presentation techniques and introductory … · procedure it is an ordered sequence of techniques....
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PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES
AND INTRODUCTORY
ACTIVITIES
PART 3
BACKGROUND TO LANGUAGE TEACHING
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APPROACH
Theoretical positions and beliefs about
the nature of language, the nature of
language learning, and the applicability
of both to pedagogical settings.
The nature of language and language
learning that serve as the source of
practices and principles in language
teaching.
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METHOD
It is the practical realization of an
approach. It includes various procedures
and techniques.
It gives guidelines on what types of
activities will be used, roles of the teachers
and learners, the kinds of materials which
will be helpful and some model of syllabus
organization.
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PROCEDURE
It is an ordered sequence of techniques. A
procedure is a sequence which can be
described in terms such as: First you do
this…., then you do that…
It is smaller than a method, bigger than a
technique.
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TECHNIQUE
Manner of accomplishing something.
Any of the wide variety of exercises,
activities for the language learning.
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PPP APPROACH
A way of teaching new language in which
the teacher presents the language, gets
students to practise it in exercises or
other controlled practise activities and
then asks students to use the same
language in a communicative way in
their practise.
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PPP
PRODUCTION
PRESENTATION
PRACTICE
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PRESENTATION STAGE
Teacher sets the context for the students.
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WARM UP OR LEAD IN
AIMS:
To raise the ss interest.
For ss to review the language
To engage students into the topic
(They are not always need to be
connected to the topic)
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1. CONTEXTUALISE
Teacher provides models (so ss are
aware of the form) in context (for the ss
to understand the meaning)
What kind of
music do you
like when you
have a party ?
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2. ELICIT
Teacher asks students to say the language instead of
just giving it to them.
What are
they
doing?
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3. CHORAL DRILL
Teacher gets students to repeat as a whole
class what he/she says
Repeat after
me, blue square
blue
square
blue
square
blue
square
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4. PRESENT THE NEW LANGUAGE
Teacher introduces the language using
different approaches, techniques, activities
and materials.
T provides models (so ss are aware of the
form) in context (for the ss to understand
the meaning)
Ss identify the language
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5. CONTROLLED PRACTICE
Students practice the form and use (meaning of the
structure) to develop accuracy.
THROUGH:
Drills
Matching exercises
Gap-fill
Sentence completion
Scrambled sentences
Error correction
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6. GRAMMAR EXPLANATION
The teacher explains the new language through
grammatical rules .
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7. CONCEPT QUESTIONS
The teacher asks concept questions and checks
understanding.
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THE TEACHER:
gives instructions
Provides material
Collects answers
Check answers and provides feedback
THE STUDENTS:
listen to instructions
Are given material, answer exercises / do tasks
Compare their answers
Are given feedback
8. SECOND SEMI-CONTROLLED
PRACTICE
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9. LESS CONTROLLED OR FREER
PRACTICE
The teacher provides opportunities for the
students to practice the new language through
freer activities, where they can use their own
ideas.
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PRACTICE STAGE
Students begin to use what the teacher presented
in the first part by using drills that go from
+controlled to - less controlled.
These can be written or oral drills.
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PRODUCTION STAGE
Teacher allows students to use what they
learned in an uncontrolled way through
role-plays, discussions, language games, etc.
.
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WATCH THE CLASS AND IDENTIFY
THE PRESENTATION STAGES.
PPP part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rB_BIne9fsc&feature=related
PPP part 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfROH7UDsFY
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IN A TBL LESSON……
THE AIM IS TO COMPLETE A TASK WHERE THEY CAN ACHIEVE A REAL
COMMUNICATION GOAL.
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TASK BASED CYCLE
PRE-TASK
LANGUAGE
FOCUS
PRACTICE
ANALYSIS
TASK
PLANNING
REPORTING
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THE PRE-TASK
FOR EXAMPLE:
The topic is ordering food.
As the teacher writes down some possible
answers, she underlines the key words like
cheeseburger and fries.
They now may see a video of some people at a
restaurant ordering food.
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TASK CYCLE
Planning
This consists of the
task
itself
FOR EXAMPLE
Report
The students get into groups and pretend order
or role-play with each other as the teacher monitors (the task).
The students then plan
on what they will tell the rest of the class about what they just did (the plan). Finally, they tell
the report to the class about what they did (the
report
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Teacher monitors students from a distance
so that students can feel free to try out
what they've learned.
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After the activity, the teacher
to the students about common errors and
also on the correct language that was used
gives feedback
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LANGUAGE FOCUS
ANALYSIS
•The students may examine and discuss any accompanying text, audio, or visuals
PRACTICE
•The teacher may also conduct some sort of practice, like a game.
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TBL ADVANTAGES
Task-based learning is advantageous to the student because:
It is more student-centered,
Allows for more meaningful communication, and
Often provides for practical extra-linguistic skill building.
The students are free to use what grammar constructs and vocabulary they want. This allows them to use all the language they know
As the tasks are likely to be familiar to the students (eg: visiting the doctor), students are more likely to be engaged, which may further motivate them in their language learning.
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TBL DISADVANTAGES
There have been criticisms that task-based
learning is not appropriate as the foundation of
a class for beginning students.
Others claim that students are only exposed
to certain forms of language, and are being
neglected of others,
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PPP VS.TBL
See page 61 and discuss it. Write your
conclusions
How are
PPP
stages
different
from TBL
stages?
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COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
QUESTION PPP TLB
•What is the lesson aim? •To learn a language
item
•To complete a task and
to achieve something real
and have a genuine need
of communication.
•When to present the
new language?
•Bef ore •After
•What and how many
language items to
present?
•The teacher makes the
choice and controlles the
practice of the new
language.
•The teacher and/or the
learners make the choice.
•Freer and less controlled
practice for students.
•What context to present
the new language in?
•Meaningful and
personalised
•Meaningful and
personalised
•What aids to use to help
create the context?
•Pictures, videocassettes,
audios, worksheets, etc.
•Pictures, videocassettes,
audios, worksheets, etc.
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TKT GLOSSARY
Ice-breaker:
An introductory activity that a teacher uses at the start of a new course so that students can get to know each other.
Illustrate meaning
To show what something means, e.g. I was nervous when I got on the plane because I hate flying
Introductoryactivity
An activity which takes place at the beginning of a lesson. Introductory activities often include warmers and lead-ins.
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Lexical Approach
A way of analysing language that is based on lexical items such as words, multi-word units, collocations and fixedexpressions rather than grammatical structures. Some ELT books and materials organise their syllabuses around the Lexical Approach
Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP)
A way of teaching new language in which the teacher presents the language, gets students to practise it in exercises or other controlled practice activities and then asks students to use the same language in a communicative way intheir practice.
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Task-based Learning (TBL)
A way of teaching in which the teacher gives students meaningful tasks to do. The teacher may ask students to think about the language they have used to do the tasks, but the main focus for students is on the task itself. Project work is task-based.
Situational presentation
A way of presenting new language through a simple story or situation. The teacher may use pictures or other aids to help them create the situation.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Spratt, M.; Pulverness, A.; Williams, M. (2005) THE TKT COURSE, Cambridge University Press.
Willis, J. (1996). A FRAMEWORK FOR TASK-BASED LEARNING.Harlow,U.K.: Longman Addison- Wesley.
Willis, J. (1998) TASK BASED LEARNING : What Kind of Adventure?, [online]. United Kingdom, Aston University. Available from: : http://langue.hyper.chubu.ac.jp/jalt/pub/tlt/98/jul/willis.html
Ellis, R. (1997). SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION. Oxford: Oxford University Press
ONLINE RESOURCES:
http://www.willis-elt.co.uk/
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/articles/a-task-based-approach
http://www.esl-galaxy.com/dish.htm
http://www.wikipedia.org/