presentation slides for air pollution and global warming: history, science, and solutions chapter 9:...
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Presentation Slides for Air Pollution and Global Warming:
History, Science, and Solutions Chapter 9: Indoor Air Pollution
By Mark Z. JacobsonCambridge University Press (2012)
Last update: February 15, 2012
The photographs shown here either appear in the textbook or were obtained from the internet and are provided to facilitate their display during course instruction. Permissions for publication of photographs must be requested from individual
copyright holders. The source of each photograph is given below the figure and/or in the back of the textbook.
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Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
Kerosene heater
www.chemistryland.com
Gas stove
www.sispropane.ca
Fireplace
www.3planesoft.comCar exhaust from garage
Sims2.puskala.orgGas heater www.homeinteriorszone.com
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Sources of Indoor Air PollutionParticle board
www.germes-online.com
Plywood
www.vgtrading.com.ar
Img.epinions.comwww.vintageagainsoutheast.comwww.californiapaints.com
Paneling
www.cof.orst.edu
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www.sciencephoto.com
Dust mites
Enhs.umn.edu
Aura.gaia.com
Dust Mite Feces
www.buttercuppuppies.com
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Dust Mite
S. Kaulitzki/Dreamstime
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Pollen
specialcomment.wordpress.com
Fungal spores
www.healthinitiative.org
Bacteria
www.,materials.drexel.edu
Viruses
www.scharfphoto.com Static.howstuffworks.com
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Geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca
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Radioactive Decay Emission
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First Evidence of Radioactivity From Becquerel's Notes
American Institute of Physics Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, William G. Myers Collection
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Decay of Uranium to Lead
(9.1)
Decay sequence produces radon, polonium, and lead
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www.epa.gov Zone 1 (red) = high radon
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www.epa.gov
Red= high radonOrange=medium radonYellow=low radon
Radon Zones
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Mineral Asbestos
Pancaketom/Dreamstime
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Asbestos
Robert Grieshaber
Chrysotile
Amosite
Crocidolite
Chrysotile
www.enviraz.co.uk
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Asbestos
Fire blanket
Brake pads
Pipe insulation
Locomotive insulation Roofing products
Lamp wicks
Ship insulation
Mine
oraclesolutionsltd.co.uk
Attic insulation
Home insulation
www.technicaon-asbestos.co.uk
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Health Effects of AsbestosLung cancer: 4800 deaths/yr USMesothelioma: 2500/yr Cancer of mesothelial membrane lining lungsAsbestosis: 1400/yr US: Slow, debilitating lung diseaseGastro-intestinal cancer: 1200 deaths/yr
Reports.ewg.org
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Libby, Montana
www.bitsofnews.com
Closed Libby vermiculite facility Libby contaminated soil covered
www.home-air-purifier-expert.com
Vermiculite mine, which produced 80% of the world’s vermiculite, opened in 1918. W.R. Grace Co. owned the mine from 1963-1990, during which 192 deaths and 375 lung injuries due asbestos were reported.
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Environmental Tobacco SmokeMainstream smoke
Exhaled smoke
Sidestream smoke Emitted from burning cigarette
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) = second-hand smokeCombination of mainstream and sidestream smoke. Contains more than 4000 particle components and gases, over 50 of which are known carcinogens. ETS may cause 17% of lung cancers of nonsmokers.
ConcentrationsOne pack of cigarettes ≈ 20 mg m-3 of particles in room over 24 hours. Near smoker, concentrations 500-1000 mg m-3
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Mainstream/Sidestream Smoke
R. Kneschke/Henrischmit/Dreamstime
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Comparison of Cigarette with Automobile Emissions
Table 9.3
CO NOx ParticlesAvg. cigarette emission (g/cigarette) 0.0464 0.0021 0.058
Avg. automobile emission (g/mi) 4.2 0.07 0.01
Number of cigarettes resulting in sameemission as driving one mile 90.5 33.3 0.17
Est. U.S. cigarette emiss. (tonnes/day) 61 2.7 76
Est. mobile-source emiss. (tonnes/day) 193,000 40,60012,200
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Indoor Cookstove
Kacpura/Dreamstime
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Indoor Workplace Standards
www.ipmsafety.com
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Indoor Workplace StandardsNAAQS apply to outdoor pollution only in the U.S.
No regulations control air pollution in indoor residences.
Standards for indoor workplaces set by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
Recommendations for standards made by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. (ACGIH).
Permissible exposure limits (PELs) - set by NIOSHMaximum allowable indoor workplace concentration over 8-h day
Time-weighted average threshold limit value (TWA-TLV)Similar to PELs, but set by ACGIH
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Comparison of Indoor with Outdoor Standards
Table 9.4
Indoor 8-hOutdoor
PEL and Outdoor California
TWA-TLV NAAQS Standard
Gas (ppmv) (ppmv) (ppmv)
Carbon monoxide 35 9.0 (8-h) 9 (8-h)
Nitrogen dioxide 1 (15-m) 0.053 (annual) 0.18 (1-h)
Ozone 0.1 0.075 (8-h) 0.07 (8-h)
Outdoor standards tougher to protect entire population. Outdoor standards for NO2(g) tougher since ozone forms outdoors,
but not indoors, from NO2(g).