presentation on dna sequencing process
TRANSCRIPT
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PRESENTATION ON
BIO-INFORMATICS
DNA SEQUENCING PROCESS
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GROUP MEMBER
SAJIBUL HASSANNAHIAN AHMEDTARIQUL ISLAMMONSUR AHMED SHAFIQOMAR FARUQ
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NAHIAN AHMED ID- 151-15-5137
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DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic
acid that functions include:->Storage of genetic information->Expression of the genetic message
DNA’s major function is to code for proteins. Information is encoded in the order of the nitrogenous bases.
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DNA SEQUENCINGDetermining the order of bases in
asection of DNA.
To analyze gene structure and itsrelation to gene expression as well
asprotein conformation
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HISTORY
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered and isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869
• 1953 structure of DNA established as a double helix
• 1970 first method of DNA sequencing involved a location specific primed extension strategy.
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• 1977 Frederick sanger published a method for DNA sequencing with chain terminating in hibitors.
• 1990 several new methods are developed in the mid to late90,s
• 2003 complete human genome project
History
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SAJIBUL HASSAN ID-151-15-4986
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• Mapping genomes• Determining gene structure• Detecting polymorphism• Analyzing genetic variation• Predicting the possible product(s) of DNA fragments
DNA Sequencing is used for:
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DNA SEQUENCING METHOD
Methods of DNA sequencing :1.Maxam-Gilbert sequencing2.Chain termination method (Sanger method)
Next generation methods:1.Massively parallel signature sequencing2.Polony sequencing 3.Pyrosequencing4.Illumina sequencing5.Solid sequencing
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SANGER METHOD• Most common approach used for DNA
sequencing .
• Invented by Frederick Sanger - 1977 • Nobel prize - 1980
• Also termed as Chain Termination or Dideoxy method
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TARIQUL ISLAM ID -151-15-5144
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STEP - 1The reaction mixture
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• It sorts the newly synthesized DNA strands by length.
• The reaction mixture is heated to keep the newly synthesized strands separated
• Separated strands are loaded onto a tiny capillary tube
• The tube is not much thicker than a human hair and is 1 to 3 feet long
STEP - 2
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1.The emerged strands are passed through a laser beam
2.The beam causes the dye to glow at a specific wavelength, or color. This color is then detected by a photocell
STEP - 3
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• Computers read the sequence from the gel and interpret the colors and print a sequence of nucleotides across the top.
STEP - 4
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MONSUR AHMED SHAFIQ ID-151-15-5439
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COMPARISON
Sanger Method Maxam Gilbert MethodEnzymatic Chemical
Requires DNA synthesis
Requires DNA
Termination of chain elongation
Breaks DNA at different nucleotides
Automation Automation is not available
Single-stranded DNA
Double-stranded or single- stranded DNA
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MORDEN APPLICATIONS OF DNA SEQUENCING
• Forensics: to help identify individuals because each individual has a different genetic sequence
• Medicine: can be used to help detect the genes which are linked to various genetic disorders such as muscular dystrophy.
• Agriculture: The mapping and sequencing of a genome of microorganisms has helped to make them useful for crops and food plants.
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OMAR FARUQID-151-15-5444
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HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
• The biggest challenge for the life sciences
• 15 years project (NIH, DOE of USA)
• Primary goal Sequence base pairs of human beings that form DNA
• Identifying & mapping approx. 20K-25K genes
• Significance Physical & functional•standpoint
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ADVANTAGES• Improved diagnosis of disease• Identify the genes causing genetic
diseases• Identifying crime suspectsDISADVANTAGES
• Whole genome cannot be sequenced at once
• Very slow and time consuming
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Thank You!!!