press and siever - earth - cover and contents pages
DESCRIPTION
Cover and contents pages from Press and Siever book, "Earth". Uploaded so that people can see that Zakir Naik is wrong when he claimed that this book supports the idea that the authors said, " the function of the mountain is to stablise the earth" - its not in the contents pages (or the index which I have also uploaded) or any of the other bits. Where is it Naik?TRANSCRIPT
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Il
i -EARTH
THIRD EDITION
Frank Press Raymond Siever
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EARTE{THIRD EDIT ION
Frank PressNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Raymond SieverHARVARD UNTVERSITY
W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANYNew York
Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xvii
Part I THE EVOTUTION OF THE EARTH AND HOW WE STUDY IT 1.Chapter L History of the Earth and Solar System 3
The Uniqueness of Planet Earth 3Aspects of Geology 4Origin of the System of Planets 5Earth as an Evolving Plahet IHeating, Overturn, and Formation of a Differentiated Earth LLThe Earth Machine Set in Motion, Much as We Know It Todav 16Summary / Exercises / Bibliography
Chapter 2 The Rock Record and the Geological Time Scale 28
How Long Is a Long Time? 23The Rock Record 25Rbcks as Records of Earth Movements 37Evolution and the Time Scale 39Absolute Time and the Geological Time Scale 40The Clocks in Rocks: Radioactive Atoms 42Ages of Meteorites 46How to Synchronize Clocks: The Stratigraphic and Absolute Time Scales 46An Overview of the Geological Clock 48Suminary / Exercises / Bibliography
Chapter 3 Rocks and Minerals 51
The Materials of Earth s1Crystals: Faces and Symmetry 53Minerals and the Microscope 56The Atomic Structure of Minerals 57X Rays: The Diagnostic Tool of Mineralogy 64Physical and Chemical Properties of Minerals 64Rocks as Mineral Aggregates 70Summary / Exercises / Bibliography
viii coNrENrs
PaTt II THE SKIN OF THE EARTH: SURFACE PROCESSES 79
Chapter 4 Weathering: The Decomposition of Rocks 81
How Long Does a Rock Last? 81The Weathering of Feldspar 83Dissolving Without a Trace BB ')
Concepts of Stabil ity 91Fragmentation 92Soil: The Residue of Weathering 96Weathering: Source of Sediments 99Chemical Weathering as the Reaction of Atmosphere, Ocean, and Crust 100
Summary / Exercises / Bibliography
Chapter 5 Erosion and Landscape 105
Mass Movements 105The Form of the Surface: High and Low 113A Contrast in TopograPhY 11'4The Overall Pattern 115Climate and Topography 117Landforms: The Physiognomy of the Earth 119Evolution of Landscape 125Summary / Exercises / Bibliography
Chapter 6 The Natural Water Cycle and Groundwater 129
Water, Water, Everywhere ... 129Water Transport: The Hydrologic Cycle 130Water in the Ground 135The Quality of Water 143Where Did All the Water Come From? 'J'48
The Constancy of Sea-Water Composition 149
Summary / Exercises / Bibliography
Chapter 7 Rivers: Currents, Channels, and Networks 155
How Currents Move Particles 155Erosion by Currents 160The River as a System 162Drainage Networks 174The End of the Line: Deltas 179Summary / Exercises / Bibliography
Chapter 8 Wind, Dust, and Deserts 187
How Much Can the Wind CarrY? 187Wind Erosion 191Deserts: Much Wind and Rare Water 192Deoositional Landforms of the Wind: Dunes 198Dust Falls 203Summary / Exercises / Bibliography
Chapter 9 The Flow of Ice: Glaciers 2O7
The Formation of Glaciers 2O7How Ice Moves 2LLShapes and Sizes of Glaciers 213Glacial Erosion and Deposition 216The Pleistocene Epoch and Indirect Effects of Glaciation 225
Summary / Exercises / Bibliography
CONTENTS lx
Chapter 1O Ocean Processes 231
The Edge of the Sea 2ir2Beaches 2J5Tides 243ContinentalShelves 246Continental Slope and Rise 2SOTurbidity Currents ZS.tThe ProfiIe of the Ocean s ZSJoceanic circulation and Transport of Terrigenous sediment 287Summary / Exercises / Bibliography
Sedimentation and Sedimentary Rocks 269Sedimentation as a Downhill process 269Clastic Sediments 27O
Chapter 11
Clastic SedimentaryEnvironments 278Chemical Sediments: Carbonates and Their Depositional Environments 2zBOther Chemical Sediments 286Burial and Accumulation of Sediment 25.J.Tectonics and Sediment Composition 295Sediment into Rock: Diagenesis 2gESummary / Exercises / Bibliography
Chapter 1.2 Earth and Life 2gg
Life Begins ZggThe Oldest Fossils AOzExtraterrestrial Life 306Interactions of Life with the Environment 307Hazards to the Environment 30SCarbon Dioxide and Climate 8L2Using Land with Geological Foresight B1gSummary / Exercises / Bibliography
Part III THE BODY oF THE EARTH: INTERNAT pRocESSES s17
Chapter 13 The Internal Heat of the Earth 819Heat production and Transfer in the Earth J2OThermal State of the Interior 3zzSurnmary / Exercises / Bibliography
Chapter 14 Formation of Igneous Rocks 331Granite 381Melting and Crystallization 383Magmatic Differentiation 33bOrigin of Magma 339Summary / Exercises / Bibliography
Chapter 15 Volcanism S4S
Volcanic Deposits B4bEruptive Styles ZEzCase Histories of Volcanoes 363The Global pattern of Volcanism 366Volcanism and Human Affairs ZTOSummary / Exercises / Bibliography
t'
COMENIS
Chapter 16
Ch.pter 17
Chaprer 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapt€r 21
Plutonism and Metamoryhism 375
Metamorphism 380MetamorphicTextures 3tl0Regional Metamorphisn 384Contaci Metamorphism 388Metamorlhic Chemical Changes 389Summary / Exercises / Biblio8raphy
Seismology and the Earth's Interior 393
Seismographs 393Earihquakes 39rjExplor ing the Inter io . wi th Seismic Waves 408Summary / Exercises / Bibliosraphy
The Eadh's Magnetism and Cravity 41S
Earth's Magnetic Field 420Exploring lhe Ea h with Gravity 434Sunnary / Exercises / Bibliography
Global Plate Tectonics: The Unifying Model 441
Plate Tectonics: A RevieN and Summary 443Sea-Floor Spreading and Continental Driltr Rethinking Earth HistoryThe Driving Me.hanjsm of Plate Teclonics 461Summary / Exercises / Bibliosraphy
Deformation of the Ea*h's Crust 465
llow Rocks Delorm 465Folds 467
Regional Movements of the narth's Crust 480Major Regional Structures 485Delormational Forces 502Sunmary / Exer.ises / Bibliogaphy
The Planetsr A Summary of Current Knowl€dge 505
Some Vital Statistics of Plancts 506The Moon 50?Mercury 519
Mars 521Jupirer 527
Uranus, Neltune, and Phto 531
Sunnary / Exercises / Bibliosaphy
451
Chaprer 22 Mattq and Energy from the Earth 535
Energv lrom fossil Fuels 536Peiroleum and Natural Gas 537Coal 5.15Oil Shale and Tar Sands b46The Future of Fossil Fuels 54|Nuclcar Power s4BSolar Energy 549Geoihermal Power 550Energy Policy 55:lMinerals as Economic Resources 5s2Geology of Mineral Deposits s54Finding New Mineral Deposils 561Sumnaly / Erercises / Bibtiosraphy
Appendi'( IAppendix IIAppendi'( IIIAppendix IV
Appendix V
Glossary 583
ConversionFactors:Metdc-Erglish 570Conversion Charl Energy Units 572Numerical Data Pertaining to Earrh 573Piope i€s of the Most Common Mineralsof the Eanh's Crust 574Topogaphi€ and G€ologic Maps 578 ,