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TSUNAMI

Presented by

QASIM HASAN BUKAI


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What is tsunami

A tsunami (pronounced soo-NAH-mee) is aseries of water waves (called a tsunami wavetrain)

It is caused when a large volume of a body ofwater, such as an ocean, is rapidly displaced.

The Japanese term is literally translated into"harbor wave."


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History of tsunami

26 Dec 2004 - Indian Ocean tsunami

5000 BC and beyond

1650 BC, Santorini, Greece Tsunami

1755, Portugal

1883, Krakatoa Volcano


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Other historical tsunamis 1960, Chili

1964, Alaska, British Columbia

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake

Sanriku, Japan, in 1896.

An earthquake in the Aleutian Islands sent a

tsunami to Hawaii in 1946


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A very localized tsunami in Lituya Bay in 1958

The Moro Gulf region (Cotabato city) of thePhilippines in 1976

Western Japan in 1983

A Papua New Guinea tsunami on July 17, 1998


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Earthquakes

volcanic eruptions underwater explosions

landslides

mass movements bolides impacts

all have the potential to generate a tsunami.


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Types of tsunami

Immediate Waves

Seismic Seiches

Classical Tsunamis


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Immediate Waves


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Seismic Seiches


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Classical Tsunamis


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Travel at speeds of up to 400-500 miles per hour

In deep waters, tsunamis are low and wide, oftenless than three feet high

As much as 95 miles between the crest of one

wave and the next.

At shallower waters, they get more deadly

Can reach up to heights of 100 feet or more and

crash inland.

Tsunami characteristics


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When a Tsunami Strikes

Travels at a speed that is related to the water depth

Water depth decreases, the tsunami slows

Tsunami's energy flux is dependent on both its wave

speed and height

It remains nearly constant


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Shoreward-propagating wave energy is

dissipated through friction and turbulence

Still reach the coast with a lot of energy

Remove sand from the beaches that have taken

years to accumulate

Undermine trees and other coastal vegetation


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Tsunami Causes

break in earth crust

Volcanoes

Subaerial and submarine landslides into bays orlakes

Earth quakes


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The rotting corpses left behind by the tsunami also

helped to spread diseases to the survivors.

Crops, settlements, wildlife, properties were severelydestroyed, with power and communications disrupted,adding on to the daunting task of rescue work.

People clung on to trees for their dear life; some wererescued, but some were also swept away, right in front oftheir relatives and family members.

The emotional and mental trauma would remain in allthose affected for years, even if they had escaped awatery grave.


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After a tsunami, the coast that it hit receeds, leaving a shallowwater area that used to be the regular beach.

Fish that come from different oceans are also pushed into thatocean, ruining that oceans food-chain

In addition, the torrential water deluging entire hectares prevent

helicopters from landing. Most of the affected villages weresituated in isolated areas and are extremely hard to get to.

Furthermore, the huge mass of water also broke sewage andwater pipes, contaminating water and food sources.

Subsequently, diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysenteryand dengue then become more rampant.


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Sri Lanka An island nation situated in the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka was the 2nd worst

hit by the tsunami.

However, in terms of country size, Sri Lanka was in fact hit harder by thetsunami than Indonesia because most of its coastline was hit by the deadlywaves.

Sri Lankan authorities report 30,196 confirmed deaths as of 3 January 2005after the island was hit by the tsunami.

Many of the dead were children and the elderly. The south and east coasts

were worst hit. An estimated one and a half million people have beendisplaced from their homes.

Roughly 1,200 bodies were counted at Batticaloa in the east. 800 werereported dead when the tsunami reached more than 2 kilometres (1.25miles) inland at Trincomalee to the northeast.


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Thailand The Thai government reports 5,246 missing and

estimates that 8,000 are likely to have died.

Several popular tourist resorts such as Phuket, KhaoLak and the Phi Phi Islands were hit hard by thewaves.

The resort area of Khao Lak report 3,950 confirmeddeaths and the final count may very well exceed4,500.

Hundreds of holiday bungalows on the Phi PhiIslands were washed out to sea. Bhumi Jensen,grandson of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej,was among those killed.


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The tourism and fishing sectors have been

adversely affected by the aftermath of thetsunami.

The beach resorts along the Andaman Sea coast

have been extensively damaged it will take manyyears for recovery.

Numerous hotels and small businesses havebeen ruined and the price for recovery will beextremely costly.


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India In terms of the number of casualties, India was

the 3rd worst hit country partly because a largesection of its coastline was hard hit by thetsunami.

The areas that were hit included the state ofTamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala,Pondicherry and the Andaman and Nicobarislands

With a death toll of 7,793, the state of TamilNadu was no doubt the worst hit on themainland.


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In the Nagapattinam district alone there were 5,525

casualties, with entire villages having beendestroyed.

The Kanyakumari district has had 808 deaths and

the Cuddalore district 599, the state capital Chennai206 and Kancheepuram district 124.

The casualties in Kanyakumari include pilgrimstaking a holy dip in the sea and visitors to theVivekananda Rock Memorial. People playing andtaking a Sunday morning stroll along the Marinabeach in Chennai were washed away.


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Death TollCountrywhere

deathsoccurred

Deaths Injured Missing Displaced

Confirmed Estimated1

Indonesia 173,981 220,000 ~100,000 6,245 400,000-700,000

Sri Lanka 38,195 38,195 15,686 23,000+ 2 ~573,000

India 10,744 16,413 - 5,669 380,000

Thailand 5,305 3 11,000 8,457 4,499 -

Somalia 150+ 298 - - 5,000

Myanmar(Burma)

59 2,500 45 7,000 4 3,200

Malaysia 68 74 74 299 - -

Maldives 82 108 - 26 12,000 22,000


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Death TollSeychelles 1 3 3 - - -

Tanzania 10 10+ - - -

Bangladesh 2 2 - - -

South Africa 2 5 2 - - -

Kenya 1 2 2 - -

Yemen 1 1 - - -

Madagascar - - - - 1,000+

Total 228,601+ ~288,608 ~125,000 ~40,000 ~1.5 million

Note: All figures are approximate and subject to change. For more details on specific countries, click the country name in the first column.1 Includes those reported under 'Deaths'. If no seperate estimates are available, the number in this column is the same as reported under 'Deaths'.2 Includes approximately 19,000 missing people declared by Tamil Tiger authorities from regions under their control3 Data includes at least 2,464 foreigners.4 This number of missing includes citizens of Myanmar who have fled into Thailand and who have been deported back to Myanmar without papers.5 Does not include South African citizens who died outside of South Africa (eg, tourists in Thailand).


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