press and siever - earth - cover and contents pages

7
i{ l; I I l i- EARTH THIRD EDITION Frank Press Raymond Siever a

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Cover and contents pages from Press and Siever book, "Earth". Uploaded so that people can see that Zakir Naik is wrong when he claimed that this book supports the idea that the authors said, " the function of the mountain is to stablise the earth" - its not in the contents pages (or the index which I have also uploaded) or any of the other bits. Where is it Naik?

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Page 1: Press and Siever - Earth -  Cover and Contents Pages

i{l ;I

Il

i -EARTH

THIRD EDITION

Frank Press Raymond Siever

a

Page 2: Press and Siever - Earth -  Cover and Contents Pages

EARTE{THIRD EDIT ION

Frank PressNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Raymond SieverHARVARD UNTVERSITY

W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANYNew York

Page 3: Press and Siever - Earth -  Cover and Contents Pages

Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xvii

Part I THE EVOTUTION OF THE EARTH AND HOW WE STUDY IT 1.Chapter L History of the Earth and Solar System 3

The Uniqueness of Planet Earth 3Aspects of Geology 4Origin of the System of Planets 5Earth as an Evolving Plahet IHeating, Overturn, and Formation of a Differentiated Earth LLThe Earth Machine Set in Motion, Much as We Know It Todav 16Summary / Exercises / Bibliography

Chapter 2 The Rock Record and the Geological Time Scale 28

How Long Is a Long Time? 23The Rock Record 25Rbcks as Records of Earth Movements 37Evolution and the Time Scale 39Absolute Time and the Geological Time Scale 40The Clocks in Rocks: Radioactive Atoms 42Ages of Meteorites 46How to Synchronize Clocks: The Stratigraphic and Absolute Time Scales 46An Overview of the Geological Clock 48Suminary / Exercises / Bibliography

Chapter 3 Rocks and Minerals 51

The Materials of Earth s1Crystals: Faces and Symmetry 53Minerals and the Microscope 56The Atomic Structure of Minerals 57X Rays: The Diagnostic Tool of Mineralogy 64Physical and Chemical Properties of Minerals 64Rocks as Mineral Aggregates 70Summary / Exercises / Bibliography

Page 4: Press and Siever - Earth -  Cover and Contents Pages

viii coNrENrs

PaTt II THE SKIN OF THE EARTH: SURFACE PROCESSES 79

Chapter 4 Weathering: The Decomposition of Rocks 81

How Long Does a Rock Last? 81The Weathering of Feldspar 83Dissolving Without a Trace BB ')

Concepts of Stabil ity 91Fragmentation 92Soil: The Residue of Weathering 96Weathering: Source of Sediments 99Chemical Weathering as the Reaction of Atmosphere, Ocean, and Crust 100

Summary / Exercises / Bibliography

Chapter 5 Erosion and Landscape 105

Mass Movements 105The Form of the Surface: High and Low 113A Contrast in TopograPhY 11'4The Overall Pattern 115Climate and Topography 117Landforms: The Physiognomy of the Earth 119Evolution of Landscape 125Summary / Exercises / Bibliography

Chapter 6 The Natural Water Cycle and Groundwater 129

Water, Water, Everywhere ... 129Water Transport: The Hydrologic Cycle 130Water in the Ground 135The Quality of Water 143Where Did All the Water Come From? 'J'48

The Constancy of Sea-Water Composition 149

Summary / Exercises / Bibliography

Chapter 7 Rivers: Currents, Channels, and Networks 155

How Currents Move Particles 155Erosion by Currents 160The River as a System 162Drainage Networks 174The End of the Line: Deltas 179Summary / Exercises / Bibliography

Chapter 8 Wind, Dust, and Deserts 187

How Much Can the Wind CarrY? 187Wind Erosion 191Deserts: Much Wind and Rare Water 192Deoositional Landforms of the Wind: Dunes 198Dust Falls 203Summary / Exercises / Bibliography

Chapter 9 The Flow of Ice: Glaciers 2O7

The Formation of Glaciers 2O7How Ice Moves 2LLShapes and Sizes of Glaciers 213Glacial Erosion and Deposition 216The Pleistocene Epoch and Indirect Effects of Glaciation 225

Summary / Exercises / Bibliography

Page 5: Press and Siever - Earth -  Cover and Contents Pages

CONTENTS lx

Chapter 1O Ocean Processes 231

The Edge of the Sea 2ir2Beaches 2J5Tides 243ContinentalShelves 246Continental Slope and Rise 2SOTurbidity Currents ZS.tThe ProfiIe of the Ocean s ZSJoceanic circulation and Transport of Terrigenous sediment 287Summary / Exercises / Bibliography

Sedimentation and Sedimentary Rocks 269Sedimentation as a Downhill process 269Clastic Sediments 27O

Chapter 11

Clastic SedimentaryEnvironments 278Chemical Sediments: Carbonates and Their Depositional Environments 2zBOther Chemical Sediments 286Burial and Accumulation of Sediment 25.J.Tectonics and Sediment Composition 295Sediment into Rock: Diagenesis 2gESummary / Exercises / Bibliography

Chapter 1.2 Earth and Life 2gg

Life Begins ZggThe Oldest Fossils AOzExtraterrestrial Life 306Interactions of Life with the Environment 307Hazards to the Environment 30SCarbon Dioxide and Climate 8L2Using Land with Geological Foresight B1gSummary / Exercises / Bibliography

Part III THE BODY oF THE EARTH: INTERNAT pRocESSES s17

Chapter 13 The Internal Heat of the Earth 819Heat production and Transfer in the Earth J2OThermal State of the Interior 3zzSurnmary / Exercises / Bibliography

Chapter 14 Formation of Igneous Rocks 331Granite 381Melting and Crystallization 383Magmatic Differentiation 33bOrigin of Magma 339Summary / Exercises / Bibliography

Chapter 15 Volcanism S4S

Volcanic Deposits B4bEruptive Styles ZEzCase Histories of Volcanoes 363The Global pattern of Volcanism 366Volcanism and Human Affairs ZTOSummary / Exercises / Bibliography

Page 6: Press and Siever - Earth -  Cover and Contents Pages

t'

COMENIS

Chapter 16

Ch.pter 17

Chaprer 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapt€r 21

Plutonism and Metamoryhism 375

Metamorphism 380MetamorphicTextures 3tl0Regional Metamorphisn 384Contaci Metamorphism 388Metamorlhic Chemical Changes 389Summary / Exercises / Biblio8raphy

Seismology and the Earth's Interior 393

Seismographs 393Earihquakes 39rjExplor ing the Inter io . wi th Seismic Waves 408Summary / Exercises / Bibliosraphy

The Eadh's Magnetism and Cravity 41S

Earth's Magnetic Field 420Exploring lhe Ea h with Gravity 434Sunnary / Exercises / Bibliography

Global Plate Tectonics: The Unifying Model 441

Plate Tectonics: A RevieN and Summary 443Sea-Floor Spreading and Continental Driltr Rethinking Earth HistoryThe Driving Me.hanjsm of Plate Teclonics 461Summary / Exercises / Bibliosraphy

Deformation of the Ea*h's Crust 465

llow Rocks Delorm 465Folds 467

Regional Movements of the narth's Crust 480Major Regional Structures 485Delormational Forces 502Sunmary / Exer.ises / Bibliogaphy

The Planetsr A Summary of Current Knowl€dge 505

Some Vital Statistics of Plancts 506The Moon 50?Mercury 519

Mars 521Jupirer 527

Uranus, Neltune, and Phto 531

Sunnary / Exercises / Bibliosaphy

451

Chaprer 22 Mattq and Energy from the Earth 535

Energv lrom fossil Fuels 536Peiroleum and Natural Gas 537Coal 5.15Oil Shale and Tar Sands b46The Future of Fossil Fuels 54|Nuclcar Power s4BSolar Energy 549Geoihermal Power 550Energy Policy 55:lMinerals as Economic Resources 5s2Geology of Mineral Deposits s54Finding New Mineral Deposils 561Sumnaly / Erercises / Bibtiosraphy

Page 7: Press and Siever - Earth -  Cover and Contents Pages

Appendi'( IAppendix IIAppendi'( IIIAppendix IV

Appendix V

Glossary 583

ConversionFactors:Metdc-Erglish 570Conversion Charl Energy Units 572Numerical Data Pertaining to Earrh 573Piope i€s of the Most Common Mineralsof the Eanh's Crust 574Topogaphi€ and G€ologic Maps 578 ,