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Page 1: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Presented byJohn Oneacre 

Ground Water SolutionsHouston, Texas

Page 2: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

"Truth is so obscure in these times, and falsehood so established,h l l h h k i "that, unless we love the truth, we cannot know it."

‐‐ Blaise Pascal, 1623‐1662, French Mathematician

Page 3: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

"Truth is so obscure in these times, and falsehood so established,h l l h h k i "that, unless we love the truth, we cannot know it."

‐‐ Blaise Pascal, 1623‐1662, French Mathematician

“I never give them hell. I just tell the truth and they thinkit’s hell ”it s hell.

‐‐ Harry S. Truman, 33rd President

Page 4: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

“Inorganic hazardous substances are present in four home wells Inorganic hazardous substances are present in four home wells at levels that present a public health concern” “…this action is predominantly based upon inorganic data at the four homes”the four homes

USEPA, 1‐19‐12, Action Memorandum•ArsenicB i•Barium

•Manganese•Sodium

Page 5: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•3‐15‐12  EPA releases data for 11 wells3 15 12  EPA releases data for 11 wells•4‐6‐12  EPA releases data for 20 more wells•4‐20‐12 EPA releases data for 16 more wells

 EPA  l  d  f     ll•5‐11‐12 EPA releases data for 12 wells

Page 6: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•“ did not show levels of contaminants that would give EPA • …did not show levels of contaminants that would give EPA reason to take immediate action," EPA spokesman Roy Seneca

•“The affected families want the truth, not more smoke and mirrors: why is Region 3 implying that water full of toxic y g 3 p y gchemicals and methane poses no health threat?”

‐Water Defense Director

••

Page 7: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

• EPA relied heavily on two parameters• EPA relied heavily on two parameters•Extremely high pH‐ values between 11.2 and 12.0•Potassium

Page 8: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•EPA’s claim that pH values above 11 S U  are too high for cement •EPAs claim that pH values above 11 S.U. are too high for cement is simply not true•Oneacre & Figueras (1996)‐ pH values of 12+ in wells•Cherry, et al (1983)‐ pH values as high as 11 or 12•EPA’s own document from 1991 (EPA/600/4‐89/034) lists the pH of neat cement between 10 and 12 (p. 100)p (p )•USGS publication from 1997 (Water –Resources Investigation Report 96‐1233) states that cement has a pH range from 10 to 12

Page 9: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Vagarious‐marked by erratic  irresponsible  impetuous behaviorVagarious marked by erratic, irresponsible, impetuous behavior

•"We don't want to be shooting chemicals into our groundwater in pursuit of gas that does not exist ”  Vt  Governor Shumlinpursuit of gas that does not exist,  ‐ Vt. Governor Shumlin•"There have been over 1,000 instances of ... water contamination at sites in close proximity to fracking wells between 2008 and 2012 in the United States ”  Vt  State Senator Ginny LyonUnited States…  – Vt. State Senator Ginny Lyon•"Fracking has caused enormous problems with underground water contamination and aboveground waste disposal , entire streams have been destroyed "   author and climate change activist Bill McKibbenbeen destroyed,   ‐author and climate change activist Bill McKibben

Page 10: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Quaternary alluvial aquifer •Quaternary alluvial aquifer •High concentrations of chloride in ground water•Large MSW landfill adjacent to aquifer•State agency orders study at landfill to determine leachatemigration pathway to aquifer •State requires landfill company to install a ground water •State requires landfill company to install a ground water interceptor trench and treatment plant•Oil companies have producing field on opposite side of aquifer•Oil companies are not under investigation as a responsible party for the chloride impact to ground water

Page 11: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

‐10

Differentiating Source of High Chlorides in Alluvial Aquifer

‐20

‐15LeachateBrineGround Water

‐30

‐25

mil)

‐40

‐35

δ2H (p

er m

‐50

‐45Meteoric Water Line

Pi

‐60

‐55

Pico

‐9.5 ‐9 ‐8.5 ‐8 ‐7.5 ‐7 ‐6.5 ‐6 ‐5.5 ‐5

δ18O (per mil)

Page 12: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

‐10

Differentiating Source of High Chlorides in Alluvial Aquifer

‐20

‐15LeachateBrineGround Water

‐30

‐25

mil)

‐40

‐35

δ2H (p

er m

‐50

‐45Meteoric Water Line

Pi

‐60

‐55

Pico

‐9.5 ‐9 ‐8.5 ‐8 ‐7.5 ‐7 ‐6.5 ‐6 ‐5.5 ‐5

δ18O (per mil)

Page 13: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Brine movement from Pico Formation along Santa Susanna Fault Splay to AlluviumSusanna Fault Splay to Alluvium

Page 14: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

kGas Leak on Residential Gas Line•Note the gray, discolored soil in front of the backhoe•Minor leak on 2‐inch residential gas line caused discoloration•Production gas line was not the 

  f  h  l ksource of the leak

Page 15: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Stable Isotope Samples Ground Water vs Brine

No brine observed in ground water

-12

No brine observed in ground water

Meteoric Water Line-17

Meteoric Water Line

-22

per m

il) Water Samples from Primary Saturated Unit

-32

-27

δD (p

-37

32

6 5 5 5 4 5 4 3 5 3 2 5

Brine from Gas Well

-6 -5.5 -5 -4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5

δ18O (per mil)

Page 16: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Carbon IsotopesLNAPL vs Natural Gas Condensate

-27.5

SamplesNo relationship between Condensate and LNAPL

-27

-26.5

-26

e (p

er m

il)

-25.5

-25

Valu

e

-24.5

-24LDNG-7 LDNG-5 LDNG-2 LDNG-4 LDNG-6 MW99-T1 MW98-7 MW99-T4 MW95-1 MW98-12 MW98-8 MW99-14 OWS

Page 17: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Hydrogen Stable IsotopesDeuterium1 Proton

Protium1 Proton

1 NeutronAtomic Mass = 2

0 NeutronAtomic Mass = 1

00.015% of H isotopes 99.985% of H isotopes

Page 18: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

δ13C o/ = [(13C/ 12C - 13C/ 12C ) / ( 13C/ 12C )] *1000δ C /oo = [( C/ Csample - C/ Cstandard ) / ( C/ Cstandard)] 1000

Page 19: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Biogenic•Biogenic•Thermogenic•Abiogenic and mantleAbiogenic and mantle

Page 20: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Most common form in shallow ground water •Most common form in shallow ground water systems•Formed from bacterial reduction of organic matterg•Requires fully saturated environment without atmospheric oxygen Ab   f f   l   h   •Absence of free‐energy electron‐acceptors such as NO3 and SO4

Page 21: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Lignite to bituminous coalLignite to bituminous coal•Wetlands•Peat bogs/fensRi  Fi ld•Rice Fields

•Landfills•Marshes•Glacial Deposits•Lake Deposits

Page 22: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Biogenic SourcesMarsh & Landfill Gas Bacterial Source Gas

Methane CO2 Nitrogen Methane CO2 Nitrogen

15%%

8%

50%

12%

35%80%

Page 23: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•δ 2H values range from ‐300 o/ to ‐150 o/δ H values range from  300  /oo to 150  /oo•δ 13C values range from ‐80 o/oo to ‐40 o/oo•δ 13CCH4 depleted 50 o/oo t0 80 o/oo from coexisting δ 13CCO2

•Distinguishes biogenic  from thermogenic•Distinguishes biogenic  from thermogenic•Low temperature and pressure•C2 + hydrocarbons  at trace  levels or non‐detect•CO2 reduction•CO2 reduction•Methyl fermentation

Page 24: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Thermogenic GasWet Gas Dry Gas

1% 1%

5%1%1%

5% 2% MethaneEthanePropane

2% 2%

%

10%PropaneButanesPentanesH

MethaneCO2Nitrogen

75% HexaneNitrogenCO2

96%g

Page 25: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Forms by the breaking down of higher mass hydrocarbons•Forms by the breaking down of higher mass hydrocarbons•Elevated temperatures required•Elevated pressures required•Represented by natural gas in sedimentary basins•Enriched in δ 2H and δ 13C compared to biogenic methaneCan ha e C1 through C components•Can have C1 through C6 components

Page 26: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Isotope fractionation is suppressed•Isotope fractionation is suppressed•δ 13C seldom below ‐50 o/oo•δ 2D typically between ‐250 o/oo and ‐110 o/oo•Ratio of methane to ethane and propane < than biogenic•C1/(C2 + C3) can be less than 10 for thermogenic

Page 27: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Shallow gas does not necessarily mean biogenic gas•Shallow gas does not necessarily mean biogenic gas•The first gas well drilled (c. 1825) in Fredonia, NY was in Upper/Middle Devonian Shale at a depth of 27 feet.  • Devonian Catskill and Lock Haven Formations can have shallow thermogenic gas within a few hundred feet of surface

Page 28: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Carbon Isotope Ranges of MethaneVarious Sources

Coal

Petroleum

Soils

Glacial Drift Gases

Marsh GasesRecentSediments

Lake Muds

Marine 

‐100 ‐90 ‐80 ‐70 ‐60 ‐50 ‐40 ‐30 ‐20 ‐10 0

δ13C (per mil)

Page 29: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Carbon Isotope Ranges of MethaneBiogenic vs Thermogenic

Biogenic Gas RangeOverlap of Biogenic and Thermogenic g g

Thermogenic Gas 

‐100 ‐90 ‐80 ‐70 ‐60 ‐50 ‐40 ‐30 ‐20 ‐10 0

δ13C (per mil)

Page 30: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Examples  of Naturally Occurring Methane in Ground Water in Different Sedimentary BasinsWater in Different Sedimentary Basins

Page 31: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Alberta  Canada ‐ ~ 60% of water wells had NOM•Alberta, Canada ‐ ~ 60% of water wells had NOM•West Virginia‐ ~ 77% of water wells tested had NOM•San Juan Basin‐ ~ 33% of wells had NOM•Pennsylvania‐ ~40% of wells estimated to have some gas; Cabot found that 80% of wells in 60 mi2 area had measurable NOM•Illinois‐ State found NOM in glacial moraines•Illinois‐ State found NOM in glacial moraines•Louisiana‐ State found NOM from CBM in water wells•Texas‐ NOM associated with major aquifer

Page 32: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Various Potential Sources of Methane 

l d fin Glaciated Ares of Ohio•Terminal Moraine•Ground Moraine•Till•Outwash Deposits•Bogs/Peat Bogs/Fensg g•Marshes/Wetlands•Kettle Lakes•Coal Beds•Abandoned Underground MinesAbandoned Underground Mines•Strip Mines•Old Oil and Gas Plays•Landfills•Gas Lines•Gas Lines•Sewer Systems

Page 33: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Methane/ethane  + ratioMethane/ethane  + ratio•Thermogenic can have a ratio of 10 or lower•Mole fractions of numerous gases •CO2  N  O  CH4  C2H6  C3‐C6  Ar  He  H2SCO2, N, O, CH4, C2H6, C3 C6, Ar, He, H2S•Isotopes of C and H•Ratios such as Ar/O, N2/C1, C1/C2, C2/C3•Other isotopes•Other isotopes•Gas Wetness Fraction (C1/C1‐C5)•Possible other noble gases‐ Ne, Xe, Kr

Page 34: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Helium‐formed by radioactive decay of thorium & uranium•Helium‐formed by radioactive decay of thorium & uranium•Helium may be present or absent in natural gas deposits•Argon is formed by radioactive decay of Potassium 40•Thus, Argon concentration is function of original amount of Potassium 40 in formation•Argon/Oxygen can  help distinguish different sources of •Argon/Oxygen can  help distinguish different sources of methane

Page 35: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Low Dissolved Oxygen•Low Dissolved Oxygen•Low Oxidation‐Reduction Potential (ORP)•Presence of H2S•SO42‐ + CH4 HS‐ + HCO3

‐ + H2O  + energy•H2S (aq)  =  HS‐ +  H‐

Abo e indicate reduced (anaerobic) ground  ater conditions•Above indicate reduced (anaerobic) ground water conditions•Hem (1985)‐ “Methane is commonly present in ground water in reduced geochemical systems.”

Page 36: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Ground Water and Brine Parameters Sample Parameters, Containers, and Holding Times

Parameter Suggested Method

Units Container Preservative Holding Time

Groundwater Depth Field 0.01 feet Field n/a n/aGroundwater Depth Field 0.01 feet Field n/a n/a

Temperature Field °F Field n/a n/a

Specific Conductance Field μmhos/cm Field n/a n/a

pH Field pH units Field n/a n/a

Dissolved Oxygen Field mg/L Field n/a n/a

Oxidation-Reduction Field mV Field n/a n/aPotential

Field mV Field n/a n/a

Turbidity Field NTU Field n/a n/a

Total Dissolved Solids 2540C mg/L 1-L plastic None 7 days

Chloride 300.0 mg/L 1-L plastic None 28 days

Bicarbonate 300.0 mg/L 1-L plastic None 14 days

S lf t 300 0 mg/L 1-L plastic None 28 daysSulfate 300.0 mg/L 1-L plastic None 28 days

Sulfide 4500SD mg/L 1-L plastic ZnAC + NaOH to pH >9 7 days

Calcium 6010 mg/L 1-L plastic HNO3 to pH <2 6 months

Magnesium 6010 mg/L 1-L plastic HNO3 to pH <2 6 months

Potassium 6010 mg/L 1-L plastic HNO3 to pH <2 6 months

S di 6010 mg/L 1 L plastic HNO to pH <2 6 monthsSodium 6010 mg/L 1-L plastic HNO3 to pH <2 6 months

Metals 6010 mg/L 500 mL HNO3 to pH <2 6 months

VOCs (Subtitle D Appendix I) 8260B μg/L Three 40-mL glass vials HCl to pH <2 14 days

Oxygen Isotopes (δ18O/16O)

Mass Spec per mil 1-500 ml plastic None None

Hydrogen Isotopes (δ2H/1H) Mass Spec per mil 1-500 ml None NoneHydrogen Isotopes (δ2H/1H) Mass Spec per mil plastic None None

Boron 212.3 mg/l 1-L plastic None 6 months

Bromide 300.0 mg/l 1-L plastic None 28 days

TPH 8015 mg/l Three 40-mil glass vials HCL to pH <2 14 days

μg/L denotes micrograms per liter. /μmhos/cm denotes micromhos per centimeter

L denotes liter mg/L denotes milligrams per liter mL denotes milliliter n/a denotes not applicable NTU denotes Nephelometric Turbidity Units

Page 37: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Gas Parameters

Parameter Unit ContainerMethane Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Ethane Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Propane Mol % Summa canister or equiv.I, N-Butane Mol % Summa canister or equiv.I, N-Pentane Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Hexane Mol % Summa canister or equivHexane Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Oxygen Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Nitrogen Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Hydrogen Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Ethylene Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Carbon Dioxide Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Carbon Monoxide Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Acetylene Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Argon/Oxygen Mol % Summa canister or equiv.Hydrogen Sulfide ppm Summa canister or equiv.Helium Mol % or ppm Summa canister or equiv.Hydrogen Isotopes (δ2HC1/1HC1) per mil Summa canister or equivHydrogen Isotopes (δ2HC1/1HC1)

per mil Summa canister or equiv.

Hydrogen Isotopes (δ2HC2/1HC2)

per mil Summa canister or equiv.

Carbon Isotopes (δ13CC1/12CC1)

per mil Summa canister or equiv.

C b I (δ13C /12C ) il S i iCarbon Isotopes (δ13CC2/12CC2)

per mil Summa canister or equiv.

VOC by Method TO-15 ppbv Summa canister or equiv.Specific Gravity BTU/cu. ft.

Page 38: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Helium vs Methane/Ethane +

300

350

Gas Source #1

250

300

150

200

C1/C

2+

100

150

Gas Source #2

0

50

0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004

Helium (mol %)

Page 39: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Thermogenic and Biogenic Gas C1/C2 vs Ar/O  

30

35

25

30

Biogenic  Gas

20

Ar/O(%

)

10

15A

Thermogenic Gas

5

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

C1/C2

Page 40: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Stable Isotope Signatures/Maturity of Trenton Natural GasesAppalachian Basin

‐120

‐100

‐140New York

West Virginia

Kentucky

‐160

H1(p

er m

il)

Ohio

yHomer Field

‐180

δ2

‐200

KentuckyCollin Fork

‐220‐50 ‐45 ‐40 ‐35 ‐30 ‐25

δ13C1 (per mil)From Patchen, et. al., 2005

Page 41: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

Stable Isotope Signatures of Natural GasesAppalachian Basin

‐120

‐100

‐140

Marcellus – NE PA

‐160

H1(p

er m

il)

Marcellus – NC PA

‐180

δ2

‐200

Marcellus – SW PA

‐220‐60 ‐55 ‐50 ‐45 ‐40 ‐35 ‐30 ‐25 ‐20

δ13C1 (per mil)

Page 42: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

δ13C1 vs Gas Wetness Fraction

0.996

0.998

Gas Source #1

0 99

0.992

0.994

0.986

0.988

0.99

C1/C

1‐5

0.982

0.984

9

Gas Source #2

0.978

0.98

8 6‐44 ‐43 ‐42 ‐41 ‐40 ‐39 ‐38 ‐37 ‐36 ‐35

δ13C1/12C1 (per mil)

Page 43: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

‐150

Lower Wilcox Sandstone and Coal SamplesStable Isotope Results 13C/12C vs 2H/1H

‐160

L  Wil  S d t  S l N th t L ui i

‐180

‐170Lower Wilcox Sandstone Samples‐ Northwest LouisianaLower Wilcox Coal Samples‐ Northwest Louisiana

‐190

per m

il)

USGS P l  

‐210

‐200

δ2H

(p USGS Panola County, Texas These samples could be 

mistaken for thermogenicgas due to the enrichment of biogenic gas

‐220

of biogenic gas

‐230‐70 ‐65 ‐60 ‐55 ‐50 ‐45 ‐40 ‐35

δ13C (per mil)

Page 44: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

‐150

Lower Wilcox Sandstone and Coal SamplesStable Isotope Results 13C/12C vs 2H/1H

‐160

L  Wil  S d t  S l N th t L ui i

‐180

‐170Lower Wilcox Sandstone Samples‐ Northwest LouisianaLower Wilcox Coal Samples‐ Northwest Louisiana

‐190

per m

il)

USGS P l  

‐210

‐200

δ2H

(p USGS Panola County, Texas

‐220

‐230‐70 ‐65 ‐60 ‐55 ‐50 ‐45 ‐40 ‐35

δ13C (per mil)

Page 45: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Microbial oxidation may change signature•Microbial oxidation may change signature•Signature of source may  vary over distance•Mixing of gases can create interpretation problems•Isotope “reversal”•Production signature may change over timeFailure to identif  all potential sources of methane•Failure to identify all potential sources of methane

•Comingling of natural gas from different formations

Page 46: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

f ffMixing of Different Gas Sources•Note Black Dots•These represent mixing of natural gas of Marcellus and other gas source in gas wells•This mixing of different gases 

ld  li  diff i i  could complicate differentiating sources of methane

Page 47: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

ffDifferent Gas Windows•Gas windows can change over short distances.•In the Eagle Ford, three windows can occur in the same county.•Gas associated with oil.•Gas associated with condensate.•Unassociated dry gas.•These windows would be expected to exhibit differences in:• Mole fractions• Various ratios• Noble Gases• Thermal Maturity• Isotopic Signatures• Gas Wetness Fraction

Page 48: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•Isotope reversals are typically noted for C1 and C2 isotopesp yp y p•Reversals suggest:•In‐situ cracking•Overpressurei l  if      f d       h ll  l•Little, if any, seepage of deeper gas to shallow layers

Page 49: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH
Page 50: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH
Page 51: Presented John Oneacre Ground Water Solutions Houston, …•EPAEPAs’s claim thatthat pH values above 11 SUS.U. are too high forfor cementcement is simply not true •Oneacre & Figueras(1996)‐pH

•CH4 occurs naturally in many geological environments4 y y g g•CH4 occurrence can be natural or anthropogenic related•Need to thoroughly understand all possible sources of CH4• Potential sources can be pipelines, old wells, landfills, swamp gas, l i l  i l hi h i   i     i       i  glacial material high in organic content, mines, gas storage reservoirs, 

etc.•Baseline study is imperative to determine existence of gas•Baseline study needs to determine the signature of the gasBaseline study needs to determine the signature of the gas•Forensic tools include mole fractions, isotopes, and various ratios and relationships•Without baseline data, it may not be possible to conclusively d i     f    i ll  if  i i   f diff      determine source of gas, especially if mixing of different gases may occur