Presenter: Lee namhee

Date: April 8th, 2012

* Table of contents• Definition of DISCOURSE

• Origin of DISCOURSE

• Synonyms of DISCOURSE

• DISCOURSE analysis

• Topics of DISCOURSE analysis

• rhetoric

• Political DISCOURSE

• Linguistic discourse analysis

• Speech act

• Four forms of DISCOURSE

• DISCOURSE functions

• Comprehension Questions

• Source of Knowledge

Noun

verbal communication; talk; conversation

a formal treatment of a subject in speech or writing, such as a sermon or dissertation

a unit of text used by linguists for the analysis of linguistic phenomena that range over more than one sentence

archaic the ability to reason or the reasoning process

Verb dis·coursed, dis·cours·ing, dis·cours·es

To speak or write formally and extensively

To engage in conversation or discussion; converse.

Archaic To narrate or discuss.

to communicate thoughts orally; talk; converse.

to treat of a subject formally in speech or writing.

*Definition of DISCOURSE

*Origin of DISCOURSE

*Middle English discours, from Medieval Latin &Late Latin discursus; Medieval Latin, argu-ment, from Late Latin, conversation, from Latin, act of running about, from discurrere to run about, from dis- + currere to run

*First Known Use: 14th century

Nounconversation, talk, discussion, speech, communication, chat, dialogue,converse 

 speech, talk, address, essay, lecture, sermon, treatise, dissertation, homily, oration, disquisition 

Verb  talk, speak, discuss, debate, confer, converse, declaim, hold forth, expatiate

*Synonyms of DISCOURSEㅇㅇㅇㅇㅇ SE

*DISCOURSE analysis*Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a

number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken, signed language use or any significant semiotic event.

*The objects of discourse analysis — discourse, writing, conversation, communicative event—are variously defined in terms of coherent se-quences of sentences, propositions, speech acts or turns-at-talk. Con-trary to much of traditional linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use 'beyond the sentence boundary', but also prefer to analyze 'naturally occurring' language use, and not invented examples. This is known as corpus linguistics; text linguistics is related. The es-sential difference between discourse analysis and text linguistics is that it aims at revealing socio-psychological characteristics of a per-son/persons rather than text structure.

*Discourse analysis has been taken up in a variety of social science dis-ciplines, including linguistics, sociology, anthropology, social work, cognitive psychology, social psychology, international relations, human geography, communication studies and translation studies, each of which is subject to its own assumptions, dimensions of analysis, and methodologies. Sociologist Harold Garfinkel was another influence on the discipline

*Topics of DISCOURSE analy-sisTopics of discourse analysis include:

*The various levels or dimensions of discourse, such as sounds (intonation), gestures, syntax, the lexicon, style, rhetoric, meanings, speech acts, moves, strategies, turns and other aspects of interaction

*Genres of discourse (various types of discourse in politics, the media, education, science, business, etc.)

*The relations between discourse and the emergence of syntactic structure

*The relations between text (discourse) and context

*The relations between discourse and power

*The relations between discourse and interaction

*The relations between discourse and cognition and mem-ory

*rhetoric Definition:

*The study and practice of effective communication.

*The study of the effects of texts on audiences.

*The art of persuasion.

*An insincere eloquence intended to win points and ma-nipulate others.

Etymology:

*From the Greek, "I say"

Definitions of Rhetoric:

*"Rhetoric is the art of ruling the minds of men.“ (Plato)

*"Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.“ (Aristotle, Rhetoric)

*"Rhetoric is the art of speaking well.“ (Quintilian)

*Political DISCOURSE

*Political discourse analysis is a field of discourse anal-ysis which focuses on discourse in political forums (such as debates, speeches, and hearings) as the phe-nomenon of interest.

*Political discourse is the informal exchange of rea-soned views as to which of several alternative courses of action should be taken to solve a societal problem. It is a science that has been used through the history of the United States. It is the essence of democracy. Full of problems and persuasion, political discourse is used in many debates, candidacies and in our every-day life.

*Linguistic discourse analysisThe following are some of the specific theoretical perspectives and analytical

approaches used in linguistic discourse analysis:

* Emergent grammar

* Text grammar (or 'discourse grammar')

* Cohesion and relevance theory

* Functional grammar

* Rhetoric

* Stylistics (linguistics)

* Interactional sociolinguistics

* Ethnography of communication

* Pragmatics, particularly speech act theory

* Conversation analysis

* Variation analysis

* Applied linguistics

* Cognitive psychology, often under the label discourse processing, studying the production and comprehension of discourse.

* Discursive psychology

* Response based therapy (counselling)

* Critical discourse analysis

*Speech act

*Speech act is a technical term in linguistics and the phi-losophy of language. The contemporary use of the term goes back to J. L. Austin's discovery of performative ut-terances and his theory of locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. Speech acts are commonly taken to include such acts as promising, ordering, greeting, warn-ing, inviting and congratulating.

*Speech acts can be analysed on three levels: A locution-ary act, the performance of an utterance: the actual ut-terance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts corresponding to the verbal, syn-tactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance; an illocutionary act: the semantic 'illocutionary force' of the utterance, thus its real, intended meaning and in cer-tain cases a further perlocutionary act: its actual effect, such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, in-spiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize something, whether intended or not (Austin 1962).

* Four forms of DISCOURSE

*Exposition

- In the first of these, exposition, the intention is to explain something: for in-stance, to make some idea clear to the reader, to analyze a situation, to de-fine a term, to give directions. The intention, in short, is to inform.

* Persuasion - Persuasion represents power. You persuade somebody to join your political

cause, that is to accept your body of opinion. You persuade somebody to lend you five dollars till Saturday night- that is, however reluctantly in the begin-ning, to perform an act. We must realize that a change of opinion or attitude implies a change, potentially at least, in action. Thus persuasion is always tar-geted toward action - i.e., power.

* Description - In description, the intention is to make the reader as vividly aware as possible

of what the writer has perceived through his senses (or in imagination), to give the reader the "feel" of things described, the quality of a direct experi-ence. The thing described may be anything that we can grasp through the senses, a city street, the face of a person, the sound of a voice the odor of an attic, a piece of music.

*Narration – Narration is the kind of discourse concerned with action, with events in time,

with life in motion. It answers the question "What happened?" It tells a story. As we use the word here, a story is a sequence of events historically true or false -- so -- fictional or non-fictional -- presented that the imagination grasps the action.In narration, the intention is to present an event to the reader-what happened and how it happened.

*DISCOURSE functions Four types of sentence functionStatement : for conveying informationQuestion : seek information though not always.• Rhetorical questions- no answers expected e.g. who cares?• Exclamatory questions - express speakers strong feelings and ask hearer to agree e.g. Wasn’t it wonderful!• Tag questions - interrogative structure at the end of sentence, and a yes-no answer expected e.g. It is there, isn’t it?Directive : instruct someone to do something; uses: commanding, inviting, warning, pleading, suggesting, advising, instructing, permitting, expressing good wishesExclamation : show that one has been impressed or roused by something e.g. Gosh!, Oh dear!, How nice!

*Comprehension Ques-tions*Which one is not related to discoure?

a. Conversation b. Discussion c. Christ-mas

*It is concerned with action, with events in time, with life in motion and It tells a story. What is the kind of discourse?

a. Exposition b. Narration c. Persua-sion

*Which type of sentence functions below?

e.g. How wonderful!

a. Statement b. Directive c. Exclama-tion

*Steve Jobs' 2005 Stanford Commencement Address

http://cafe.naver.com/macos/10891

http://www.visualthesaurus.com/app/view

*Source of KNOWL-EDGE

* http://www.thefreedictionary.com/discourse

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse

* http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/discourseterm.htm

* http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_four_forms_of_discourse

* http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/discourse

* http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/discourse

* http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/discourse

* http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/phil/english/chairs/linguist/independent/kursmaterialien/exploringEnglish/senttypes.pdf

*http://www.visualthesaurus.com/app/view

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric

*http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/rhetoricterm.htm

*Thank you~!