presentation zulkaif

8/3/2019 Presentation Zulkaif

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Instuctor:

Yasir Sahib


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Crew Members

Asif Ali Rai 2010-EE-417

Hafiz Ashfaq 2010-EE-412

M.Zulkaif Dilawar 2010-EE-422


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Programming Language

A vocabulary and set of words,symbols and grammatical rules forinstructing a computer to performspecific tasks is called programminglanguage.

Different programming languagesare available for writing differenttypes of programs


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What is best programming

language? Different programming languages provide different

functionalities needed, it is dependent on the requirement,

which programming language to use.


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Reason to chose this topic


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It was developed by BjarneStroustrup starting in 1979

at Bell laborities

It is used in developingapplication software, device

drivers and entertainment

software such as videogames


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Developed by James Gosling at Sun

Microsystems in 1995

Java applications are typically compiled to byte

code (class file) that can run on any Java Virtual

Machine (JVM) regardless of computerarchitecture.

Java is a general-purpose, class based and object

oriented.


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It was developed by Microsoft in 1999.

It is a simple, modern, general-purpose,object-oriented programming language.

It provides support for software

engineering principles such as strong typechecking, array bounds checking and

detection of attempts to use uninitialized

variables.


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C++, Java and C#(C sharp)

Similarities

Dissimilarities


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Operators

All the operators are same in C++, java and

C# with the exception:

In C++:scope resolution operator ( :: )

In java:

instanceof, >>> In C#:

checked , unchecked.


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Standard input/output

In C++: Standard input :

cin >> identifier

Standard outputcout


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In C#:

Standard input:

System.Console.Readline( );

Standard output:

System.Console.WriteLine( Hello

World );


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Comments

A comment is text that the compiler ignores

but that is useful for programmers.

Comments are used to makes the code easier

to read for other programmers

In C++: Two types of comments :

1. single line comment ( // .)

2. Multiple line comment ( /**/ )


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In java: Three types of comments:

1. single line comments ( // )2. Multiline comments( /*.*/ )

3. Documentation comments also called

javadoc comment ( /** .. */ )

In C#:

Three types of comments:1. single line comments( //. )

2. Multiline comments ( /*.*/ )

3. XML tags comments ( ///.. )


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Identifier

The Identifier are the names used to presentvariable, constants ,types, functions and

labels in the program.

Identifier is an important feature of allcomputer languages


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Identifier in C++

An Identifier in C++ may consist of 31

characters

The Identifier name must consist of only

alphabetic characters, digits or underscores.

The first character must be an alphabetic or

underscore ( _ ).The reserved word can not be used as

identifier name.


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Identifier in Java

An Identifier in java may consist of anynumber of characters.

The identifier name must consist of only

alphabetic characters, digits, underscores

or dollar signs.

The first character must be alphabetic

character, underscore ( _ ) or dollar sign

($).


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Identifier in C#

The Identifier name must consist of onlyalphabetic

characters, digits or underscores

Identifier must begin with alphabet orunderscore.

Identifier name may be a C# keyword if we startIdentifier name with @ sign.

Use of a C# variable before initialization is a

compile-time error.


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Data Types

In C++ int, signed int, unsigned int, short

int,, long int, double, float , bolean

In Java byte, int, long int, double, float,bolean.

In C# all the data types are similar to C++

except byte.


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Constants

Constant is a quantity that cannot bechanged during program execution.


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In C++:const data_type Identifier = value;

#define data_type identifier value

In Java:

publicfinal data_type Identifier =value;


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In C#:

const data_type Identifier = value;

We can also initialize a constant variable

at runtime using readonly keyword in C#.

For example:readonly data_type identifier;


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Preprocessing

Preprocessing is done beforecompilation. Preprocessor directive is an

instruction given to the compiler before

the execution of actual program.


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In C++:

Conditional preprocessing

#if, #else, #ifdef, #endif

Include preprocessor :

#include

Macros :

#define , #undef


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In Java:

There is no preprocessing in Java, in Java

import keyword is used to access class from

the library.

import javax.swing.JOptionPane; // make a

single class visible


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In C#:

There is no include preprocessor

(#include) in C#

. We useusing keyword to do that

e.g. using System;


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Selection Structure

A Selection Structure selects a statement

or set of statements to execute on the basis

of a condition.

For example:

if statement, if_else Statement,

Switch statement , Conditional operator (

ternary Operator )

There is no difference in C++, java and

C# regarding Selection Structure.


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Repetition Structure

A type of control structure that repeats astatement or set of statements.

In C++

Three types of looping structure:

for loop, while loop, do while loop

In Java and C#: Four types of looping structure:

for loop, while loop, do while loop,

foreach loop


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Arrays

An array is a group of consecutive memory

locations with same name and type.

In C++: Types of array:

1- One-Dimensional Array

Data_type identifier[ length];

2- Two Dimensional Array

Data_type identifier[Rows][Cols];


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3- Multidimensional Array

Data_type identifier[a][b]..[c];

It does not perform bound checking.

We can not assign an array to other using

assignment operator

In java

Types of array:Same as C++.

Unlike C++ I t throws runtime exception and

perform array bound checking.


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In C#:

When declaring an array, the square brackets([]) must come after the type, not the identifier

Types of array:

1- One-dimensional arrays

data_type [ ] array_name;

array_name = new data_type[ size ];

2- Multidimensional arrays or Rectangular

arraysdata_type [ , ] array_name = new

data_type[ size , size];


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3- Arrays of arrays ( Jagged arrays )

data_type [ ] [ ] array_name = newdata_type[ size,size ];

4- Mixed arrays:data_type [ ] [ , ] array_name;


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Functions

A function is a named block of code that

performs some action.

In C++ functions can be made global or local. In java and C# functions are named as

methods.

In java and C# there is no global method or

global data member.

C++, Java, C# all provides functions /methods

overloading.


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Pointers

A pointer is a variable that is used to store

a memory address C++ supports pointers that improve

performance but weaken security

Java and C# does not have pointer. Boththese languages use reference instead of

pointer variable.


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Memory Management

In C++ any memory that is allocated on the heap

( using new) must be explicitly freed by the

programmer (using delete).

Forgetting to free memory leads to memory

leaks.

Java and C# provides garbage collection, meaning

that memory is freed automatically when it is nolonger reachable by any references

It can lead to pauses in execution while the

garbage collector runs


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Classes and Objects

A collection of objects with same properties and

functions is know n as class.

An object is a collection of data and functions.

Inheritance is a programming technique that isused to reuse an existing class to build a new

class.

In C++: C++ defines 3 access specifier:

1- public 2- private

3- protected


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If no access specifier is specified then bydefault access specifier is private.

C++ supports multiple inheritance,

operator overloading . C++ has constructor, destructor, friend

functions.


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In Java Java defines 4 access levels for class members


3- protected 4- default ( no

specifier)

If no acess specifier is specified then the defaultaccess level is assumed; that is, the member is

visible to all code in the package.

Java does not use semi colon at the end of classdefinition..


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There is no destructor in Java.

Java does not support operator overloading.

Java does not have friend methods.

In C#

There are five acess specifier:


3- protected 4- internal

5- protected internal


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The default access level for a nested class if no

access modifier is specified is private. The default access level for a non-nested class if

no access modifier is specified is internal.

C# does not use semicolon at the end of class

definition

Objects in C# can only be created using new

key word

C# does not support multiple inheritance C# does not support operator overloading.


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It does not have friend methods (functions)

C# does not separate class declaration

and member function definitions.


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C++ compiler


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Java compiler

C li


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C# complier


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