presentation plumbing

SANITARY AND

PLUMBING SYSTEMS

FLEA 2010 REVIEW

UT

ILIT

IES

Introduction

P

LUMBING

P L U M B I N G

Is the art and technique of installing pipes,

fixtures & other apparatuses in buildings &

for bringing the supply, liquids, substances

&/or ingredients & removing them;

from the Latin plumbum for lead as pipes

were once made from lead.

refers to a system of pipes and fixtures

installed in a building for the distribution

of potable water and the removal of

waterborne wastes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead

Introduction - history

P

LUMBING

PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES

Birth of plumbing profession traced back to the 17th century

as Spaniards established Walled City known as Intramuros

as a model community.

In 1902, the PLUMBING TRADE was duly recognized by the

government.

Master Plumber John F. Hass became the 1st Chief of Division

of Plumbing Construction and Construction. A plumbing code

based on the Plumbing Code of the US was incorporated into

the Building Code for the City of Manila.

In 1935 the National Master Plumbers Association of the

Philippines (NAMPAP) was organized and registered with

the SEC.

Introduction - history

P

LUMBING

PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES

City Ordinance 2411 known as “The Plumbing Code for the

City of Manila” was enacted with the consultation of

NAMPAP

In 1954, the 3rd Congress of the Republic of the Philippines

approved after the third reading House Bill No. 962. This

became Republic Act No. 1378.

In December 21, 1999 pursuant t Section 4 of R.A. 1378,

Joseph Ejercito Estrada approved the Revised Plumbing

Code of 1999.

On June 28, 1955, R.A. 1378 known as the “Plumbing Code of

the Philippines was signed by President Ramon Magsaysay.

Plumbing System - Fundamentals

P

LUMBING

PLUMBING SYSTEMSystem includes all potable water supply and distributionpipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary andstorm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leadersand downspouts; and all building drains and sewers,including their respective joints and connections;devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within theproperty; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hotand chilled water piping; potable water treating or usingequipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents forsame.

SUPPLY PIPE

FIXTUREDRAINAGE

PIPE


P

LUMBING

PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

SANITARY DRAINAGE AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM

STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

PLUMBING FIXTURE

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

FUEL AND GAS PIPING SYSTEM


P

LUMBING

PLUMBING CYLE

S U P P L Y

Water Mains,Storage Tanks

DISTRIBUTION

Pressure,PipingNetworks

U S E

PlumbingFixtures

COLLECTION

Gravity,PipingNetworks

TREATMENT

Sewage Plants,NaturalPurification

S O U R C E

Lakes, Rivers,Reservoirs

Treated waterreturned to theoriginal source

DISPOSAL

Sanitary andStorm Sewers

P

LUMBING

WATER SUPPLY

AND

DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM

Water Supply and Distribution System

P

LUMBING

definitionCarries water from the water source, street main or a

pump to the building and to various points in the

building at which water is used.

COLD WATER SUPPLY

HOT WATER SUPPLY

WATERplays an important part in the plumbing system

Providing water is one of the most critical utility requirement

“Universal Solvent”


P

LUMBING

WATER CYCLE3 MAJOR STAGES

EVAPORATION

CONDENSATION

PRECIPITATION


P

LUMBING

SOURCES OF WATERRAIN WATER

Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and

stored in cisterns or ponds.

ADVANTAGE

Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water

supply system

DISADVANTAGE

Only a source during the wet season

Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes

Roofs may not be clean


P

LUMBING

SOURCES OF WATERGROUND WATERThe portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth to

form underground deposits called aquifers (water- bearing soil

formation).

ADVANTAGE

DISADVANTAGE

From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for

domestic use in most rural areas.

Usually has an abundant supply;

requires less treatment because of natural filtering.

May have organic matter & chemical elements usually

treatment is suggested.


P

LUMBING

SOURCES OF WATERNATURAL SURFACE WATER

A mixture of surface run-off and ground water. Surface sources

includes rivers, lakes, ponds and impounding reservoirs.

ADVANTAGE

Usually easy to acquire and in large quantities.

Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and, when treated,

for community water supply.

DISADVANTAGE

Contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, & inorganic

substances; Purification & treatment is necessary.


P

LUMBING

USES OF WATER

NOURISHMENT

CLEANSING AND HYGIENE

CEREMONIAL USES

TRANSPORTATIONAL USES

COOLING MEDIUM

ORNAMENTAL ELEMENT

PROTECTIVE USES


P

LUMBING

PHYSICAL PROPETIES OF WATER

SURFACE TENSION

HEAT ABSOPTION/CAPACITY

CAPILLARITY

DISSOLVING ABILITY

The ability to stick itself together and pull itself together

The ability to absorb heat without becoming warmer

The ability to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity

Known as the “Universal Solvent”


P

LUMBING

WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR CORRECTION

PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

1. Acidity Contains

carbon dioxide

Corrosion of

non-ferrous

pipes

Rusting &

clogging of

steel pipes

Passing the water

through a bed of

crushed marble or

limestone to

achieve alkalinity,

or adding sodium

silicate.)

2. Hardness Presence of

magnesium and

calcium salts

Clogging of

pipes

Impaired

laundry and

cooking

Boiling

Introduction of

water softeners

made up of

Zeolite

3. Turbidity Silt or mud in

surface or in

ground

Discoloration

Bad taste

Filtration


P

LUMBING

WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR CORRECTION

PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

4. Color Presence of

Iron and

manganese

Discoloration of

fixtures

and laundry

Chlorination or

ozonation and file

filtration

5. Pollution Contamination

by organic

matter or

sewage

Disease Chlorination


P

LUMBING

Water treatment and purificationis any method that will remove one or more materials that make

the water unsuitable for a given use

AERATIONWater is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb

additional oxygen for better taste.


P

LUMBING

COAGULATION - FLOCCULATION

process by which small sediment particles which do not settle well combine together to form larger particles which can be removed by sedimentation

COAGULATION chemical process in which the coagulant reacts

with the sediment to make it capable of

combining into larger particles.

FLOCCULATIONphysical process in which the sediment particles

collide with each other and stick together.


P

LUMBING

SEDIMENTATION

suspended solids are removed from the water by gravity settling and

deposition

water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a

period of time


P

LUMBING

FILTRATION

water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles.

DISINFECTION/ CHLORINATION

method of introducing a controlled amount of chlorine to the water in

order to attain a desired degree of disinfection.


P

LUMBING

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS


P

LUMBING

WELLSWells are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be

withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such as draw

bucket, pump, etc.

SHALLOW WELL

GENERAL TYPES OF WELL

DEEP WELL

TYPES OF WELL(ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION)

DUG WELLS

can be constructed with hand tools or power tools

depth of about 15 meters (50 ft)can have the greatest diameter that a space

may allow


P

LUMBING

DUG WELL


P

LUMBING

DRIVEN WELLS

A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section

and driven into the earth. The point may be driven into the

ground to a depth of up to 15 meters (50 ft).


P

LUMBING

BORED WELLS

These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters

(100 ft) deep. The diameter ranges from 2 to 30 inches. The well

is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete.


P

LUMBING

DRILLED WELLS

Requires more elaborate equipment depending on the geology of

the site.

Used for drilling oil and can reach up to 1000 meters in depth.


P

LUMBING

JETTED WELLS

Use extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing

foundation in the vicinity. It makes use of a suction pump above,

while casing acts as the pump riser.


P

LUMBING

PUMPSA pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries.

A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action.

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

RECIPROCATING PUMP

Pump having a plunger that move back and forth within a cylinder

equipped with check valves. The cylinder is best located near or below

the ground level.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry


P

LUMBING

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

It contains an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft. The rotating

impeller increases the water velocity while forcing the water into a

casing thus converting the water’s velocity into higher pressure.


P

LUMBING

TURBINE PUMP

A turbine pump has a vertical turbine located below groundwater

levels and a driving motor located at ground


P

LUMBING

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

Is basically a centrifugal pump complete with electric motors which

are positioned underwater in a suitable bored hole that delivers the

water to the surface


P

LUMBING

JET (EJECTOR) PUMP

Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water

up from a well.


P

LUMBING

PISTON PUMP

Is a positive displacement reciprocating pump in which a plunger is

driven backwards and forwards, or up and down by a mechanical

working head.

Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston.


P

LUMBING

SUMP PUMP

Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be

pumped away from a particular area.

a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a water

collecting sump pit,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump


P

LUMBING

WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE

OVERHEAD TANK/ GRAVITY SUPPLY TANK

Does not have any pressure concerns

but relies on gravity to supply water to

fixtures below.

Use in overhead feed system

COMPONENTS

Supply Pipe

Inlet

Overflow Pipe

Drip Pan

Gate Valves


P

LUMBING

CISTERN

Usually built of reinforced concrete

underground and connected with a pump.

PNEUMATIC WATER TANK

Used in the air pressure system and

often used with a pump.

Make use of pressure relieve valve to

release excess pressure if necessary


P

LUMBING

HOT WATER TANK

Range Boiler

Storage Boiler

Small hot water tank (30-60 cm

diameter; 180cm max length)

Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi

Made of galvanized steel sheet,

copper or stainless steel

Large hot water tank (60-130 cm

in diameter; 5m max length)

Made of heavy duty material

sheets applied with rust proof paint

Standard working pressure limit

is 65 to 100 psi.


P

LUMBING

VALVES AND CONTROLSFUNCTION OF VALVES

Control of the water system- Start or shut down a system

- Regulate pressure

- Check backflow

- Control the direction of water

TYPES OF VALVES

GATE VALVE (Full-way Valve)

Used mainly to completely close or

completely open the water line (does

not control flow of water).

Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc Valve

Double Disc Valve


P

LUMBING

GLOBE VALVE

Controls the flow of water with amovable spindle. Can reduce waterpressure (throttling).

Plug Type Disc Valve

Conventional Disc Valve

Composition Disc Valve

3 types


P

LUMBING

CHECK VALVE

Main function is to prevent reversal of

flow (backflow) in the line.

Swing Check Valve

Lift Check Valve

Horizontal Check valve

4 types

Vertical Check Valve


P

LUMBING

ANGLE VALVE

Used to make a 90° turn in a line.

FOOT VALVE

Located at the lower end of the pump. Used

mainly to prevent loss of priming of the pumps.

SAFETY VALVE

Used on water systems, heating systems,

compressed air lines & other pipe lines

with excessive pressure.


P

LUMBING

COMPRESSION COCK

Operates by the compression of a soft

packing upon a metal sheet.

BALL FAUCETConstructed with a ball connected to the

handle.

TYPES OF FAUCETS

KEY COCKOperates with a round tapering plug

ground to fit a metal sheet.

HOSE BIBBA water faucet made for the threaded

attachment of a hose.

http://en.mimi.hu/home/water.html

http://en.mimi.hu/home/faucet.html


P

LUMBING

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMThe water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary

connecting pipes, fittings, control valves and all appurtenances in or

adjacent to the structure or premises.

PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

SERVICE PIPE

The pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply

to the water distribution system of the building served.

WATER METER

Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that

passes through the water service.

DISTRIBUTION PIPE/ SUPPLY PIPEA pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water

from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization.


P

LUMBING

RISER

A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey

water to branches or to a group of fixtures.

FIXTURE BRANCH

A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.

The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water

distributing pipe.

FIXTURE SUPPLY


P

LUMBING

TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION

COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Water is provided by the city water companies using normal

pressure from public water main

DIRECT (UPFEED)

INDIRECT

- Down feed or Gravity System

- Hydro pneumatic System ( Air Pressure System)

DIRECT (UPFEED)


P

LUMBING

Water is pumped into a large

tank on top of the building and

is distributed to the fixtures by

means of gravity.

DOWNFEED or

GRAVITY SYSTEM


P

LUMBING

When pressure supplied

by city water supply is not

strong enough

HYDRO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM/

AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM

Compressed air is used to

raise and push water into

the system


P

LUMBING

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & tanks.

1. Pressure from water main is inadequate to supply tall buildings.

2. Water supply is affected during peak load hour.

Upfeed System

Air Pressure System

1. With compact pumping unit.2. Sanitary due to air tight water

chamber.3. economical (smaller pipe diam)4. less initial construction &

maintenance cost5. Oxygen in the compressed air serves

as purifying agent.6. Adaptable air pressure.7. Air pressure serves zones of about 10

stores intervals.

1. Water supply is affected by loss of pressure inside the tank in case of power interruption.


P

LUMBING

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Water is subject to contamination.2. High maintenance cost.3. Occupies valuable space.4. Requires stronger foundation and

other structure to carry additional load of tank and water.

1. Water is not affected by peak load hour.

2. Not affected by power interruptions.3. Time needed to replace broken parts

does not affect water supply.

Overheadfeeed System


P

LUMBING

Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems

Upfeed and Gravity Return System

With a continuing network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water

Hot water rises on its own & does not need any pump for circulation

Hot water is immediately drawn form the fixture any time

Provided economical circulating return of unused hot water

Larger pipe is installed at thetop of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the lowerfloors of the building


P

LUMBING

Types of the Hot Water Distribution SystemsDownfeed and Gravity Return System

Hot water rises on to the highest point of the plumbing system and travels to the fixtures via gravity (closed pipe system)

Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water & gravity.

Larger pipe is installedat the bottom of theriser & the diminishing sizes passesthrough the upperfloors of the building


P

LUMBING

Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems

Pump Circuit System

For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings

SANITARY DRAINAGE

SYSTEMS

FLEA 2010 REVIEW

P

LUMBING

Sanitary Drainage System

The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the house sewer or the terminating point of the Sanitary system

Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and vents, should be located strategically so as to ensure efficient circulation

General Rules in designing

the Sanitary system:

Waste Collection System

Subsystems of the

Sanitary System:

Ventilation System

P

LUMBING


used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.

Vent Pipe

a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.

Trap

the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings extending through one or more stories and extended thru the roof.

Stack

any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.

Branch

conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.

Waste Pipe

P

LUMBING


House/Building Sewer

House/Building Drain

extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site.

part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building.

P

LUMBING


Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction

use 45° wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep

Vertical to Horizontal change in direction

45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep

CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY

DRAINAGE LINES

P

LUMBING


Horizontal to vertical change in direction

use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination wye -1/8 bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweeps.

No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross)

Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes larger than the largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm dia.)

P

LUMBING


Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2% or 20mm/m (¼” per foot).

Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building plans, pipes 102 mm dia or larger may have a slope of not less than 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the Administrative Authority

MINIMUM SLOPE OF

SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES

P

LUMBING


Types of Permissible Traps:

The Common P-Trap

The Deep Seal P-Trap

Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, & urinals

Materials commonly used for the P-trap: nickel, chrome plated brass,Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.

Water seal is about twice the size ofThe common P-trap

Used for extreme conditions becauseresealing quality is greater

P

LUMBING


The Running Trap

Used within the line of the house drain

The Stand Trap

Used for fixtures such as slop sinksthat are usually built low in the ground, leaving very little space for a foundation & a trap

Serves as a water seal & structural support for the fixture

P

LUMBING


The Drum Trap

Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)

Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water (bathtubs, shower or floor drains)

P

LUMBING


Traps REQUIRED

Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap.

REQUIREMENTS:

Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the vent)

One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment sinksor laundry tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the sameroom, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75 m apart.

P

LUMBING


SIZE OF TRAPS:

The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is connected.

Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative Authority for special conditions.

P

LUMBING


INSTALLATION OF TRAPS:The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.

The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.

Note: In no case shall the

trap distance be less than 2times the diameter of thetrap arm.

TRAP ARMDIAMETER

DISTANCETO VENT

Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms

32 mm 0.76 m

38 mm 1.07 m

51 mm 1.52 m

76 mm 1.83 m

102 mm & larger 3.05 m

For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.

P

LUMBING


Clean-outs REQUIRED

at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line

at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total developed length

at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction thereof

additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°

inside the building near the connection between the building drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.

REQUIREMENTS:

P

LUMBING


Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED

on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is serving sinks or urinals.

on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)

P

LUMBING


Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system

Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the

circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.

VENTILATION

P

LUMBING


Main Soil & Waste Vent

the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitarysystem

Connected to the Main Soil & WasteStackThe portion where waste does not travel throughContinues to the roof; the portionpenetrating the roof is called the Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)

Main Types:VENTS

P

LUMBING


Main Vent

the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches are connected.

serves as support to the Main Soil &Waste Vent

a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’

P

LUMBING


Individual Vent or Back Vent

a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, thatconnects with the vent system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air.

P

LUMBING


Unit, Common, or Dual Vent

an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipeserve two (2) traps.

P

LUMBING


Relief Vent

a vertical vent line that providesadditional circulation of air between the drainage and vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a specially designed system such as a “yoke vent” connection between the soil and vent stacks.

P

LUMBING


Yoke or By-pass Vent

a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor and higher than the highest spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the stacks.

P

LUMBING


Circuit Vent

a group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme (highest) fixture connection on a horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.

a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’

Serves a battery of fixtures

P

LUMBING


Looped Vent

a vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe branch at a point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a horizontal line above the highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected there

Used in spaces without partitions

P

LUMBING


Wet Vent

that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also flows through.

P

LUMBING


Local Vent

a pipe or shaft to convey foul airfrom a plumbing fixture or a roomto the outer air.

Dry Vent

a vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes.

P

LUMBING


Vent Stack

the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system. The uppermost end above the roof has traditionally been referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).

Stack Vent

the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.

P

LUMBING


Vents REQUIRED

Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-pressure through venting.

Vents NOT REQUIRED

on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly trapped and vented.

Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into a floor sink or other approved type receptor.

REQUIREMENTS:

P

LUMBING


SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS:

Trap Seal Loss

- Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system due to inadequate ventilation of traps

- Attributed to the following conditions:

Siphonage- direct and momentum

P

LUMBING


Retardation of flow

Deterioration of the Materials

- Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity

Back Pressure

Evaporation- caused by extreme temperatures, idleness

Wind Effects- strong winds blow the trap seal

- Due to the formation of acids

P

LUMBING


Indirect Waste Pipe– is a pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.

P

LUMBING


SEPTIC TANKSDefinition:

A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to

receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer,

separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and

store digested solids through a period of detention, and allow

the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal

SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water and settle at the bottom of the septic tank

SCUM- lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the

water

EFFLUENT- liquid content of sewage

DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process; where used water and water-carried wastes are brought to various disposal outlets

P

LUMBING


Bacteria in septic tank

to encourage decomposition:

Aerobic bacteria- relies on oxygen to survive

Anaerobic bacteria- can survive in places without

oxygen

P

LUMBING


Minimumdimensions-L= 1500mmW=900mmD=1200mm

P

LUMBING


have a minimum of 2 compartments:First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity; shall be at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity

COMPARTMENTS:

In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.

with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension; one over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required over the baffle wall.

MANHOLES:

maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible from the manhole

P

LUMBING


Inlet and Outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer pipe

SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR VERTICAL LEGS:

Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.

Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the water surface

LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET:

Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm above the invert of the outlet pipe.

P

LUMBING


Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.

AIR SPACE:

Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back vent openings.

PARTITION (between compartments):

An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in no case less than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed in the inlet compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of the fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles are prohibited.

Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 14.4 kPa

STRUCTURE:

P

LUMBING


The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various building occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater.

CAPACITY:

The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall also be limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage field.

Should not be located underneath the house

LOCATION:

At least 15 meters from the water distribution system

P

LUMBING


CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS:

Combination Public Sewers

Storm Sewers

Oldest variety

Carries both storm & sanitary wastes

Sanitary Sewers

Carries regular sanitary wastes onlyTerminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for treatmentBuilt at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)

STORM DRAINAGE

SYSTEMS

FLEA 2010 REVIEW

P

LUMBING

Storm Drainage System

The Independent System

a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’

3 Major Systems of

Collecting Storm Water:

Brings collected water directly to the water reservoirs

P

LUMBING


The Combined System

Combines storm water with sanitary wastes

P

LUMBING


The Natural System

Without using any roof gutters or downspouts

Also when rainwater is collected in cisterns

Storm Drain Locations

P

LUMBING


The Gutter

Roofing Elements to

Collect Rainwater:

The Downspout

Usually located along the entire perimeter of the roof

Located every 8 to 10 meters& at every corner of the roof (but, to avoid clogging of pipes, it is best to locate them every 4 to 6 m)

P

LUMBING


The Strainer or Roof Drain

The Shoe

Drain designed to receive water collecting on the surface of a roof and to discharge it into a downspout. Designed to prevent clogging.

At the bottom of the roof leader to direct rain-water towards the nearest catch basin

P

LUMBING


The Storm Line

The Catch Basin

Downspouts should terminate in a catch basin (can serve more than one downspout)

Delivers water to the sewers in the street via gravity

Area-Drain-Catch-Basin: also collects surface water

Connects to each catch basin

END

FLEA 2010 REVIEW

presentation plumbing

Documents

plumbing fixtures

water source

plumbing trade

plumbing systemi

plumbing codeb

chilled water

potable water supply

plumbing code ofb