presented by amanda welch-alleyne. a service is any activity that fulfills a human want or need and...
TRANSCRIPT
SERVICES REVIEW Presented by Amanda Welch-
Alleyne
A service is any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.
Services are present and provided in all societies.
In More Developed Countries, two thirds of the GDP is made up from services.
There are three types of services: Consumer Services Business Services Public Services
CONSUMER SERVICES Business that provide services primarily
to individual consumers who are able to afford them.
These include retail and wholesale services, education services, health services, and leisure and hospitality services.
Consumer Services make up 44% of US jobs
BUSINESS SERVICES Services that primarily meet the needs
of other businesses. Such services include financial services,
professional services, transportation services, and information services.
Business services make up 24% of US jobs
PUBLIC SERVICES services offered by the government to
provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
Examples of public services lie within services that the federal, state, and local governments provide to their citizens; schools, parks, fire and police department.
Public services make up 17% of US jobs
CHANGES IN NUMBERS OF EMPLOYEES In the time period between 1972 and
2009: There was a decline in employment in
primary and secondary job sectors Rapid expansion of professional
services, in fields such as engineering, management and law
Slow growth in finance and transportation services due to improved effficiency
CHANGES IN NUMBERS OF EMPLOYEES Rapid increase in health care services,
like nursing homes and home health care
Large increases in education, entertainment and recreation
Employees involved in public services have gradually declined over the past two decades
CONTEMPORARY RURAL SETTLEMENTS Prior to the establishment of permanent
settlements, people lived as nomads Archeological studies predict that
settlements were established first for consumer and public services
EARLY CONSUMER SERVICES The earliest permanent settlements
were designed to offer consumer services, like burial of the dead and housing for families
People developed the need for tools, clothing, shelter, containers, fuel, and other material goods
Consequently, settlements became manufacturing centers
EARLY PUBLIC SERVICES Public services followed religious
activities into early permanent settlements
Soldiers emerged because members of the settlement were vulnerable to attack
Settlements were methods of protecting food sources against competitors, like building walls
Settlements became centers for military power
EARLY BUSINESS SERVICES The necessity for food was a common
ground for everyone in the settlement, which led to hunting and gathering, and eventually the processes of storing extra food
Settlements became the place where people were able to trade goods and services, which led to record keeping, currency system, and the establishment of fair prices
SERVICES IN EARLY URBAN SETTLEMENTS First documented urban settlements
were well planned cities in Mesopotamia Ancient Athens was the first
Mediterranean settlement and largest city-state, and became trading centers for thousands of islands
In Ancient Rome, the rise of the Roman Empire encouraged urban settlement; such as centers for administrative and military services, and retail consumer services
SERVICES IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS Rural settlements are centers of
agriculture that provide small amounts of services
A clustered rural settlement is a place where a number of families live in close proximity to each other
A dispersed rural settlement is characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors
RURAL SETTLEMENTS Circular rural settlements are circular
forms that consists of a central open space surrounded by structures
Linear rural settlements are comprised of building clustered along a road, river or dike to facilitate communications
URBAN SETTLEMENTS Population of urban settlements
exceeded that of rural settlements for the first time in human history in 2008
Urbanization is the process by which the population of urban settlements grows
Two dimensions of urbanization: the number of people living in cities increase, and the percent of people living in cities increase
URBAN VS RURAL SETTLEMENTS Differences were defined by Louis Wirth
in 1900s Defined cities by three characteristics Wirth argued these characteristics
produced differences in the social behavior of urban and rural residents
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY Helps explain how the most profitable
location can be identified Was first proposed in the 1930s by
German geographer Walter Christaller, and was further developed in the United States in the 1950s
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY A central place is a market center for
the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area
Central places compete against each other to serve as markets for goods and services for the surrounding region
MARKET AREA OF A SERVICE The area surrounding a service from
which customers are attracted is the market area or hinterland
Market area is like a region with a core where the characteristic is most intense
To establish a market area, a circle is drawn around a node of service on a map
RANGE OF MARKET AREA The maximum distance people are
willing to travel for use of a service People are willing to go short distances
for everyday services
THRESHOLD OF SERVICE Minimum number of people needed to
support the service Every business has a minimum number
of customers required to generate enough sales to make a profit
MARKET AREA ANALYSIS Profitability of a location; basically
means is a good or service going to be profitable in a certain location
HIERARCHY OF SERVICES AND SETTLEMENTS Small settlements are limited to
consumer services that have small thresholds, short ranges, and small market area
Larger settlements provide services having larger thresholds, ranges, and market areas.
RANK SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SETTLEMENTS Rank size rule: country’s nth-largest
settlement is 1/nth of the population of the largest settlement
This is important because a country that follows the rank-size rule tends to be a society that is sufficiently wealthy to justify the provision of goods and services to consumers
PRIMATE CITY The largest settlement has more than
twice as many people as the second ranking settlement
LDCs often follow primate rule
PERIODIC MARKETS Collection of individual vendors who
come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days
Typically set up in a street or public space
Vendors are part-time, mobile, and provide small quantities
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