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ICT initiatives in Papua New Guinea – impact of mobile phones on socio-economic development Joseph Kim SUWAMARU [email protected] SSGM June 19 , 2014. Presentation outline. Aims of research Literature review Research questions Theoretical framework Methodology Data analyses - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ICT initiatives in Papua New Guinea – impact of mobile phones on socio-economic development
Joseph Kim [email protected]
SSGM June 19, 2014
Presentation outline
• Aims of research
• Literature review
• Research questions
• Theoretical framework
• Methodology
• Data analyses
• Research findings
• Discussion through the theoretical framework
• Conclusions & take home message
• Aims of research
• Literature review
• Research questions
• Theoretical framework
• Methodology
• Data analyses
• Research findings
• Discussion through the theoretical framework
• Conclusions & take home message
2
Aim of the research • Investigation of impact and influences of mobile
phones on socio-economic development in Papua New Guinea (PNG).
• Socio-economic development as: ‘the process of supporting healthcare and education access together with income earning opportunities for citizens in PNG while observing cultural integrity in the face of direct or indirect use of mobile phones’.
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Literature Review (over 480 literature consulted)
It is estimated that by 2014/2015 there will be more mobile phones than people on this planet.. 4
Literature review
• Mobile phones are bridging the digital divide and transforming many economic, social, and medical realities, particularly in developing countries… (Greengard, 2008).
• Increased connectivity between nations, communities and people through ICTs and mobile phones intensifying the flow of social, economic, cultural practices & ideas including goods and services…(Rangarajan, 2006).
• Accelerating interdependence, action at a distance, and compression of time and space, and compression of the world and intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole…(Ritzer & Malone, 2000).
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Research questions
How can mobile phones impact on and influence socio-economic development in Papua New Guinea?
1) What are the primary attitudes toward and uses of mobile phones?
2) What are the cultural aspects of mobile phone usage? 3) What are the aspects of mobile phone usage in healthcare?4) What are the aspects of mobile phone usage in schools? 5) What are the social aspects of mobile phone usage?6) What are the economic aspects of mobile phone usage?
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mobile phones
increased connectivity
Theoretical frameworkGlobalization of mobile
phones enabled by standardization and
shifts in ICT policy (Manivannan, 2008)
Integration of economies through mobile phones enables flows in information, ideas and practices (Rangarajan, 2006).
Communication of innovation through various channelsamong citizens over time (Rogers, 1983) .
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Bougainville130
East New Britain60
West New Britain145
MADANG106
Central Province81
Southern HighlandsProvince
80
Eastern Highlands125
© jks2012
Data collection sites across PNG
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Mixed methods: - convenience samplingMixed methods: - convenience sampling
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PCA No: Primary attitudes of mobile phone users Factor Loading Score
1 Changes English and tok pisin 0.82/0.78
2 Functions as personal friend and source of entertainment 0.66
3 Popularity across PNG communities 0.81
4 Adversely impacts (non-utilitarian aspects) 0.67
5 Supportive usage in schools 0.79
6 Supportive usage in trading 0.72
7 Building self esteem 0.67
8 Personal assistant 0.74
Primary attitudes of surveyed mobile phone users
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PCA No: Primary uses of mobile phones Factor Loading Score
1 Business use 0.74
2 Internet portal 0.78
3 Instantaneous contact 0.74
4 Contact with healthcare and school workers 0.72
5 Sending and exchanging of call credits 0.77
Primary uses of mobile phone
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Cultural aspects – thematic networks
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Uses in healthcare – thematic networks
13
Use in schools – thematic networks
14
Social aspects – thematic networks
15
Business uses – thematic networks
16
Changes English and Tok Pisin (A1)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.40000
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000
0.00000
-0.10000
-0.20000
-0.30000
Mean o
f FA
C1_1
Mean plot of factor 1: Social and Community Welfare
Mobile phones improve English and tok pisin
Mea
n of
atti
tude
1
Regions where data were collected
17
Personal friend and source of entertainment (A2)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000
0.00000
-0.10000
-0.20000
-0.30000
Mean o
f FA
C2_1
Factor 2: Mobile Phone provides friendship and Entertainment
Mobile phones function as personal friend & source of entertainment
Mea
n of
atti
tude
2
Regions where data were collected
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Popularity across PNG (A3)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.40000
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000
0.00000
-0.10000
-0.20000
Mean o
f FA
C3_1
Mean Plot of Factor 3: Mobile Phone is popular and beneficial to Business
Mobile phones are popular in communities across PNG
Regions where data were collected
Mea
n of
atti
tude
3
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Adverse impacts or non-utilitarian use (A4)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.60000
0.40000
0.20000
0.00000
-0.20000
-0.40000
Mean o
f FA
C4_1
Mean plot of Factor 4: Mobile phone is destructive to traditional Values
Adverse impacts on language and culture
Mea
n of
atti
tude
4
Regions where data were collected
20
Usefulness in Schools (A5)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.40000
0.20000
0.00000
-0.20000
-0.40000
Mean o
f FA
C5_1
Mean Plot of Factor 5: Use of Mobile Phones in the School Value Chain
Mobile phones are useful in schools
Regions where data were collected
Mea
n of
atti
tude
5
No Province pair P-value
1 Central province and Bougainville 0.004
2 West New Britain and Bougainville 0.007
3 Bougainville and East New Britain 0.009
4 Bougainville and Southern Highlands 0.018
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Usefulness in trading (A6)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000
0.00000
-0.10000
-0.20000
-0.30000
-0.40000
Mean o
f FA
C6_1
Mean plot of Factor 6: Utility device for trading and emergency
Regions where data were collected
Mobile phones are used for trading
Mea
n of
atti
tude
6
22
Building self esteem (A7)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.40000
0.20000
0.00000
-0.20000
-0.40000
-0.60000
Mean o
f FA
C7_1
Mean plot of Factor 7: Ownership of Mobile phone leads to self esteem
Mobile phones lead to self esteem
Regions where data were collected
Mea
n of
atti
tude
7
No statistically significant difference was identified.
23
Personal assistant (A8)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.40000
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000
0.00000
-0.10000
-0.20000
-0.30000
Mean o
f FA
C8_1
Mean Plot of Factor 8: Mobile phone is a personal assistant
Regions where data were collected
Mobile phones function as personal friend
Mea
n of
atti
tude
8
No statistically significant difference was identified.
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Business use (U1)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000
0.00000
-0.10000
-0.20000
-0.30000
-0.40000
Mean o
f FA
C1_2
m-banking and information search
Business use of mobile phones
Regions where data were collected
Me
an o
f p
rim
ary
Use
1
No statistically significant difference was identified.
25
Internet access (U2)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.40000
0.20000
0.00000
-0.20000
-0.40000
Mean o
f FA
C2_2
Entertainment, Internet access and School work
Information search on the internet
Regions where data were collected
Mea
n of
pri
mar
y U
se 2
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Instantaneous contact (U3)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.40000
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000
0.00000
-0.10000
-0.20000
-0.30000
Mean o
f FA
C3_2
Family contact and Working tool
Maintaining family & community cohesion
Regions where data were collected
Mea
n of
pri
mar
y U
se 3
No statistically significant difference was identified.
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Contacting healthcare & school workers (U4)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.10000
0.00000
-0.10000
-0.20000
Mean o
f FA
C4_2
Factor 4: Mobile use to contact education and health workers
Enabling contact with education & health workers
Regions where data were collected
Mea
n of
prim
ary
Use
4
No statistically significant difference was identified.
28
Exchanging call credits (U5)
SouthernHighlands
IslandsRabaul
IslandsARoB
CoastalMadang
IslandsKimbe
CoastalGaire
EasternHighlands
Region where data was collected, i.e Highlands, Coastal & Islands
0.40000
0.30000
0.20000
0.10000
0.00000
-0.10000
-0.20000
-0.30000
Mean o
f FA
C5_2
Factor 5: Mobile use for reciprocal gift giving
Exchanging of call credits
Regions where data were collected
Mea
n of
prim
ary
Use
5
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Discussion through theoretical framework
Consistent with the DOI theory, widespread adoption and use of mobile phones within PNG communities occurred through various channels (interpersonal, newspapers, radios, billboards) among citizens over a relatively shorter time period.
The primary attitudes toward and uses of mobile phones are manifestations of the perceived attributes required to achieve critical mass to sustain mobile phone adoption and use.
The primary attitudes and uses encompass socio-economic development issues which are major determinants toward the adoption and use of mobile phones.
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Diffusion of innovation theory Consistent with DOI theory, manifestations of the relative
advantage over existing modes and compatibility with felt needs (antecedents) gave way to their adoption and use.
Mobile phones are easily observable and trial-able due to the culture of communal living and sharing across PNG communities, leading to their adoption and use.
ANOVA and MANOVA tests revealed what DOI theory calls homophilous and heterophilous attributes between end-users across PNG communities. i.e similarities/differences in culture based belief systems, education and social-economic status. 31
Globalization theory
• Influences of globalization led to the proliferation of mobile phones across PNG after a shift in government policy.
• High diffusion levels led to increased connectivity between end-users through which flow of ideas and practices encompassing cultural, social and economic activities are being enabled.
• Accessing, sharing and consuming music & images through Bluetooth are examples of flow of cultural ideas & content through increased connectivity. This has connotations with cultural hegemony.
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Globalization theory • Conducting business transactions enabled by increased
connectivity is also consistent with globalization theory.
• Take-up of m-banking involves undertaking transactions through mobile phones and is possible due to the near ubiquity of these devices.
• The perception that the use of mobile phones changes English and Tok pisin can be seen as a form of globalization of two languages that are not local.
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Consequences of innovation
According to the DOI theory there are direct and desirable (anticipated), & indirect, undesirable (unanticipated) consequences of diffusion of innovations.
The primary attitudes and uses can be viewed as direct desirable consequences.
The attitudes and themes relating to adverse impacts on culture and languages can be viewed as undesirable (unanticipated) consequences.
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Conclusions Diffusion levels of mobile phones are much higher than
other forms of ICTs in PNG, because of the easiness with which it meets communication needs.
The primary attitudes pertain to perceptions regarding the social, cultural and economic potential of mobile phones in PNG.
The primary uses reflect social and economic applications of mobile phones in PNG.
There were also adverse consequences on cultural and traditional values noted.
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Take-home message!
The influences of globalization, interpreted within the DOI theory has resulted in mobile phones finding a dominant place in the cultural, social and economic fabric of PNG society. These devices show potential to be harnessed for socio-economic development. The unanticipated, undesirable consequences of this implementation need be managed with maturity over time.
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Thank You
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