presented to: west chester pilots by: william j. doyle, jr., cfi a&i date: 09/21/2011 federal...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Presented to: West Chester Pilots By: William J. Doyle, Jr., CFI A&I Date: 09/21/2011 Federal Aviation Administration Approach & Landing Accident Avoidance](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649d1b5503460f949f0998/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Presented to: West Chester Pilots
By: William J. Doyle, Jr., CFI A&I
Date: 09/21/2011
Federal AviationAdministrationApproach & Landing
Accident Avoidance for 2011
Eastern Region FAASTEAM
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Federal AviationAdministration
2Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Special Thanksto the
Management and Staffof the
American Helicopter Museum
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Federal AviationAdministration
3Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
The Seasonal ‘Danger’ Zone
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Federal AviationAdministration
4Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Accidents by Aircraft Type
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Federal AviationAdministration
5Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Fatalities by Aircraft Type
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Federal AviationAdministration
6Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?
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Federal AviationAdministration
7Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings? 2010 Nall Report – 2009 Data
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Federal AviationAdministration
8Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings? 2010 Nall Report – 2009 Data
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Federal AviationAdministration
9Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Say That Again!
Maneuvering, Approach & Landing…– 15% of your flight time (average).– 47% of all accidents for 2008.– 55.9% of all accidents for 2009
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Federal AviationAdministration
10Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
Student
Private
Commercial
ATP
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?
2008:
413 non-commercial fixed-
wing landing
accidents.
2009 Nall Report
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Federal AviationAdministration
11Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?
2009:
348 non-commercial fixed-
wing landing
accidents.
2010 Nall Report
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Federal AviationAdministration
12Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?
2009:
348 non-commercial fixed-
wing landing
accidents.
2010 Nall Report
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Federal AviationAdministration
13Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Leading APL Causal Factors
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Federal AviationAdministration
14Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Landing Practice Starts in the Air
Photo © Danny Fritsche
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Federal AviationAdministration
15Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Slow Flight
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Federal AviationAdministration
16Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Definition
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Federal AviationAdministration
17Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Slow Flight - Common Errors
What are some common errors encountered during slow flight?
How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?
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Federal AviationAdministration
18Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Slow Flight - Common Errors
• Failure to adequately clear the area.• Inadequate back-elevator pressure as power is
reduced, resulting in altitude loss.• Excessive back-elevator pressure as power is
reduced, resulting in a climb, followed by a rapid reduction in airspeed and “mushing.”
• Inadequate compensation for adverse yaw during turns.
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Federal AviationAdministration
19Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Slow Flight - Common Errors
• Fixation on the airspeed indicator.• Failure to anticipate changes in lift as flaps are
extended or retracted.• Inadequate power management.• Inability to adequately divide attention between
airplane control and orientation.
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Federal AviationAdministration
20Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Flight at MinimumControllable Airspeed
(Slow Flight)
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Federal AviationAdministration
21Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Power Off Stall Recovery1. Reduce Angle of Attack
2. Add Power
3. Keep Wings Level
4. Use adequate Rudder
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Federal AviationAdministration
22Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Power On Stall Recovery1. Reduce Angle of Attack
2. Keep Wings Level
3. Use adequate Rudder
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Federal AviationAdministration
23Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Stall Recognition• Vision - note the attitude of the airplane• Hearing - change in sound due to loss of RPM• Kinesthesia, sense changes in direction or speed
of motion, warning of decrease in speed or beginning of settling or mushing.
• Feel - resistance to control pressures decreases, controls less effective
• Airplane vibration and buffeting• Stall warning indicators
– Stall warning horn and/or stall warning light
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Federal AviationAdministration
24Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Stall Recovery – Power Off Stalls
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Federal AviationAdministration
25Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Stall Recovery – Power On Stalls
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Federal AviationAdministration
26Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Stabilized Approach
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Federal AviationAdministration
27Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Stabilized Approach
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Federal AviationAdministration
28Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesEnergy Management
(1 of 2)
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Federal AviationAdministration
29Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesEnergy Management
(2 of 2)
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Federal AviationAdministration
30Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesTiming(1 of 2)
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Federal AviationAdministration
31Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesTiming(2 of 2)
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Federal AviationAdministration
32Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesNose Wheel Hazards
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Federal AviationAdministration
33Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesPorpoise Gone Bad
Cherokee L410
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Federal AviationAdministration
34Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Landing - Common Errors
What are some common errors encountered during landing?
How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?
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Federal AviationAdministration
35Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Landing - Common Errors
• Inadequate wind drift correction on the base leg.• Overshooting or undershooting the turn onto final
approach resulting in too steep or too shallow a turn onto final approach.
• Flat or skidding turns from base leg to final approach as a result of overshooting/inadequate wind drift correction.
• Poor coordination during turn from base to final approach.
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Federal AviationAdministration
36Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Landing - Common Errors • Failure to complete the landing checklist in a
timely manner.• Unstabilized approach.• Failure to adequately compensate for flap
extension.• Poor trim technique on final approach.• Attempting to maintain altitude or reach the
runway using elevator alone.
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Federal AviationAdministration
37Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Landing - Common Errors
• Focusing too close to the airplane resulting in a too high round out.
• Focusing too far from the airplane resulting in a too low round out.
• Touching down prior to attaining proper landing attitude.
• Failure to hold sufficient back-elevator pressure after touchdown.
• Excessive braking after touchdown.
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Federal AviationAdministration
38Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Crosswind Landings
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Federal AviationAdministration
39Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Crosswind Landing Techniques
• Crab down final• Transition to sideslip at or just
before the thresh hold• Any risks?
– Side load on tires
• Sideslip not recommended all the way down a long final approach leg
• Any risks?– Cross control stall if improper
pitch, power, airspeed
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Federal AviationAdministration
40Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Centerline Control
•Always keep the Aircraft on the Centerline of the Taxiway and Runway.
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Federal AviationAdministration
41Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Application of Aileron
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Federal AviationAdministration
42Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesCrosswind Landings Gone Bad
London City Luthansa
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Federal AviationAdministration
43Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Crosswind LandingsCommon Errors
What are some common errors encountered during crosswind landings?
How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?
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Federal AviationAdministration
44Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Common Errors in Crosswind Landings
• Attempting to land in crosswinds exceeding the maximum demonstrated crosswind component.
• Inadequate compensation for wind drift when turning from base to final resulting in undershooting or overshooting.
• Inadequate compensation for wind drift on final.• Un-stabilized approach.• Failure to compensate for increased drag
during sideslip resulting in excessive sink rate and/or too low an airspeed.
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Federal AviationAdministration
45Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Common Errors in Crosswind Landings
• Touchdown while drifting.
• Excessive airspeed on touchdown.
• Failure to apply appropriate flight control inputs during rollout.
• Failure to maintain direction control on rollout.
• Excessive braking.
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Federal AviationAdministration
46Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Go Around From Rejected Landing
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Federal AviationAdministration
47Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Go Around Common Errors
What are some common errors encountered during go-arounds?
How could these errors lead to an accident?
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Federal AviationAdministration
48Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Go Around - Common Errors
• Failure to recognize a condition that warrants a rejected landing.
• Indecision.• Delay in initiating a go-round.• Failure to apply maximum allowable power in a
timely manner.• Abrupt power application.• Improper pitch attitude.
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Federal AviationAdministration
49Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Go Around - Common Errors
• Failure to configure the airplane appropriately.• Attempting to climb out of ground effect
prematurely.• Failure to adequately compensate for torque/
P-factor.• Failure to re-extend gear in a retractable gear
airplane.
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Federal AviationAdministration
50Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Special Considerations
Experimental Aircraft-- Do you know the handling characteristics?
Laminar Flow Wings-- Do you know the flight characteristics?
Emergency Landings-- Have you practiced lately?
-- What types are there?
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Federal AviationAdministration
51Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Parting Thoughts
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Federal AviationAdministration
52Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
The Three Most Useless Thingsto a Pilot
• The runway behind you– Moral: know your aircraft’s take-off minimums and cross-wind cross-wind
componentcomponent, your airport’s runway length, density altitude, any obstacles to be cleared
• The altitude above you– Moral: know your aircraft’s power settings for climb, cruise, and
descent
• The fuel on the ground below you– Moral: know your aircraft’s fuel capacity, fuel system, GPH burn
rate, and winds aloft for the route of flight.
• Utilize superior judgment to avoid needing to use superior skill
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Federal AviationAdministration
53Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Just a Real Nice Picture
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Federal AviationAdministration
54Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Credits and Information
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55Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
References and Information• NTSB Accident Database
• http://www.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/index.aspx
• Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Title 14 Aeronautics and Space
• http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=fd0d4ed9821626f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title14/14tab_02.tpl
• Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Title 14 Chapter I--Federal Aviation Administration, Department of
Transportation, Subchapter D – Airmen • http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?
sid=fd0d4ed9821626f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title14/14cfrv2_02.tpl
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References and Information
• FAA Airplane Flying Handbook – FAA-H-8083-3Ahttp://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/airplane_handbook/
• FAA Risk Management Handbook – FAA-H-8083-2–http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/media/FAA-H-8083-2.pdf–See Appendix A for Personal Minimums
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References and Information• Presenter
– William J. Doyle, Jr., CFI A&I, AGI, IGI, Cessna CFAI• FAA FAAST Team Representative, PHL FSDO
• Downloading This Presentation – http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Approach_and_Landings_for_2011/
• Download each file in this directory
• Make sure that all files are downloaded into the same folder
• Crosswinds Presentation – http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Crosswind_Operations_at_the_Edge.ppt
• Uses PowerPoint 2003 and later
• Password-protected, so click on the “Read Only” button
– http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Crosswind_Operations_at_the_Edge.pdf• Uses Adobe Acrobat Reader version
• Recommended for use with iPads
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Just a Real Nice Picture
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Federal AviationAdministration
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FAASTeamon
Approach and Landing for
Accident Avoidance
Questions?
Comments?
Ideas?
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This CompletesApproach and Landing
For Accident Avoidance
Be sure to have your attendance record validated!
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Let’s Go FlyingLet’s Go Flying
““Remember Safety is No Remember Safety is No Accident”Accident”