presented by: scott wallace, p.e. mark liner, p.e. scott.wallace@naturallywallace
DESCRIPTION
Treatment Wetlands for the Oil & Gas Industry. Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. Mark Liner, P.E. [email protected] (612) 802-2329 [email protected] (651) 269-8201. References for Industrial Wetland Design. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Presented by:Scott Wallace, P.E.Mark Liner, P.E.
[email protected](612) [email protected](651) 269-8201
Treatment Wetlands for the Oil & Gas Industry
References for Industrial Wetland DesignReferences for Industrial Wetland Design
Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)
• Small Scale Constructed Wetland Systems (Wallace & Knight, 2006)
Treatment Wetlands 2nd Edition• (Kadlec & Wallace, 2009)
Recent Industrial Wetland ExamplesRecent Industrial Wetland Examples• BP, Casper Wyoming Refinery, USA
• BP, Lima Ohio, USA
• ARCO Wellsville New York Refinery USA
• Magellan Pipeline, (Watertown, South Dakota) USA
• El Paso Energy (El Dorado, Kansas) USA
• Buffalo-Niagara International Airport, USA
• Heathrow Airport, London UK
• Edmonton Airport, Alberta, Canada
• Occidental Petroleum, Cano Limon, Colombia
• Rosebel Gold Mine, Suriname
• AIMC Gold Mine, Azerbaijan
Industries Using WetlandsIndustries Using Wetlands
• Oil & Gas (upstream & downstream)
• Chemical Manufacturing
• Landfills
• Mining
• Food Processing
• Airports
Types of Treatment Wetlands Types of Treatment Wetlands • Surface Flow (SF) • Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HSSF)• Vertical Flow (VF)• Sludge Dewatering Reed Beds• Intensified Wetlands
– Aerated (cold climates)– fill-and-drain (warm climates)– reactive media (ammonia, phosphorus, etc)– industrial wastewaters
Surface Flow WetlandsSurface Flow Wetlands
Kadlec & Wallace, 2008
Surface Flow WetlandsSurface Flow Wetlands
Champion Paper, Pensacola Florida
Horizontal Subsurface Flow Horizontal Subsurface Flow WetlandsWetlands
Wallace & Knight, 2006
Horizontal Subsurface Flow Horizontal Subsurface Flow WetlandWetland
Wildflower Meadows: 90-person treatment system
Vertical Flow WetlandVertical Flow Wetland
IWA, 2000
Vertical Flow WetlandVertical Flow Wetland
Rousillon, France
Sludge Dewatering Reed BedSludge Dewatering Reed Bed
Kadlec & Wallace, 2008
Skovby, Denmark: 8000-person treatment wetland
Main Treatment MechanismsMain Treatment Mechanisms• Adsorption of dissolved-phase hydrocarbons
– Contaminant retention time much greater than hydraulic retention time
• Microbial degradation of organic compounds• Settling of particulate compounds• Oxidation and reduction of nitrogen
compounds• Precipitation of metals• Use of intensification methods (aeration and
reactive medias to accelerate treatment)
Large-Scale Wetland Hydraulics
Treatment Wetland Design BasisTreatment Wetland Design Basis
N
i Nh
k
CC
CC
1*
*
Pvi PkCC
CC
1
1
*
*
• Tanks-in-series, N typically ranges from 3 to 6
• Value of N is different for reactive chemicals vs. tracers• Spatial variability of biodegradation rate represented by P
• Important for complex organic chemistries (such as produced waters
Wetland Water BalanceWetland Water Balance• Sum of water entering and exiting
the wetland from all sources
Kadlec & Knight, 1996
Climate Range of Climate Range of Treatment WetlandsTreatment Wetlands
Wellsville, New York Northern Sahara,Libya
Wetland Energy BalanceWetland Energy Balance• Sum of energy gains and losses
from all sources
Kadlec & Knight, 1996
Water Balance and Energy Water Balance and Energy Balance are Closely Inter-relatedBalance are Closely Inter-related
• Warm arid climates large water losses due to ET
• Monsoon climates large water gains in the rainy season
• Cold climates ice formation
Wetland PlantsWetland Plants
Kadlec & Wallace, 2009
Role of Plants in Treatment WetlandsRole of Plants in Treatment Wetlands
• Surface area for attached growth of bacteria
• Shade the water column (reduced algae)
• Minimize mixing effects in open-water systems
• Increased microbial diversity
• Oxygen transport through roots (small effect)
Wetland Plant SelectionWetland Plant Selection
Wallace & Knight, 2009
Natural vs. Mechanical Systems
LEAST MOST
Natural SystemsIntensified Wetlands
Mechanical Treatment Systems
Area RequirementsMOST LEAST
Energy and O&M Needs
Casper, WyomingCasper, Wyoming
Casper
BP – Casper, Wyoming RefineryBP – Casper, Wyoming Refinery• Operated 1912 to 1991
• 37,000 m3 of LNAPL recovered to date
• Extensive smear zone due to river flooding
• 50 to 100 years to remediate site
• High mountain west: -35oC
BP – Casper Wyoming RefineryBP – Casper Wyoming Refinery
Casper Reuse PlanCasper Reuse Plan
SF Wetlands
HSSF Wetlands
Casper Pilot Wetland SystemCasper Pilot Wetland System
• With and without insulating mulch
• Vertical upward flow
• With and without aeration
• 4 cells
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Casper Rate Coefficients
Aeration No Aeration
Compound
WetlandMulch
No Mulch WetlandMulch
No Mulch
Benzene 518 456 317 226
BTEX 356 311 257 244
TPH 1058 965 725 579
MTBE 64 60 35 22
kA, m/yr, based on 3 TIS
Wallace & Kadlec, 2005
Full-Size System from Pilot DataFull-Size System from Pilot DataWallace & Kadlec, 2005
Casper Intensified Wetland CellCasper Intensified Wetland Cell
Wetland Aeration SystemWetland Aeration System
Casper System ConstructionCasper System Construction
Casper Wetland ConstructionCasper Wetland Construction
Casper Benzene Data 2004 - 2006
Benzene effluent at Outfall 001consistently below detection levels
<0.01 mg/L
Buffalo, New YorkBuffalo, New York
Buffalo
Treatability TestingTreatability Testing• Measure glycol degradation in both warm and
cold temperatures• With and without aeration
Aerated rate coefficients, low Aerated rate coefficients, low temperature runstemperature runs
Run
Average CBOD5 (mg/L)
k2TIS(d-1)InfluentEffluent
A 648.8 26.5 4.81
B 679.3 21.0 5.72
C 325.0 10.3 5.63
D 694.0 23.5 5.41
Average 5.39
PG degradation without aeration…PG degradation without aeration…
Run
Average CBOD5 (mg/L)
k4TIS(d-1)Influent Effluent
A 542.3 212.3 0.68
B 257.0 119.0 0.27
C 177.0 29.0 0.73
D 129.5 33.5 0.51
Average 0.55
Comparing Treatment EffectivenessComparing Treatment Effectiveness
• Aerated rate coefficient: 5.30 d-1
• Non-aerated rate coefficient: 0.55 d-1
• An aerated wetland is 10X more effective in treating glycol
Underground Treatment
Drain LineAir Line
Mulch Layer
Vertical Flow with AerationVertical Flow with AerationWater Level Influent Line
Nutrient Addition System
Operations
Buffalo – Completed Treatment SystemBuffalo – Completed Treatment System
Glycol Treatment WetlandsLHR - London Heathrow BUF – Buffalo, NY, USA
ISP – Long Island, NY, USA
EIA – Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Wellsville, New YorkWellsville, New York
Wellsville
Wellsville Wetland Wellsville Wetland SystemSystem
Wellsville Treatment ConceptWellsville Treatment Concept• Cascade Aerators (iron oxidation)• Sedimentation Pond (iron precipitation and settling)• Surface Flow Wetlands (hydrocarbon removal)• Vertical Flow Wetlands (pH adjustment)
November 2008 Start UpNovember 2008 Start Up• Cold climate design (ice formation)• Thermal calculations necessary
Sedimentation Pond (Iron Removal)Sedimentation Pond (Iron Removal)
Surface Flow Wetlands Surface Flow Wetlands (Hydrocarbon Removal)(Hydrocarbon Removal)
Vertical Flow Wetlands for Vertical Flow Wetlands for Alkalinity AdditionAlkalinity Addition
Wellsville New YorkWallace et al., 2011
Wellsville New York pH BufferingWellsville New York pH Buffering
Overall Wellsville SystemOverall Wellsville System
Nimr, OmanNimr, Oman
www.bauerenvironment.com
www.bauerenvironment.com
Average Produced Water Characteristics
pH @ 20 °C 7.91
Conductivity @ 21 °C
11.18 ms/cm
Boron 4.1 mg/L
Magnesium 31 mg/L
Potassium 29 mg/L
Sodium2,45
0 mg/L
Strontium 4.3 mg/L
Chloride3,05
8 mg/L
Sulfate 260 mg/L
Bicarbonate 488 mg/L
TDS6,98
0 mg/L
Oil in Water 150 ppm
Nimr Water Treatment Plant
www.bauerenvironment.com
Reed Bed
Pipeline Korridor
Workshop / Camp
1.8 km3.3 km
Evaporation Ponds / Salt Production
Buffer Pond
Technical Design – 45,000 m³/d
Nimr Water Treatment Plant
www.bauerenvironment.com
Gravity Flow Reed BedBuffer Pond Distribution 1. Wetland Terrace
2. Wetland Terrace 3. Wetland Terrace 4. Wetland Terrace
Nimr Water Treatment Plant
www.bauerenvironment.com
Project Data
Facility Total Area / Quantity
Wetland 2,340,000 m²
HDPE Lining 155,000 m²
Sealing Material 630,000 m³
Phragmites Australis 1,200,000
Nimr Water Treatment Plant
www.bauerenvironment.com
Current Performance
[ppm]
93.6 %98.8 % 99.8 %
Nimr Water Treatment Plant
www.bauerenvironment.com
Current Performance
Nimr Water Treatment Plant
Indicator Performance
08/2011
Value
Water Treated 10 Mio m³ m³ based fee
Oil Recovery 125 bbl/d; 30,000 bbl
total
3 Mio US $,
Oil Recovery 95 % ~ 57 % of total construction & operation cost
Energy Consumption 1,000 MWh Compared to 54,000 mWh for conventional
treatment
Treatment
Performance
TPH < 0.5 ppm 99,99 %
ConclusionsConclusions
• Industrial treatment wetlands are already being used in North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia
• Surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow, vertical flow, and intensified wetlands are all being used by industry
• Use of wetlands for industrial treatment wetlands is increasing on two major fronts:– Range of applications in different industries– Construction of wetlands in different geographic regions
Thank you for your timeThank you for your time
Treatment Wetlands for Industry