presenter(s)’ affiliation(s) wp2: conceptualizing the third sector in europe update brussels |...
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Presenter(s)’ affiliation(s)
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third Sector in Europe
Update
Brussels| July 20-21,2014
Lester M SalamonJohns Hopkins University SAIS Bologna Centre
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP2Conceptualizing the Third Sector
BACKGROUND
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorOBJECTIVES
1. To clarify the CONCEPT of the third sector in its European manifestations
2. To show how this conceptualization relates to cross-country, cross-regional, cross-cultural, and cross sector variations.
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorTHE CHALLENGE
Considerable conceptual ambiguity
Multiple terms and concepts
Diverse legal treatment
Varied histories and cultural traditions
Different conceptualizations appropriate for different purposes
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
4 identifiable “clusters” of potential Third Sector manifestations: Associations & foundations (“nonprofit institutions,”
or NPIs) Cooperatives, mutuals Social enterprises or social ventures Individual activity without pay (“volunteering,” “the
public sphere,” or “civil society”)
Sectoral blurring—Not all entities in these clusters may be in-scope of the Third Sector
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorTHE CHALLENGE
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
family family
for-profit businessesfor-profit businessesgovernment
social ventures
coop
erat
ives
& m
utua
ls
activity without pay
THIRD SECTOR
COO
PERA
TIVE
S
& M
UTUA
LS
ACTIVITY WITHOUT PAY
SOCIAL
VENTURES
NPIs
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third Sector
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
We do have a specific purpose: ASSESS IMPACT
EC Directive: “stock-taking presupposes conceptual clarification”
Some common conceptual understandings of TS exist: Involves individual or collective action outside of
businesses, government, and household That creates value to persons other than solely oneself That is pursued voluntarily and without compulsion
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorNOT FULLY AT SEA
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
1. Sufficient BREADTH and SENSITIVITY to encompass diversity.
2. CLARITY, to differentiate Third Sector from government, for-profit businesses, and families or tribes.
3. COMPARABILITY, to highlight similarities and variations.
4. OPERATIONALIZABILITY, to permit meaningful, objective empirical measurement
5. INSTITUTIONALIZABILITY, to facilitate permanent application in official statistics.
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorNOT FULLY AT SEA: Agreed Criteria
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorNOT AT SEA: Some Significant Progress
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorNOT AT SEA: Some Significant Progress
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorNOT AT SEA: Some Significant Progress
MANUAL FOR DRAWING UP THE SATELLITE ACCOUNTS OF COMPANIES IN THE SOCIAL ECONOMY: CO-OPERATIVES AND MUTUAL SOCIETIES
CIRIEC
On behalf of the European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate–General,
carried out by CIRIEC (Centre Internationale de Recherches et del´Information sur l´Économie Sociale et Coopérative),
December 2006
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP2Conceptualizing the Third Sector
OUR STRATEGY
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
Establish CRITERIA
Focus on defining a “COMMON CORE”
Retain COMPONENT IDENTITIES
Endorse a MODULAR strategy
Enlist partners in a BOTTOM-UP approach
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorOUR STRATEGY
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorBottom-up approach: FIELD GUIDES
REGION RESPONSIBLE PARTNERNordic region ISF-NorwayNorthern Europe WUW-AustriaAnglo-Saxon KU—United KingdomSouthern Europe UV-SpainCentral and Eastern Europe Uniwarsaw-Poland
INSTITUTIONS/ INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY RESPONSIBLE PARTNER
Nonprofit Institutions JHU/SAIS Bologna
Mutuals and Cooperatives University of Valencia
Social Ventures Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique
Individual activity without pay JHU/SAIS Bologna
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
1. Identify COMMON TERMINOLOGY for TS-type entities or activity.
2. Identify the TYPES OF ENTITIES OR ACTIVITIES each term embraces.
3. Formulate a tentative set of DEFINING FEATURES OF THE THIRD SECTOR.
4. Assess tentative set of DEFINING FEATURES OF THE THIRD SECTOR in light of identified realities.
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorKEY FIELD GUIDE TASKS
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
1.For ORGANIZATIONAL components of TS
2.For INFORMAL AND INDIVIDUAL components of TS
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorTWO SETS OF TENTATIVE DEFINING FEATURES
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
ORGANIZATIONAL COMPONENTS
1) Organizations, formal or informal
2) Private, i.e., institutionally separate from government
3) Self-governing, capable of acting on own authority
4) Voluntary, without compulsion
5) Totally or significantly limited from distributing profit
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorTENTATIVE DEFINING FEATURES I
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
1) Full prohibition on distribution of profit, or
2) If distribution of profit permitted, must be: Legally binding social mission + 50% limit on share of profit to distribute + Legally binding “capital lock,” + either:- At least 30 percent of workers or beneficiaries with
“special needs,” OR- No distribution of profits in proportion to capital
invested or fees paid
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorLIMITED PROFIT DISTRIBUTION MEANS
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY
1) Activity primarily for benefit of others, not self
2) Carried on for a meaningful period of time
3) Not-for-Pay (reimbursement of expenses OK)
4) Only for persons outside one’s household
5) Noncompulsory
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorTENTATIVE DEFINING FEATURES II
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP3Advancing the Measurement
of the Third Sector
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP3: Advancing Measurement of the Third SectorGOALS
Work with statistical agencies and third sector stakeholders to implement new statistical procedures
Create additional statistical machinery for other TS components
Generate reliable data on Third Sector size, scope, financing
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorCONSIDERATIONS
Not just number of entities but scale of human resources engaged (paid staff and volunteers)
Not only aggregates but also cross-national and sub-regional variations
Differentiation of various components in terms of activity fields and institutional type
Use of standard international activity classifications to facilitate comparison/integration
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorINVOLVED PARTNERS
NORWAY: Institutt for Samfunnsforskning
AUSTRIA: Wirstschaftsuniversitat Wien
UK: University of Kent + TSRC
FRANCE: Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique
SPAIN: Universitat De Valencia
CROATIA: Pravni Facultet Sveučilišta Zagreb
POLAND: Uniwersytet Warszawski
NETHERLANDS: Radboud University
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
1. Initiate contact with civil society leaders
2. Finalize data availability field guides
3. Contact statistical officials
4. Complete FG guide responses (Partners)
5. Initial working paper on Data Availability
6. Formulate country strategies for data collection
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorREMAINING TASKS: Year 1
Measuring impact. Enhancing visibility.
8. Develop new official measurement guidelines for other in-scope institutional units/activities*
9. Work with statistical agencies in 5-8 countries to generate data
10. Integrate acquired data into comparative database — Produce and disseminate Size and Scope Section of Final European Third Sector Impact Report* — November 2016
WP2: Conceptualizing the Third SectorTASKS: Year 2 & beyond
