presentation the definition of urban habitat as safety tool against global risk - cristina olga...

8/2/2019 Presentation THE DEFINITION OF URBAN HABITAT AS SAFETY TOOL AGAINST GLOBAL RISK - Cristina Olga Gociman and Elena Dinu

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Any postAny post disaster reconstruction program needs todisaster reconstruction program needs toblend modern and traditional methods in such a way thatblend modern and traditional methods in such a way that

vulnerability is reduced and resilience is enhancedvulnerability is reduced and resilience is enhanced

THE DEFINITION OF URBANHABITAT AS SAFETY TOOLAGAINST GLOBAL RISK

THE DEFINITION OF URBANTHE DEFINITION OF URBANHABITAT AS SAFETY TOOLHABITAT AS SAFETY TOOLAGAINST GLOBAL RISKAGAINST GLOBAL RISK

Motto:Nowhere in the world exists compressing of people soexposed at earthquakes proceeding from the same source. (Richter, Ch., 2005)

Cristina Olga GOCIMANElena DINU

University of Architecture and Urbanisme Ion Mincu,Bucharest, Romania


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Objectives1. Implementation of a strategic management of protection against global risk by developing theconcept of safety-bearer habitat as the supportspace, which presents a high risk-security level,meaning that it is not liable to be destroyed, aswell as the space endowed with patrimonialvalues that create and identify individuals

feeling of belonging to a community and thesocial sentiment of the being.

2. Formation of a poly-nuclear system of specialsafety centers, able to relocate in the post-disaster stage the affected population, named

emergency habitat support system able togenerate post-disaster reconstruction.

Results:Implementation of a strategic system for global riskprotection through the development of the concept of secure habitat, which has to involve the entire society,authorities, legal and physical persons in implementinga multilevel safety system involving: the building -object; vicinity - building assembly; town and territory.

Methodology:Investigation and maping of the characteristics specificfor hazard of the location, the exposed risk elements,their vulnerability and the resulted risk (direct andindirect loss), as well as establishing the accepted risk.Identification of the secure habitat typology with

patrimonial identity for urban development and post-disaster reconstruction.

ImpactThe project is proposing the scientificsubstantiation of some managementoperations for the reduction of disaster risk of the built space and the space under post-disaster reconstruction with keeping thecontinuity and specificity of the urban habitat,in order for the feeling of civic affiliation to bepreserved.


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Bucharest Bucharest a capital a capital exposed to earthquake exposed to earthquake

BucharestBucharest capital of Romania iscapital of Romania isone of the European towns exposedone of the European towns exposedto earthquakes. With an area of 228to earthquakes. With an area of 228km2 and a population of 2,021,000km2 and a population of 2,021,000people, a great density in the centralpeople, a great density in the centralarea, high buildings built betweenarea, high buildings built betweenthe 2 world wars, Bucharest hadthe 2 world wars, Bucharest had

during the earthquake from Marchduring the earthquake from March1977 over 1500 dead and damages of 1977 over 1500 dead and damages of over $ 1,000,000.over $ 1,000,000.

In this context, the efforts of theIn this context, the efforts of the

specialists and centralspecialists and centraladministrative authorities areadministrative authorities arefocused on the implementation of afocused on the implementation of arisk reduction managementrisk reduction managementregarding disasters, by directregarding disasters, by direct

methodsmethods consolidation, as well asconsolidation, as well asby indirect methodsby indirect methods of legal type,of legal type,for developing and urban strategy.for developing and urban strategy.


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Risk management by the fundamental

principal of durable development

The need for a different kind of development, capable toensure, on the long run, economic growth, thebetterment of the environment and the conservation of natural resources, defined as a development thatresponds to their own need was named DurableDevelopment in the Brundtland Report. The definition of durable development is followed, in the BrundtlandReport by its explanation through two integratednotions:- the concept of need - in particular the essential needs of the least favored who need to have priority;- the concept of limits, imposed by the current state of technology and social organization over the ability of theenvironment to respond to our current and future needs.

The two contemporarycrises, of the environmentand of the developmentare converted to a new

ethics of ecology, economyand culture, opening thelegal premises for a newsocio-political dialogue.


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COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY

SUSTAINABLESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT


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One of the principles on which the concept of durable developmenOne of the principles on which the concept of durable developmen t based is thet based is theprinciple of the ecoprinciple of the eco --systemic approach, which derives from the ecologist vision of systemic approach, which derives from the ecologist vision of

environment protection. According to its definition, the ecosystenvironment protection. According to its definition, the ecosyst em is theem is theaggregate of the physical, chemical and biological conditions thaggregate of the physical, chemical and biological conditions th at the life of anat the life of ananimal or vegetal species depends on.animal or vegetal species depends on.An ecosystem is a living dynamic organism, characterized by a ciAn ecosystem is a living dynamic organism, characterized by a ci rculation of rculation of fluxes in the interior or between the interior and the exteriorfluxes in the interior or between the interior and the exterior of the system, toof the system, to

which the system adapts itself through its own forces, changingwhich the system adapts itself through its own forces, changing itsitscharacteristics and thus evolving.characteristics and thus evolving.The ecosystem consists of two major componentsThe ecosystem consists of two major components the living as an individual,the living as an individual,populations,populations, biocenosisbiocenosis (biomass) and the non(biomass) and the non --livingliving the environment, thethe environment, thesupport space of the living.support space of the living.


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The Ecosystemic Disasters are defined by the introduction of turbulences or strong aggressions in and around the biotope provokingchanges, which in turn destroy the ecosystems equilibrium, forming anentropic ecosystem.

ANTROPOCENOSIS SOCIO-CULTURALACTIVITIES

ECONOMICACTIVITIES

ENTROPIC BIOTOPEHAZARD HAZARD

ENTROPICECOSYSTEM

ENTROPIC RELATIONSUNCONTROLLED


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The six levels of theexistential spacedecoded by the authorcan be identified bythree environmentsrecognized by thepopulation of a certainplace and develops on

their own territory:the individual, theproximal and theglobal environmentswhich are in directinteraction with the

architectural space asconstructed existentialspace.

In his book Existence, Space & Architecture C. Norberg-Schulzdecodes the hierarchy of the existential space levels as reported toman and to his actions. This structure points out peoples specific

operating scenes, created through the interaction with the existingarchitectural space and it also illustrates the cognitive theory of space.


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HABITAT SUPPORT SPACE The habitat is a special-functional network in which thedwelling as a basic structure coexists with thecomplementary public structures, commercial, educational,health and leisure facilities.The configuration of the habitat is an expression of thegeo-climatic, social-political and religious determinationsof each community as a result of its organic development.This characteristic forms a historical as well as a culturaldimension of the community.

The brutal destruction of the habitat as a result of natural or anthropical disasters represents one of the major losses of a collectivity .

The patrimonial habitatThe patrimonial habitat is finite from a spatial point of view by accumulation in the territory, but infinite froma temporal point of view, by continuous selection duringthe evolution of the collectivity, with certain specificity,expressing an energetic balance between tradition and

innovation. This mobility and power to adapt itself enable it to assimilate in the contemporary world thetrue values, describing a mode of functioning specific tothe living organism self-adjustment.

The impulse generated by the couplearchitect-beneficiary and the response of thebiotope (natural environment, architecturalenvironment) will form a biunique

relationship one of self-adjustment.Analyzing the result of this interaction, wefind at the level of the biotope anaccumulative sedimentation, the one keepingwith the patrimony, and at the level of theanthropogenesis an essentialization of

mentality conceptualizing the identity andthe tradition.

Evolution of the urban patrimonial ecosystem (Gociman, 2006b)


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Th e h ab i t a t r e f er e n ce p oi n t After the destructions caused by World

War II, starting from the existing problem of city reconstruction, the

architect Kevin Lynch set on to demonstrate that existential and

architectural space as imagined by humans are the result of a mental

process by which the exterior world is perceived. According to Lynch, this

image is the result both of immediate sensations and of the memory of past

experience.

According to Lynchs research on citizens and the perception of

constructed environment, he points out that each individual carries with

himself an IMAGE MAP, a mental projection of the reality marked by

physical, cultural and psycho-social components, by places.

Localization is submittedto associations with

certain events: cultural,religious. Theidentification with acertain characteristicresponds to a necessity of

repeatability, even to onehistoric information.

Localization is connectedto the memory of certainemotions and feelingsexperienced in a certainspace. Identification of aspirit of the place generator of affinity,familiarity, sadness, joyetc.

Localization of space(of every space) issubmitted to certainrelations with certainplaces fundamentalchildhood referencepoints: home, church,school. Identification of space is connected withits personalization:important routes in anetwork, as referencemarks points on aroute, materials, texture,color, light which canbe identifiable.


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The visual perception

The constructed space proposes to each receptor a particularrepresentation, cognition of the perceptive images is accomplishedonly through an analysis of the individual spatial representations,which are tightly connected with the mental representation of theindividual with respect to his environment and with the way inwhich he receives the information as a message coming from theconstructed and social space.

The mental image of the city,

structured into a mental map ispartially sequential and sectorial, theknown areas being interconnected bylinear visual flows corresponding tothe axes of movement and in which animportant role is performed by speedof movement, the clearest parts of themental map being those connected tothe usual ones and to the activities,that is those connected to recognitionand functional identification.

Houses group analysis in Pferdemarkt,Hameln, Germany


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In the relationship of the individual with the constructed space, thetransfer and reflection at the level of the subjective image of themental map is performed through some main perceptive criteria,more precisely through scale, reference points, visual sequences,together with distance, duration and speed of perception.

These criteria were identified and printed out as connecting elementsbetween the mental and the real space, as constitutive components of

the architectural space.


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Possible spatiality

The moment when the habitat gets de-structured pursuant to a calamity, the

collectivity loses its orientation, the affiliation to the space of mental mapmemory requires a re-creation, a reconstruction of the former reference pointsnow disappeared, in order to give behavioral stability to the community.

The intermediary Romanian Space

The romanian space also pointed out byConstantin Joja as a space of shade, of the

porch and large eaves, which dematerializethe house, constitutes a point of tangency of two different worlds.

An intermediary space between the indoors and the outdoors, between shade and light, monovalence andplurivalence, place of reverie and meditation, the porch scrutinizes the horizon as a huge eye open to the world,

in a total assimilation with its best friend the nature . Its resemblance to a circle that closes and opens itself, asC.Noica remarked in his The Romanian Feeling of Being, reminds us of the complementary conciliation of the antagonistic Ying and Yang in the well-known Chinese symbol.

Components of the intermediary and continuous space inthe traditional Romanian architecture. (Caffe M., 1987)


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Bipolarity / Adaptability Bipolarity / Adaptability

The Romanian stylistic field appertaining to the Carpathians-Danube geographic area is a bipolarfield situated at the limit of the active

and dynamic Occidental world and of the Oriental world of passiveresignation and acquires anintermediary and conciliating value,that is adaptability.

Revealing the sinusoidal character of the Romanian topos, character whichis also present in the existingarchitecture of the antagonistichorizontal-vertical duality on a systemlevel (that is at the level of the village)is also present at the level of the object,

that is of the house and of the porch.Present situation of the Romanian Architecturaltradition (Joja C-tin., 1999d)

Church from Maramures,Village Museum, Bucharest


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The conciliation of the antagonistic duality indoors-outdoors, shade-light, horizontal-vertical in theintermediary area, the transparency, the mobility of the Romanian space, the essentializing purity, theyall start from the deep apprehension of the measure of things, of the behavior of materials,

incorporating a serene cosmogonical vision of being in harmony with the world.

The feeling of durability over the ephemeral by sacrifice has with the Romanians a remote mythical root.Starting from the ancient Indo-European archetype of the cosmic pillar, according to which at the verybasement of the house a soul is laid, the legend of Manole the Craftsman is illustrating, advocating the

idea of sacrifice as a condition of durable construction.

The schematic representation of

the Romanian traditionalintermediary space

(Caffe M. 1987a)


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Transfer of traditional Romanian folk house plan into the plan of aristocratic city houses and of palaces. (Caffe M., 1987b)

A 19th century street in Bucharest

Typical rental house fromBucharest, period 1846-1910

The Prodan house fromPloiesti

The former University ofJassy

The Palace of Potlogi

Typical rural house


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THE SAFETY-BEARING HABITATSafe habitat with patrimonial identity = safety-bearing habitat.

Safe habitatSafe habitatThe development of the safe habitat concept must involve the entire society, authorities, legal entitiesand individuals for the implementation of a multilevel safety plan involving: the object submitted tothe process; the neighborhood the complex of buildings; the settlement (village, town, city).

The safety-bearing building imposes: more efficient technical norms of protection against differenthazards, appliance of new technologies and diminution of the objects specific vulnerability.The safety-bearing complex of buildings is based on the different behavior of the individualconstructions of the ensemble, the components of which can interact, which requires that the behavior

of an heterogeneous building ensemble be calculated in relationship with the entire ensembles hazard.The safety-bearing place (village, town, city) must become a secure polycentric network; the safety-bearing territory is a secure area of globality.

Multilevel safety system Multilevel safety systemA safety-system regarding the organization of the city areas towards which the affected population of a zone can be evacuated creates a local safety system and determines the area of evacuation to thesecenters.

Formation of the green areas network with facilities and possible flexible connections for ensuringthe necessary supplies, which can become zones of linear evacuation, emergency transportation linesor lines of fire stoppage in case of fire.


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Organization scheme of a ilou Strategical knot (Gociman O.C., 2006)

The green knots are green areas, parks, squares able to receive the population evacuated from theneighborhood or areas associated to certain public functions, supplementary dimensioned and calculatedfor risk situations (schools, hospitals), able to accommodate the evacuated persons.

These strategic knots will be equipped with water reserves or tanks with a double supply system, both fromthe municipal network and from a well. They can be equipped with electric generators (if possible), withtoilets connected to a biodegradable septic tank and will have the possibility to be connected to acommunication system.


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RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DESTROYED AREAS must be based on a systemic analysis.

Criteria of approach such as:

- priority necessities of the population dislocated both from the dwelling space and from the productive spaceregarding the reconstruction of the destroyed facilities.- the development premises created by the need of reconstruction named premises of urban restructuring,which can be different from the provisions of the projects of urbanism approved initially.- functional remodeling of certain buildings architectural monuments and social-functional re-conversionmodeling.

Formulation of a new pattern of global approach (Gociman, 1999c)

These criteria can generate a newgeneral or zonal plan, which will orientdifferently the development of the areaestimated before the occurrence of thedisaster.


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In accordance with the international expertise, there are three different ways to produce

the habitat, which also generates a certain classification: the planned habitat, the administered habitat and the sub-integrated habitat.

The planned habitat is the simplest and fastest solution to solve the requirements of a masscrisis and represents a coherent performance of project-execution for residential and service

ensembles. The planned habitat is the object of a big investment supported from the budget orby big investors in order to satisfy: a rapid demand of dwellings and services with aconcentration of responsibilities and components.

The administered habitat is a moderate solution of intervention in the territory, the initiativeappertaining to the investor, the administration specifying only the construction possibilities orinterdictions resulting form the urbanism regulations R.L.O. (rate of land occupation); L.U.C(land utilization coefficient), alignments, height standards. This type of habitat represents apermanent juxtaposition of the individual initiative and the control/guidance of theadministration.

The subintegrated habitat appears under extraordinary demographic pressures as a productof a construction made by ones own means and built of different materials by people of poormeans. This type of habitat is not within the legal boundaries, formally administered andcannot be submitted to any therapy.


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By the estimated duration of use, we have two

types of habitat: permanent or temporary.

The permanent habitat is the one describedhereinbefore as a modality of permanent residency.

The temporary habitat consists of residential unitspreserved in case of disasters or minimum services

able to take over for a period of a few months theaccommodation of the victims of the calamity andwhich can be then deactivated or maintained inaccordance with the existing demands.

The temporary habitat is currently used indrawer-type operations of substituting the sub-integrated habitat (the slum population istransferred to a temporary lodging campus whilethe de-structured area is rebuilt).


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CONCLUSIONS

Urban strategies for risk reduction

1. Definition formation and implementation of the concept of safehabitat at all the levels of spatial organization: object,neighborhood, residential area, town/city, territory.

2. Identification of the specific components of the patrimonial habitat reference points, routes, architectural, cultural, religious andaffective sequences which can be reconstituted and which cancreate the mental map of the community.

3. Zoning of the territory of the settlement by criteria of protection

against disasters, into strategic areas, dimensioning the area byconsidering the risk class and especially the possible number of affected population which is likely to be evacuated towards agiven location, named security cluster and independent from anenergetic point of view and having medical, food and equipmentreserves.

4. Formation of a poly-nuclear system of secure zones able to protectand relocate the affected population and to generate emergencyhabitat support for post-disaster reconstruction.

5. The management of rehabilitation as well as of that of reconstructionmust be based on the involvement of all those affected,individuals, collectivities, institutions.Arrangement proposal for temporary habitat

(Gociman, 2006e)

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