presentation qualitative research

7/28/2019 Presentation Qualitative Research

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S I T I K H A D I J A H B I N T I A B D U L S A M A D

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH


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CONTENT:

WHAT IS

QUALITATIVERESEARCH

GENERALCHARACTERIS

TICS

PHILOSPHICAL

ASSUMPTIONS

POSTMODERNI

SM

STEPS INQUALITATIVE

RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE

DATA ANALYSIS

QUALITATIVEAND

QUANTITATIVERESEARCH

RECONSIDERED


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WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?

Focus on

quality

Quality ofrelationships,

activities,situations, or

materials

Greateremphasis on

holistic

description

Example ofqualitativestudies:

A Framework forUnderstandingTeaching withthe Internet
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

The natural setting is thedirect source of data,

and the researcher is the

key instrument inqualitative research

Qualitative data arecollected in the form of

words or pictures ratherthan numbers.

Qualitative researchersare concerned with

process as well product.

Qualitative researchers

tend to analyze theirdata inductively.

How people make sense

out of their lives is amajor concern toqualitative researchers.


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ASSUMPTIONS OF QUALITATIVERESEARCHERS

The individuals involved construct reality thus realityexist in the form of multiple mental constructions.

Research investigation produce alternative visions ofwhat the world is like

It is impossible for the researcher to stand apart from theindividuals he is studying

Values are an integral part of the research process

Facts and values are inextricably intertwined

The initial ambiguity occurs in a study is desirable

The purpose of educational research is an understandingof what things mean to others.


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POSTMODERNISM

Deny the existenceof underlying

structures in thedomain of social

behaviour

Argue that allnaturally occurring

languages areinevitably made upof ambiguous terms

that change overtimeand therefore all

statements that usethese language

cannot be verified


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STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Identificationof the

phenomenon

Identificationof the

participants

Generation ofhypothesis

Data collectionData analysis

Interpretations

andconclusions


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Identification of the Phenomenon

The researcher must identify theparticular phenomenon he or she is

interested in investigating.

All qualitative studies begin with

foreshadowed problems- they givethe researcher something to look for.


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Identification of the Participants

The participants in the study constitute the sample ofindividuals who will be observed(interviewed,etc.)

In other words, the subjects of the study.

In almost all qualitative research, the sample is apurposive sample.


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Generation of Hypothesis

Hypotheses are not usually stated at the beginning ofa study at the beginning of a study as they are in mostquantitative studies.

Even if they do, it is not called as hypothesis but it isusually called aspropositions.

They are flexible, discardable, and replaceable toolsintended to help guide qualitative data collection andanalysis.


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Data Collection

Data are not collected at the end of the study.

Rather, the collection of data in a qualitative studyis ongoing.

The researcher is continually observing people,events and occurrences and also in-depthinterviews with selected participants.


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Data analysis

Analyzing data in qualitative study involvesanalyzing, synthesizing, and reducing theinformation the researcher obtains into a

coherent description.

Data analysis in qualitative data reliesheavily on description.


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Interpretations and conclusions

In qualitative research, interpretationsare made continuously throughout the

course of a study.

Qualitative researchers tend to

formulate their interpretation as theygo along.


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APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Narrativeresearch

Phenomenology

Groundedtheory

Casestudies

Ethnographicand historicalresearch


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Narrative Research

The participantrecalls one ormore special

events(epiphany) in his

or her life.

The researcherdescribes the

setting orcontext within

which theepiphanyoccurred

The researcher is

actively presentduring the study

and openlyacknowledgesthat his or her

report is an

interpretation ofthe participantsexperiences.

The study of the life experiences of an individual astold to the researcher or found in documents and

archival material.


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DifferentForms ofNarrativeResearch

BiographicalStudy

Autobiography

Life History

Oral History

Narrative Research


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Phenomenology

Investigates various reactions to, orperceptions of, a particular phenomenon

To gain some insights of the participants andto describe their perceptions and reactions

Data are usually collected through in-depthinterviewing.


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Grounded theory

The researchers intend to generate a theory that isgrounded in data who have experienced the process

Grounded theories are not generated before a studybegins, but are formed inductively from the data thatare collected during the study itself.

Researchers start with the data they have collectedand then develop generalizations after they look atthe data.


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Case studies

Understanding a specific individualor situation.

Intrinsic Case Study

Interested in studying the particularcase only as a means to some largergoal.

Instrumental CaseStudy

Studies multiple cases at the sametime as part of one overall study.

Multiple(Collective)Case Study


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Ethnographic and historical research

Ethnographic research focuses on the study

of a culture.

Historical research concentrates exclusively

on the past.


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SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Typical sample

Critical sample

Homogeneous sample

Extreme case sample

Theoretical sample

Opportunistic sample

Confirming sample

Maximal variationsample

Snowball sample


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QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

Coding

Analytic process through which data are fractured,conceptualized and integrated to form theory

Descriptive or interpretive

Categorization, thematic analysis, advanced theory building.


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QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVERESEARCH RECONSIDERED

Can qualitative and quantitative approaches beused together? Of course.

It is common not only to prepare questionnairefor people to answer in writing, but also toconduct open ended personal interviews in asurvey research.

Which is the best approach?

The important thing is to know what questioncan best be answered by which method orcombination of methods.

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