prewar period-reading notes p. 160-175 (keylor)
TRANSCRIPT
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Hitler Brings the Pain!
p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Hitler Woos Poland to Annihilate
Czechoslovakia
Hitlers Principal Aim- to accelerate Germanystactical rapprochement with Poland andHungary and to establish ties withCzechoslovakias two partners in the Little
Entente (Yugoslavia and Romania) Principal Source of Friction between Germany
and Poland- Danzig, where the Nazi municipalgovernment caused considerable trouble for the
Polish authorities Directives from Berlin stopped anti-Polish agitation
while Hitler made nice with the Polish government
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Hitler Woos Poland to Annihilate
Czechoslovakia Positive Basis for German-Polish
Cooperation- Teschen district of Silesia
Industrial area awarded to Czechoslovakia in
1920
Home to 80,000 Poles
Working together the Polish government
added this demand to Hitlers demand for theGerman-speaking region of the Sudetenland
(Western Czechoslovakia)
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Hitler Woos Romania and Yugoslavia
to Annihilate Czechoslovakia
Difficulty in Negotiations-
No territorial land claims to reward them with likePoland
Belonged to the Little Entente with Czechoslovakia Linked together with protector France
Hungary Throws a Wrench in the Works
Little Entente kept a wary eye on Hungary because
Hungary had lost much land to the Little Entente atthe Paris Peace Conference
Main reason the Little Entente held together
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Hitler Woos Romania and Yugoslavia
to Annihilate Czechoslovakia Hitler Encourages Better Hungary-Yugoslavia
Relations
Hungary and Yugoslavia reached an agreement in 1938 onthe major issues of dispute between them
Dealt a serious blow to the anti-Hungary basis of the LittleEntente
Hitler Drives a Wedge between Romania andCzechoslovakia
Bitter territorial struggle between Romania and Russia
over Bessarabia Romania proved to be an obstacle to Russian allegiance
to Czechoslovakia as they blocked Soviet access to theirally
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Hitler Establishes Economic Ties with
Central Europe
Campaign to isolate Czechoslovakia from its
neighbors was bolstered by a series of
commercial policies designed to subordinate
the shaky economic systems of the nations of
Central Europe to the expanding German
economy
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Nazi Propaganda Hits Czechoslovakia
Hitler Barrages Prague with PropagandaCampaign-
Summer of 1938- directed at Pragues alleged
persecution of the three million German-speakinginhabitants of the Bohemian borderlands
Konrad Henlein Joins the Shenanigans
Leader of the Sudeten German party
Demands political autonomy of the German-speaking region as a prelude to secession andannexation by Germany
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Czechs Check Sudeten Secession
Two Main Reasons for Noncooperation byPrague- Loss of the Sudetenland would deprive it of its
defensible frontiers and the elaborate border
fortifications constructed behind them leaving themdefenseless against German invasion
Granting of autonomy to the Germans of Bohemiawould establish a precedent for similar demands bythe other national minorities in the multiethnic
republic Poles in Teschen
Hungarians in southern Slovakia
Possibly even the Slovaks themselves
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France- The Shrinking Violet
France Balks at War with Germany
Remained committed to the Franco-Czechoslovak
alliance for the sake of appearances but
Deplorable condition of their air force
Refusal of Belgium to allow the transit of French
troops to Germanys most vulnerable industrial
targets
Exaggerated estimates of the size of the German army
Strength of the Rhineland fortifications
Caused the failure of their nerve to fight
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Britain- The Conciliatory Pansy
Britain wanted no part of a war between
France and Germany in which there was no
issue of national importance to them
Memories of Spanish towns being hit by
German bombers led Britain to exert every
diplomatic effort to avert a war
Antiaircraft artillery system and radar
installations were still under construction
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Czech President Eduard Benes
Anglo-French pressure on Prague to reach a
settlement with the Sudeten party compelled
Benes to grant all of that partys main
demands on September 5, 1938
Hitler, not wanting political concessions (but
war instead), advised Konrad Henlein to
produce a list of grievances against the Czechgovernment
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Neville Chamberlain Sells
the Czech Farm
British PM Affected by Two Major Events
World War I
Believed that the Belligerents had entered into a
terrible war that might well have been averted by amore skillful, active diplomacy
Paris Peace Conference
Believed that the victorious Allies had mistreated
Germany at the peace conference by refusing to apply
the principle of national self-determination to
Germanys eastern frontiers
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Neville Chamberlain Sells
the Czech Farm Chamberlain Hopes to Avoid World War II
September 15, 1938- Chamberlain boards a planeand flies to Hitlers private retreat at
Berchtesgaden in order to settle the Czechproblem
Hitler demanded the Sudetenland on the basis ofnational self-determination
Chamberlain returned to London and attemptedto persuade France and Czechoslovakia to acceptthe German demands
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Edouard Daladier Caves on the Issue
of the Sudetenland
French PM Bristles at National Self-
Determination through Plebiscites in
German-Speaking Areas in Central Europe
Backs down from this terribly true ideal as he
defers to Chamberlains leadership on this issue
against his own better judgment
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Benes Sticks to His Guns- Sort Of
Prague Angrily Rejects the Anglo-French
Proposal
Eventually forced into agreement by the threat of
an end to British peacemaking efforts and a
bluntly repeated refusal of French assistance in
case of war
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Chamberlain Returns to
the Scene of the Crime
Chamberlain Returns to Godesberg, Germany
on September 22, 1938
Informs Hitler of concessions
Hitler declines on his own previous demands
Cited that deteriorating conditions in the Sudetenland
required immediate German intervention
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War Seems Inevitable
Czech Government Mobilizes for War on
September 24, 1938
France Mobilizes its Army for War on
September 26, 1938
Britain Mobilizes its Naval Fleet for War on
September 27, 1938
Germany Orders Attack of Czechoslovakia to
Begin on the Morning of September 30, 1938
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Last Ditch Efforts for Dtente-
The Munich Conference
Mussolini Intervenes on Behalf of
Czechoslovakia on September 29, 1938
Hitler agrees to host a conference in Munich,
Germany
Hesitations of Mussolini?
Reluctance of his generals?
Refusal of Chamberlain and Daladier to stand idly by?
Attendees- Britain, France, Italy, and Germany
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The Munich Pact- September 30, 1938
Facets of the Munich Pact
Evacuation of Czech army from Sudetenland
between October 1 and 10, 1938
Followed by German occupation in four stages
Britain and France guaranteed redrawn borders
of Czechoslovakia
Germany and Italy promised similar guaranteesonce Polish and Hungarian territorial claims had
been satisfactorily adjudicated
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The Rest of Eastern Europe
Falls in Line
Romania-German Economic Agreement-
December 10, 1938
Guaranteed German access to Romanian oil
Supplement to the insufficient synthetic production
from domestic coal
Guaranteed German access to Romanian wheat
Supplement to the annual shortfall in Germanagricultural output
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The Rest of Eastern Europe
Falls in Line Hungary Joins the Anti-Comintern Pact and
Withdraws from the League of Nations
Germany rewarded Hungary with approval to annexCzechoslovakias easternmost province
Capatho-Ukraine (Ruthenia)
Home to numerous Hungarians
Romania and Yugoslavia accept a policy of diplomaticand economic subservience to Germany
Lithuania was reduced to the status of satellite Port of Memel was annexed by Germany in March 1939
Home to many German-speaking people
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Germany Breaks the Munich Pact
March 15, 1939- Hitler Marches into Prague
and Military Occupation Begins
Western half of the country annexed as a
German protectorate
Eastern half of the country converted into the
satellite state of Slovakia
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7/31/2019 PreWar Period-Reading Notes p. 160-175 (Keylor)
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Poland Retracts from German
Reorientation in Eastern Europe
Poland Rebuffs Hitlers Demands for PublicConfirmation of Subservience to Germany andAdherence to the Anti-Comintern Pact
Ruling elite had maintained a balance againstGerman and Soviet control since the end of WorldWar I and they were not about to give either a leg upwithin their borders in 1939
National pride kept the Poles from accepting the
same fate as the Czechs or to tolerate theestablishment of German hegemony in EasternEurope
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Hitler Plots Poland First
Hitler Decides Military Action Against Poland
Prior to Military Action Against the
Democracies in the West
Old German grievances resurfaced
Maltreatment of the Germans in Danzig
Economic difficulties caused by the separation of East
Prussia from the rest of the Reich
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Polish Resolve Heightens
Why?
British and French foreign policy fromappeasement to resistance
Britain greatly accelerated rearmament andformulated precise plans for deployment on thecontinent
France took the necessary steps to rectify the
serious deficiencies in its air power by placingorders for warplanes in the US after obtainingthe tacit consent of the Roosevelt Administration
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Hitler Woos Stalin
Nazi-Soviet Pact- August 23, 1939 Hitler halts any immediate Soviet aggression against
Germany by appeasing them with bits of Poland
Stalin gains time to complete armaments buildup for
the inevitable German invasion
Side Note: Hitler had to choose between a pactwith Russia or a pact with Britain
He chose Russia because he believed that Britainwould not be prepared to defend Poland (which wascorrect)
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