prestress continuous box girder design

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    1.INTRODUCTION

    It is proposed to construct 150 m long bridge of 10 m width whitch consist of two 3.5 m lanes and

    two 1.5m width pedeststrian walkways

    2.SELECTION OF BOX DIMENSIONS

    2.1 Box girder height

    According to ground condition and economical aspect it has been desided to use box dirder of 40-60-

    50m spans

    Overall depth of box girder =

    =

    = 3m

    20

    Span

    60m

    20

    2.2 Web arrangementIt is desided to use reinforced concrete for lateral direction load transfer therefor web spacing can

    be 6m

    Wc Ws Wc

    cantilever overhang ratio

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    2.4 Properties of section

    3.0000

    0.3000

    0.3000

    2.5000 5.0000 2.5000

    Area of the section(A) = m2

    Second moment of area (I) = m4

    Tortional constant (J) = m4

    11.99

    5.4426

    6.8042

    .

    3.GRILLAGE ANALYSIS

    The grillage consist of two longitudanal beams and lateral beams of 2m spacing

    3.1 Longitudanal beam5.0000

    1.0140

    1.9860

    CG

    3.0000

    0.3000

    0.1750

    0.3000

    Area of the section(A) =

    = m2

    Second moment of area (I) =

    =4

    5.4426/2

    6.8042/2

    2.7213

    2.6500

    =

    Tortional constant (J) =

    = m4

    Height to center of gravity from bottom of beam = m

    .

    11.99/2

    5.995

    1.986

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    3.2 Lateral beam

    3.0000

    0.3000

    0.1750

    3.3 Material property

    Concrete

    Weight = kN/m3

    Moduluesofelasticity = kN/mm2

    24

    31

    2.0000

    Poissonsratio =

    Coefficientofthermalexpansion =

    Strengthofconcrete = N/mm2

    Asphalt

    Weight = kN/m3

    0.2

    40

    12x106

    21

    3.4Grillagearrangement

    Support1 Pin

    Support2 Roller

    Support3 Roller

    Support4 Roller

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    3.5Loadings

    3.5.1DeadLoad

    forthisloadcasedeadloadgeneratedfromSAP2000isused

    3.5.1SuperImposeDead(SID)Load

    SIDloadconsistofasphaltweight,parepetweightandwalkwayweight

    *Asphaltthicknessis50mm

    *Sectionof

    parapet

    0.2000

    *Sectionofwalkway0.3000

    1.0000

    1.5000

    Perbeam

    Asphaltweight = 0.05x21x3.5

    = kN/m

    Parepatweight = 0.5x(0.2+0.3)x24

    = kN/m

    3.675

    6

    0.2000

    Walkwayweight = 1.5x0.2x24

    = kN/m

    TotalSID = 3.68+6+7.2

    = kN/m

    7.2

    16.88

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    3.5.1HALoad

    widthofcarriageway = 7m

    Noofnotinallanes = 2 (BS5400:21978Cl3.2.9.3)

    w o ano ona ane = . m

    3.5.1.1HAudlLoad(BS5400:21978Cl6.2.1)

    InthiscaseonlytwonotionallanesarepresentLoadedlength HAudl(kN/m/lane)

    2640

    150

    ,

    thesametime,thereforwehavetoloadboth

    lanes

    24

    22

    17

    16

    14

    50

    60

    100

    110

    HAudlloadingcaseconsistof7loadingpattens

    HA udl case 1

    26kN/m

    HA udl case 2

    HA udl case 3

    24kN/m

    HA udl case 4

    17 N m

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    HA udl case 5

    16kN/m

    HA udl case 6

    26kN/m 24kN/m

    HA udl case 7

    AllaboveHAudlloadcasesarecombinedtogetherwithaloadenvelopecalled

    HAudlenvelope

    14kN/m

    3.5.1.2HAkelLoad(BS5400:21978Cl6.2.2)

    HAkelconsistof120kN/lane

    120kN

    HA kel case 1

    120kN

    HA kel case 2

    120kN

    HA kel case 3

    AllaboveHAkelloadcasesarecombinedtogetherwithaloadenvelopecalled

    HAkelenvelope

    . . .

    HAkel+HAudlenvelopmadebylinearaddingHAkelenvelopeandHAudlenvelope

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    3.5.2HBLoad(BS5400:21978Cl6.3)

    (RDAbridgedesignmanual)

    NoofHBunits = 30

    r ge es gnmanua nsruc os ra e ve c e e ween wo anes

    HBvehicalplaceatthemaximumBMgeneratedlocation

    HB case 1

    HB case 2

    HB case 3

    HB case 4

    HB case 5

    AllaboveHBloadcasesarecombinedtogetherwithaloadenvelopecalled

    HBenvelope

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    3.5.3Pedestrianload(BS5400:21978Cl7.2.1)

    Pedestrianload = 0.8xkx5 kN/m2

    k = NominalHAload

    PedestrianHAudl

    30

    Loaded

    Pedestrianload

    ongrillage

    5.2

    4.7

    4.3

    3.4

    3.2

    load(kN/m2)

    3.5

    3.1

    2.9

    2.3

    2.2

    0.87

    0.78

    0.72

    0.56

    0.54

    (kN/m/lane)

    26

    24

    22

    17

    16

    40

    50

    60

    100

    110

    length k beam(kN/m)

    Pedestrianloadingcaseconsistof7loadingpattens

    Pedestrian load case 1

    2.8

    5.2kN/m

    0.47 1.9150 14

    Pedestrian load case 2

    Pedestrian load case 3

    4.3kN/m

    4.7kN/m

    Pedestrian load case 4

    3.2kN/m

    3.4kN/m

    Pedestrian load case 6

    5.2kN/m 4.7kN/m

    2.8kN/m

    e estr an oa case

    AllabovePedestrianloadcasesarecombinedtogetherwithaloadenvelopecalled

    Pedestrianloadenvelope

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    3.5.4Asbuiltloading

    Area of the section(A) = m2

    =

    2.7213

    e g o e sec on =

    = kN/m

    65.3kN/m

    Construction step 1

    65.3

    . x

    65.3kN/m

    Construction step 2

    65.3kN/m

    Construction step 3

    3.6LoadCombinations

    3.6.1LiveLoadCombinations

    SLSHA+Pedestrianenvelope

    HAkel+HAudlenvelop x 1.2 Linearadd

    Pedestrianloadenvelopex1.0

    SLSHB+Pedestrianenvelope

    HBlenvelop x 1.1 Linearadd

    Pedestrianloadenvelopex1.0

    SLSLive

    envelope

    SLSHA+Pedestrianenvelope Envelope

    SLSHB+Pedestrianenvelope

    3.6.2SIDLoadCombinations

    SLSSIDcombination

    .

    3.6.3DeadLoad(Monolithic)Combinations

    Deadloadcasex1.0

    3.6.4Dea Loa As u t Com nat ons

    Theresulsofconstructionstep1,step2andstep3addedtogetherforasbuiltresults

    3.7Grillageanalysisresults

    resultsweretakenforaboveloadcombinationsforcontinousbeamwith2mspacing

    andthoseareplottedbelow

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    3.7.1

    SID

    BM

    Profile

    Chainage 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

    Msid 0 512 944 1294 1564 1752 1860 1886 1832 1696 1480 1182

    Chainage 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54

    Msid 1521 2304 3169 4114 5141 4009 2958 1988 1099 291 436 1082

    Chainage 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86

    Msid 3097 3256 3335 3333 3250 3086 2841 2515 2108 1620 1051 401

    Chainage 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118

    Msid 4064 5201 6418 5189 4041 2974 1989 1084 260 482 1144 1725

    Chainage 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150

    Msid 3413 3508 3522 3454 3306 3077 2766 2375 1903 1350 715 0

    8000

    6000

    4000

    2000

    0

    2000

    4000

    6000

    0 20 40 60 80 100 120

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    3.7.2

    As

    built

    Dead

    load

    BM

    Profile

    Chainage 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

    Step1BM 0 2166 4087 5765 7198 8388 9333 10035 10492 10706 10675 10401

    Step2BM 0 696 1391 2087 2782 3478 4173 4869 5564 6260 6956 7651

    Step3BM 0 120 239 359 479 598 718 837 957 1077 1196 1316

    AsbuiltBM 0 1590 2935 4037 4894 5508 5877 6003 5885 5522 4916 4065

    Chainage 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54

    Step1BM 5368 3630 1647 580 3050 1952 1098 488 122 0 0 0

    Step2BM 11129 11825 12520 13216 13911 11007 8104 5200 2296 607 3389 5927

    Step3BM 1914 2034 2153 2273 2393 2042 1691 1340 989 638 288 63

    AsbuiltBM 3847 6161 8720 11522 14569 10918 7511 4348 1429 1246 3677 5863

    Chainage 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86

    Step1BM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    Step2BM 14955 16029 16859 17444 17786 17884 17738 17347 16713 15835 14712 13346

    Step3BM 1818 2168 2519 2870 3221 3572 3923 4273 4624 4975 5326 5677

    Asbuilt

    BM 13138 13861 14340 14574 14565 14312 13815 13074 12089 10860 9386 7669

    Chainage 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118

    Step1BM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    Step2BM 2855 24 3050 1952 1098 488 122 0 0 0 0 0

    Step3BM 7431 7782 8133 5855 3578 1301 977 3254 5409 7320 8988 10411

    AsbuiltBM 4576 7758 11183 7807 4676 1789 855 3254 5409 7320 8988 10411

    Chainage 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150

    Step1BM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    Step2BM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    Step3BM 13868 13827 13542 13014 12241 11224 9963 8459 6710 4717 2481 0

    AsbuiltBM 13868 13827 13542 13014 12241 11224 9963 8459 6710 4717 2481 0

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    3.7.3

    Monolithic

    Construction

    Dead

    load

    BM

    Profile

    Chainage 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

    Mmonioli 0 1543 2843 3899 4710 5278 5601 5681 5517 5109 4456 3560

    Chainage 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54

    Mmonioli 4580 6940 9543 12391 15483 12074 8909 5987 3310 877 1313 3258

    Chainage 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86

    Mmonioli 9326 9808 10046 10040 9789 9295 8557 7575 6349 4879 3165 1207

    Chainage 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118

    Mmonioli 12242 15663 19329 15628 12171 8959 5990 3265 784 1453 3446 5195

    Chainage 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150

    Mmonioli 10280 10565 10607 10404 9957 9267 8332 7154 5731 4065 2154 0

    25000

    20000

    15000

    10000

    5000

    0

    5000

    10000

    15000

    20000

    0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

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    3.7.4

    Live

    load

    BM

    Profile

    Chainage 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

    Mlivemin 0 365 730 1095 1460 1825 2190 2555 2920 3285 3650 4014

    Mlivemax 0 1347 2549 3605 4515 5280 5899 6373 6701 6883 6920 6523

    Chainage 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54

    Mlivemin 5839 6204 6569 6934 7879 6245 4705 3343 2991 2839 2687 2535

    Mlivemax 2355 1449 1534 1619 1704 1454 1204 955 705 1327 2585 3802

    Chainage 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86

    Mlivemin 1774 1622 1794 2044 2294 2544 2794 3044 3294 3544 3794 4044

    Mlivemax 8048 8529 8886 9122 8946 8647 8226 7682 7015 6225 5313 4278

    Chainage 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118

    Mlivemin 5454 6821 8288 6882 5895 5639 5383 5126 4870 4614 4357 4101

    Mlivemax 660 812 964 926 887 849 1422 2786 4099 5279 6325 7236

    Chainage 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150

    Mlivemin 2819 2563 2307 2050 1794 1538 1282 1025 769 513 256 0

    Mlive

    max 9353 9173 8859 8410 7828 7112 6261 5277 4159 2907 1520 0

    10000

    8000

    6000

    4000

    2000

    0

    2000

    4000

    6000

    8000

    10000

    12000

    0 20 40 60 80 100 120

    Mlive

    Mlive

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    4.DESIGNOFBOXGIRDER

    4.1Signconvension

    Tension +

    Compression

    SaggingBM +

    HoggingBM

    Distancemeasurebelowcentroide +

    Distancemeasure

    above

    centroide

    4.2

    Allowable

    concrete

    stresses

    Gradeofconcrete = N/mm2

    Allowblestressincompression = kN/m2

    Allowblestressintension = kN/m2

    Allowblestressincompression = kN/m2

    Allowblestressintension = kN/m2

    4.3Designprocedure

    1 CalculateMa(actu)andMb(actu)

    Ma(actu) = Mmonoli+MSID+Mlivemin

    Mb(actu) = Mmonoli+MSID+Mlivemax

    2

    Mb(actu) Ma(actu)

    Mb(actu) Ma(actu)

    3 AssumesecondarymomentasapercentageofasbuiltBM

    4 CalculateMaandMb

    Ma = Ma(actu)+M2

    Mb = Mb(actu)+M2

    40

    16000

    0

    15000

    1000

    Itshould

    be

    noted

    that

    the

    allowble

    stresses

    used

    for

    calculations

    has

    acertain

    allowance

    for

    any

    effectsthatcannotbetakenintoaccountaccuratelyatthepreliminarydesignstage

    Checktheminimumsectionrequired(forthiscomparethesectionmodulerequiredandsection

    moduleselected

    ftw fcw

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    5 Calculatepracticallimitofeccetricityofcablebyconsideringminimumcovermaintained

    emax = y2 cover

    emin = y1+cover

    6Calculatetheactualcableprofile(es)limit

    esupper > minimumofesupper1andesupper2

    eslawer < maximumofeslower1andeslower2

    6Calculatetheaperantcableprofile(ep)limit

    7IteratePuntilsecondarymomentgeneratedatsupportsforeplowerandepupperprofile

    8 FindBMprofiles

    Pxepupper

    Pxeplower

    9FitaBMdiagram(M) betweemaboveBMprofilesforarbitaryloadings

    thisBMdiagramrelatedtoaconcordantprofile

    fromthis

    we

    can

    find

    epprofile

    10Findesprofile

    11Theaboveesprofileshouldgenerateassumedsecondarymomentatsupports

    Mb

    RxP

    >es

    upper

    1

    ftwxZ2

    RxP

    +Z2

    Ac

    esupper2 > Z1

    eslawer1 < Z2

    +Mb

    Ac RxP RxP

    fcwxZ1

    ftwxZ2+

    Ma

    Ac RxP RxP

    eslawer2 < Z1

    +Ma

    Ac RxP RxP

    fcwxZ1

    epupper > esupper M2

    RxP

    eplower < eslower M2

    RxP

    < 0(M2)for epupper (M2)foreplower M

    RxPep

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    4.4Designspredsheet

    fcw = kN/m2

    ftw = kN/m2

    I = m4

    Ac = m2

    depthofsec = m

    y1 = m

    y2 = m

    cover = m

    emin = m

    emax = m

    z1 = m3

    z2 = m3

    1.71

    15000

    1000

    3.4021

    2.7213

    3

    1.014

    1.986

    0.2

    0.814

    1.786

    3.36

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    chainage 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

    Mmonoli 0 1654 3046 4177 5047 5656 6004 6090 5915 5479 4781 3822

    Masbuilt 0 1703 3144 4324 5243 5901 6298 6433 6307 5920 5271 4361

    Msupdead 0 513 944 1295 1565 1754 1861 1888 1834 1699 1482 1185

    Mlivemin 0 364 729 1093 1457 1821 2186 2550 2914 3278 3643 4007

    Mlivemax 0 1348 2550 3607 4518 5284 5904 6378 6707 6890 6928 6532

    Ma(actu) 0 1802 3262 4380 5155 5588 5679 5428 4835 3899 2621 1001

    Mb(actu) 0 3563 6639 9227 11327 12939 14063 14699 14848 14509 13682 12079

    Z1required 0.00 0.13 0.24 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.60 0.66 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.79

    Z2required 0.00 0.13 0.24 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.60 0.66 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.79

    M2 0 510 1020 1530 2040 2550 3059 3569 4079 4589 5099 5609

    Ma 0 2312 4282 5910 7195 8138 8739 8998 8914 8488 7720 6610

    Mb 0 4073 7659 10757 13366 15488 17122 18269 18927 19098 18781 17688

    Pmaxallow 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918

    Ptrial 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000

    R 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

    esupper1 0.821 0.655 0.509 0.382 0.276 0.189 0.122 0.076 0.049 0.042 0.055 0.099

    esupper2 0.560 0.393 0.247 0.121 0.014 0.073 0.139 0.186 0.213 0.220 0.207 0.162

    eslower1 1.096 1.190 1.271 1.337 1.390 1.428 1.453 1.463 1.460 1.442 1.411 1.366

    eslower2 0.419 0.514 0.594 0.661 0.713 0.751 0.776 0.787 0.783 0.766 0.734 0.689

    esupper 0.560 0.393 0.247 0.121 0.014 0.073 0.139 0.186 0.213 0.220 0.207 0.162

    eslower 0.419 0.514 0.594 0.661 0.713 0.751 0.776 0.787 0.783 0.766 0.734 0.689

    epupper 0.560 0.414 0.289 0.183 0.097 0.031 0.014 0.040 0.046 0.033 0.001 0.067

    eplower 0.419 0.493 0.552 0.598 0.630 0.647 0.651 0.641 0.617 0.578 0.526 0.460

    RPepupp 13710 10146 7070.5 4482.8 2382.9 770.79 353.44 989.84 1138.4 799.1 28.022 1631

    RPeplow 10273 12075 13535 14653 15428 15861 15952 15701 15108 14172 12894 11274

    concord 0 2533 4667 6400 7734 8667 9200 9334 9067 8401 7334 5868

    epactual 0.000 0.103 0.190 0.261 0.316 0.354 0.376 0.381 0.370 0.343 0.299 0.239

    esactual 0.000 0.124 0.232 0.324 0.399 0.458 0.500 0.527 0.537 0.530 0.507 0.468

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    chainage 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86

    Mmonoli 10009 10525 10780 10774 10507 9978 9188 8137 6824 5250 3415 1319

    Masbuilt 14086 14860 15373 15625 15616 15346 14814 14022 12968 11652 10076 8238

    Msupdead 3103 3264 3343 3341 3258 3094 2849 2523 2116 1628 1059 409

    Mlivemin 2757 2795 2889 3025 3160 3296 3432 3567 3703 3839 3974 4110

    Mlivemax 8058 8538 8896 9131 8955 8656 8234 7690 7023 6233 5320 4284

    Ma(actu) 10356 10994 11234 11090 10604 9775 8605 7092 5237 3040 500 2382

    Mb(actu) 25247 26662 27612 28097 27828 27095 25897 24234 22106 19513 16455 12932

    Z1required 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.14 1.09

    Z2required 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.14 1.09

    M2 9250 9171 9092 9013 8934 8855 8776 8697 8618 8539 8460 8381

    Ma 19606 20165 20326 20103 19538 18631 17381 15789 13855 11579 8960 5999

    Mb 34497 35833 36704 37110 36763 35951 34673 32931 30724 28052 24915 21313

    Pmaxallow 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918

    Ptrial 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 R 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

    esupper1 0.587 0.641 0.677 0.693 0.679 0.646 0.594 0.523 0.433 0.324 0.196 0.049

    esupper2 0.848 0.903 0.939 0.955 0.941 0.908 0.856 0.785 0.694 0.585 0.457 0.310

    eslower1 1.896 1.919 1.926 1.917 1.893 1.856 1.805 1.740 1.661 1.569 1.462 1.341

    eslower2 1.220 1.242 1.249 1.240 1.217 1.180 1.129 1.064 0.985 0.892 0.785 0.664

    esupper 0.848 0.903 0.939 0.955 0.941 0.908 0.856 0.785 0.694 0.585 0.457 0.310

    eslower 1.220 1.242 1.249 1.240 1.217 1.180 1.129 1.064 0.985 0.892 0.785 0.664

    epupper 0.471 0.529 0.567 0.587 0.576 0.546 0.497 0.430 0.343 0.237 0.112 0.032

    eplower 0.842 0.868 0.878 0.872 0.852 0.818 0.771 0.709 0.633 0.543 0.440 0.322

    RPepupp 11537 12952 13902 14387 14119 13386 12188 10525 8396.4 5803.3 2745.1 778

    RPeplow 20629 21267 21507 21363 20877 20048 18878 17365 15510 13313 10773 7891.2

    concord 15147 15920 16293 16266 15839 15013 13786 12159 10132 7705 4879 1652

    epactual 0.618 0.650 0.665 0.664 0.647 0.613 0.563 0.496 0.414 0.315 0.199 0.067

    esactual 0.996 1.024 1.036 1.032 1.011 0.974 0.921 0.851 0.765 0.663 0.544 0.410

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    chainage 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150

    Mmonoli 11021 11325 11368 11150 10671 9930 8928 7665 6141 4355 2308 0

    Masbuilt 14860 14815 14509 13941 13113 12023 10672 9060 7187 5053 2657 0

    Msupdead 3417 3512 3525 3457 3309 3079 2768 2377 1904 1350 716 0

    Mlivemin 2818 2561 2305 2049 1793 1537 1281 1025 768 512 256 0

    Mlivemax 9363 9182 8866 8417 7834 7117 6266 5281 4161 2908 1521 0

    Ma(actu) 11621 12275 12588 12558 12186 11472 10416 9017 7276 5193 2768 0

    Mb(actu) 27640 27508 26900 25816 24256 22219 19706 16718 13252 9311 4894 0

    Z1required 1.14 1.09 1.02 0.95 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.43 0.29 0.15 0.00

    Z2required 1.14 1.09 1.02 0.95 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.43 0.29 0.15 0.00

    M2 3444 3131 2818 2505 2192 1879 1566 1252 939 626 313 0

    Ma 15065 15407 15406 15063 14378 13351 11981 10270 8216 5819 3081 0

    Mb 31084 30639 29718 28321 26447 24098 21272 17970 14192 9937 5207 0

    Pmaxallow 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918 39918

    Ptrial 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000 35000R 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

    esupper1 0.447 0.429 0.392 0.335 0.258 0.162 0.047 0.088 0.242 0.416 0.609 0.821

    esupper2 0.709 0.691 0.653 0.596 0.520 0.424 0.309 0.174 0.020 0.154 0.347 0.560

    eslower1 1.711 1.725 1.725 1.711 1.683 1.641 1.585 1.515 1.431 1.333 1.222 1.096

    eslower2 1.034 1.048 1.048 1.034 1.006 0.964 0.908 0.838 0.755 0.657 0.545 0.419

    esupper 0.709 0.691 0.653 0.596 0.520 0.424 0.309 0.174 0.020 0.154 0.347 0.560

    eslower 1.034 1.048 1.048 1.034 1.006 0.964 0.908 0.838 0.755 0.657 0.545 0.419

    epupper 0.569 0.563 0.538 0.494 0.430 0.347 0.245 0.123 0.019 0.180 0.360 0.560

    eplower 0.894 0.920 0.933 0.932 0.917 0.888 0.844 0.787 0.716 0.631 0.532 0.419

    RPepupp 13930 13798 13190 12106 10546 8509.5 5996.9 3008 457.11 4398.4 8815.9 13710

    RPeplow 21894 22549 22861 22831 22459 21745 20689 19290 17549 15466 13041 10273

    concord 16660 17146 17231 16916 16202 15087 13573 11658 9344 6629 3515 0

    epactual 0.680 0.700 0.703 0.690 0.661 0.616 0.554 0.476 0.381 0.271 0.143 0.000

    esactual 0.821 0.828 0.818 0.793 0.751 0.692 0.618 0.527 0.420 0.296 0.156 0.000

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    4.5SelectionofConcordentprofile

    40000

    30000

    20000

    10000

    0

    0 20 40

    10000

    20000

    30000

    40000

    30000

    20000

    10000

    0

    10000

    30000

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    4.6epprofile

    .

    1

    0.5

    0

    0 20 40

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    .

    1

    80 100 120 0.5

    0

    0.5

    1.5

    2

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    4.7esprofile

    1.5

    1

    0.5.

    0

    0 20 40

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    1.5

    80 100 120

    1

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    0

    .

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

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    4.8SecondaryMomentgeneratedandassumed

    Assumedsecondarymomenthasbeengeneratedfromselectedprofile

    Secondary

    Mo

    ment

    (kN

    m)

    assumed

    10198

    7828

    ep es

    107 10305

    108 7945

    epupperProfile eplower

    atsupport2

    atsupport

    3

    9793 7264

    1526 7208