
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oriented developing world’s economies.