A CASE STUDY ON STUDENTS’ PROBLEMS IN PRONOUNCING

SHORT AND LONG ENGLISH VOWELS

Presented by: Agus RiadiTeacher Training and Education Faculty of Tanjungpura University, PontianakEmail: agusriadihasan@gmail.com

Pronunciation

Morley (as cited in Pardede, 2007, p. 4), “Intelligible pronunciation is an essential component of communication competence”

When the speaker does not pronounce well, the hearer cannot understand what the speaker means.

“she” [ʃi:] and “thin” [θIn] [sI] and [tIn]

If someone pronounces the words fit and feet, cut and cot, pull and pool, for example, with relatively no differences, in some cases can lead to a misunderstanding.

Even when the non-native speakers’ vocabulary and grammar are excellent, but their pronunciation is bad, they are unable to communicate efficiently and effectively.

Vowels

International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA, (Odden, 2005, p. 39) English consists of twenty eight vowels and fifty eight consonants

ENGLISH VOWELS Monophthongs/ Pure Vowels Diphthongs Triphthongs

INDONESIAN VOWELS [I], [ə], [ɑ], [o], [u], [e]

Short Vowels:[I], [e], [æ], [ʌ], [ɒ], [ʊ]Long Vowels[i], [ɜ], [ɑ], [ɔ], [u], [ɚ]

(Roach, 2000, p. 14-19)

In order to know the students’ pronunciation of English vowel sounds, the researcher conducted a research especially focused on short and long English vowels.

Using a test that can check the differences such as in a test of minimal pairs.

is a pair of words that differ in a single phoneme and have different meanings.

McGilvray (2005, p. 112)

[I] [i:]   [ʌ] [ɑ:]   [ʊ] [u:]

Bit Beat Cut Cot Pull Pool

Fit Feet Hut Hot Full Fool

Sit Seat Nut Not Hood Who’d

Rich Reach Shut Shot Soot Suit

Ship Sheep Cud Cod Could Cooed

METHODTechnique of Data Analysis

Coding Organizing Counting

Criteria Indicators Symbol

Correct / intelligible distinct

- The hearer (researcher and collaborator) can easily understand and distinguish each short and long vowels pronounced by the students in each sentence.

- The students correctly pronouncing short and long vowels.

In middle / mispronounce vowels

- The hearer is hard to distinguish which word is short or long vowels.

- The students pronounced the same sound length between short and long vowels.

- The students incorrectly pronouncing short and long vowels.

Incorrect / mispronounce words

- The hearer cannot understands and distinguishes each short and long vowels pronounced by the students in each sentence.

- The students pronouncing different word than what they have told to pronounce.

(Adapted from Ladefoged, 2010, p. 267 and Brown, 2000, p. 148)

Pronunciation Rubric

RESULTS

Students’ individual and mean score Students’ score of pronouncing vowels [I], [i:], [ʌ], [ɑ:], [ʊ] and [u:] Students’ Transcription The number of students’ pronunciation per headings The proportion of incorrect pronunciation per heading The number of incorrect pronunciation per words and categories

Student’s Name

Individual Score

A-01-AF 12 15 3 40A-02-DJ 14 16 - 47A-03-AW 14 16 - 47A-04-FR 17 13 - 57A-05-P 14 12 4 47A-06-RV 13 13 4 44A-07-RA 17 12 1 57A-08-DS 12 14 4 40A-09-TW 13 15 2 44A-10-YS 22 7 1 74B-01-A 20 10 - 67B-02-AI 19 10 1 64B-03-MN 17 12 1 57B-04-DP 17 12 1 57B-05-F 23 6 1 77B-06-FS 10 17 3 34B-07-I 19 11 - 64B-08-P 14 15 1 47B-09-RS 17 13 - 57B-10-RP 20 9 1 67C-01-MB 22 8 - 74C-02-RK 14 8 8 47C-03-EF 16 14 - 54C-04-ER 16 14 - 54C-05-JW 16 14 - 54C-06-C 13 16 1 44C-07-MD 14 14 2 47C-08-NN 13 7 10 44C-09-NH 18 10 2 60C-10-SS 17 9 4 57

      Total 1623    Mean score 1623/30 = 54

The students’ individual and mean score

NoStudents’ name in code

Sentence number: Total

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15          S L S L S L S L S L S L L  S S L S L S L S L S L S L L  S S L 1 A-01-AF 12 15 3

2 A-02-DJ 14 16 -

3 A-03-AW 14 16 -

4 A-04-FR 17 13 -

5 A-05-P 14 12 4

6 A-06-RV 13 13 4

7 A-07-RA 17 12 1

8 A-08-DS 12 14 4

9 A-09-TW 13 15 2

10 A-10-YS 22 7 1

11 B-01-A 20 10 -

12 B-02-AI 19 10 1

13 B-03-MN 17 12 1

14 B-04-DP 17 12 1

15 B-05-F 23 6 1

16 B-06-FS 10 17 3

17 B-07-I 19 11 -

18 B-08-P 14 15 1

19 B-09-RS 17 13 -

20 B-10-RP 20 9 1

21 C-01-MB 22 8 -

22 C-02-RK 14 8 8

23 C-03-EF 16 14 -

24 C-04-ER 16 14 -

25 C-05-JW 16 14 -

26 C-06-C 13 16 1

27 C-07-MD 14 14 2

28 C-08-NN - 13 7 10

29 C-09-NH 18 10 2

30 C-10-SS 17 9 4

Students’ score of pronouncing vowels [I], [i:], [ʌ], [ :ɑ ], [ʊ] and [u:]

NO STUDENTS CODE

STUDENTS’ PRONUNCIATIONSENTENCE 1 SENTENCE 2 SENTENCE 3 SENTENCE 4  SENTENCE 5 SENTENCE 6  SENTENCE 7 SENTENCE 8

[bɪt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kɑːt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fiːt] [hʌt] [hɑːt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [huːd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [siːt] 

1 A-01-AF[bɪt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [puːl] [puːl] [fɪlt] [fiːt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [hʊd] [huːd] [sɪt] [sɪt]

2 A-02-DJ [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɔːt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʊt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [huːd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]3 A-03-AW [bɪt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [hʊd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]4 A-04-FR [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [puːl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fiːt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [huːd] [huːd] [sɪt] [sɪt]5 A-05-P [bɪt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [wʊd] [hoʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]6 A-06-RV [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [wʊd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]7 A-07-RA [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [huːd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]8 A-08-DS [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [hʊd] [huːd] [sɪt] [sɪt]9 A-09-TW [biːt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [hʊd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]10 A-10-YS [biːt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fiːt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [hʊd] [huːd] [sɪt] [siːt]11 B-01-A

[bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fiːt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [hʊd] [huːd] [sɪt] [siːt]12 B-02-AI [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɑːt] [pʊl] [fʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hɑːn] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [huːd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [siːt]13 B-03-MN [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [wuːd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]14 B-04-DP [bɪt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊt] [puːl] [fɪt] [fiːt] [hʊt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [hʊd] [huːd] [sɪt] [sɪt]15 B-05-F [bɪt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kʌt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fiːt] [hʌt] [hɑːt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [hʊd] [huːd] [sɪt] [siːt]16 B-06-FS

[bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fet] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [wʊd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt] 17 B-07-I [bɪt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kʌt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fiːt] [hʌt] [hɑːt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [hʊd] [huːd] [sɪt] [siːt]18 B-08-P [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [huː] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]19 B-09-RS [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [hʊd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]20 B-10-RP [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hʌt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [hʊd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [siːt]21 C-01-MB [bɪt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fiːt] [hʌt] [hɑːt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [hʊd] [huːd] [sɪt] [siːt]22 C-02-RK [bɪt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [fuːl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [wuːd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]23 C-03-EF [bɪt] [biːt] [kɒt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fiːt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [hʊd] [huːd] [siːt] [sɪt]24 C-04-ER [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [hʊd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]25 C-05-JW [bɪt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hʌt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [hʊd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]26 C-06-C [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hət] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [hʊd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]27 C-07-MD [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [fʊl] [pʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hʌt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [hʊd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]28 C-08-NN

[bɪt] [bes] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [fʊl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fʊl] [wuːd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]29 C-09-NH [bɪt] [biːt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fiːt] [hʌt] [hɑːt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [huː] [huːd] [sɪt] [sɪt]30 C-10-SS [bɪt] [bɪt] [kʌt] [kɒt] [pʊl] [puːl] [fɪt] [fɪt] [hʌt] [hɒt] [fʊl] [fuːl] [wʊd] [hʊd] [sɪt] [sɪt]                                   

NO STUDENTS CODE

STUDENTS’ PRONUNCIATIONSENTENCE 9 SENTENCE 10 SENTENCE 11 SENTENCE 12 SENTENCE 13 SENTENCE 14 SENTENCE 15

[nʌt] [nɑːt] [rɪtʃ] [riːtʃ] [sʊt] [suːt] [ʃʌt] [ʃɑːt] [kʌd] [kɑːd] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]

     1 A-01-AF [nʌt] [nʌt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [suːt] [sʊɪt] [suːt] [sʊt] [kʌd] [kɒd] [sɪp] [sɪp] [kʊd] [kəʊd]2 A-02-DJ [nʊt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [suːt] [suːt] [ʃʌt] [ʃɒt] [cʊd] [kʊd] [ʃɪp] [ʃiːp] [kʊd] [kuːd]3 A-03-AW [nʌt] [nʌt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [sʊt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃʌt] [kʌd] [kɒd] [ʃɪp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kʊd]4 A-04-FR [nʌt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [suːt] [sət] [ʃʌt] [ʃɒt] [kəd] [kɒd] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]5 A-05-P [nʌt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [suːt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃɒt] [kʌd] [kɔːd] [sɪp] [sɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]6 A-06-RV [nʊt] [nʊt] [rɪs] [r tɪ s] [sʊt] [sʊt] [sʊt] [ʃʊt] [kəd] [kɒd] [sɪp] [sɪp] [kʊd] [kʊd]7 A-07-RA [nʌt] [nɑːt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [suːt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃʊt] [cɒd] [cɒd] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]8 A-08-DS [nʌt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [reɪtʃ] [suːt] [sʊt] [sʊt] [sɒt] [kʌd] [kɒd] [sɪp] [sɪp] [kʊd] [kʊd]9 A-09-TW [nʌt] [nɒt] [riːtʃ] [riːtʃ] [suːt] [sʊɪt] [sʌt] [ʃʌt] [kʌd] [kɒd] [ʃiːp] [sɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]10 A-10-YS [nʌt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [riːtʃ] [ʃʊt] [sʊɪt] [ʃʌt] [ʃɑːt] [kʌd] [kɑːd] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]11 B-01-A [nʌt] [nɑːt] [rɪtʃ] [riːtʃ] [suːt] [suːt] [ʃʌt] [ʃʌt] [kʌd] [kɒd] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]12 B-02-AI [nʌt] [nʌt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [suːt] [sʊɪt] [ʃʌt] [ʃʊt] [kʌd] [kʌd] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kɔːd]13 B-03-MN [nʊt] [nʌt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [sɒt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃʊt] [kʌd] [kɒds] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [k lʊ d] [kuːd]14 B-04-DP [nʌt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [sʊt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃɒt] [kʊd] [kɒd] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]15 B-05-F [nʌt] [nɑːt] [rɪtʃ] [riːtʃ] [suːt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃʌt] [kʌd] [kɑːd] [sɪp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]16 B-06-FS [nʊt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [sʊt] [sʊɪt] [ʃʊt] [ʃʊt] [kʊd] [kʊd] [sɪp] [sɪp] [kʊd] [kʊd]17 B-07-I [nʊt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [suːt] [suːt] [ʃʊt] [ʃuːt] [kəd] [kɔːd] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]18 B-08-P [hʊt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [ʃʊt] [sʊɪt] [ʃɒt] [ʃɒt] [kʊd] [kɒd] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [k lɒ d] [kuːd]19 B-09-RS [nʌt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [suːt] [sʊt] [sʌt] [ʃɒt] [kʊd] [kɔːd] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]20 B-10-RP [nʌt] [nʌt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [sʊt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃɒt] [kʌd] [kʌd] [ʃiːp] [sɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]21 C-01-MB [nʌt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [riːtʃ] [suːt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃɒt] [kʌd] [kɒd] [ʃiːp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]22 C-02-RK [nʊt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [sʊt] [ʃʊɪt] [sʌt] [sɒʊt] [cʊd] [kɒd] [sɪp] [sɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]23 C-03-EF [nʌt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [riːs] [suːt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃʌt] [kɒd] [kɔːd] [ʃɪp] [ʃiːp] [kʊd] [kuːd]24 C-04-ER [nʌt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [sʊt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃʊt] [kʌd] [kɒd] [ʃɪp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kʊd]25 C-05-JW [nʌt] [nʌt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [sʊt] [sʊɪt] [ʃʌt] [ʃʌt] [kʌd] [kɒd] [ʃɪp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kɒuːd]

26 C-06-C [nʊt] [nɒt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [sʊt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃʊt] [kʌd] [kɒd] [sɪp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kʊd]27 C-07-MD [nʌt] [nʌt] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [suːt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [sʌt] [kʌd] [kʌd] [ʃɪp] [ʃɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]28 C-08-NN [nʊt] - [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [sʊt] [sʊɪt] [sɒt] [sɒʊt] [kʌd] [kɒd] [sɪp] [sɪp] [k lɒ ] [kɒu]29 C-09-NH [nʌt] [nɔːt] [rɪtʃ] [riːtʃ] [suːt] [sʊt] [sɒt] [sɔːt] [kʌd] [kɔːd] [sɪp] [ʃiːp] [kʊd] [kɒuːd]30 C-10-SS [nʌt] [dɒn] [rɪtʃ] [rɪtʃ] [sʊt] [sʊt] [ʃʌt] [ʃɒt] [kʌd] [kɒd] [siːp] [sɪp] [kʊd] [kuːd]                               

No. Criteria 1.

 

 

2.

 

 

3.

 

 

4.

 

 

5.

 

 

6.

 

 

 

 

Pronunciation of [ɪ]- Sound [ɪ] is a short near-close near-front

unrounded lax vowel.

Pronunciation of [i:]

- Sound [i:] is a long close front unrounded tense

vowel.

Pronunciation of [ʌ]

- Sound [ʌ] is an open-mid back unrounded short lax

vowel.

Pronunciation of [ɑ:]

- Sound [ɑ:] is an open back unrounded long tense

vowel.

Pronunciation of [ʊ]

- Sound [ʊ] is a near-close near-back rounded short

lax vowel.

Pronunciation of [u:]

- Sound [u:] is a close back rounded long tense

vowel.

133

 

 

48

 

 

126

 

 

9

 

 

112

 

 

55

7

 

 

90

 

 

16

 

 

136

 

 

34

 

 

82

10

 

 

12

 

 

8

 

 

5

 

 

4

 

 

13

  Total 483 365 52

The number of students’ pronunciation per headings

No. Criteria Incorrect

Pronunciation

Percentage

(%)

1.

 

 

2.

 

 

3.

 

 

4.

 

 

5.

 

 

6.

 

 

Pronunciation of [ɪ]- Sound [ɪ] is a short near-close near-front

unrounded lax vowel.

Pronunciation of [i:]

- Sound [i:] is a long close front unrounded tense

vowel.

Pronunciation of [ʌ]

- Sound [ʌ] is an open-mid back unrounded short lax

vowel.

Pronunciation of [ɑ:]

- Sound [ɑ:] is an open back unrounded long tense

vowel.

Pronunciation of [ʊ]

- Sound [ʊ] is a near-close near-back rounded short

lax vowel.

Pronunciation of [u:]

- Sound [u:] is a close back rounded long tense

vowel.

 

 

17

 

102

 

 

24

 

 

 

141

 

 

38

 

 

95

 

4.1%

 

24.5%

 

 

5.7%

 

 

 

33.81%

 

 

9.11%

 

 

22.78%

  Total 417 100%

The proportion of incorrect pronunciation per heading

No. Number Incorrect Pronunciation

Word Transcription Categories

1 29 Cot [kɑːt] Sound [ɑ:] is an open back unrounded long tense vowel.

2 29 Not [nɑːt] Sound [ɑ:] is an open back unrounded long tense vowel.

3 29 Suit [suːt] Sound [u:] is a close back rounded long tense vowel.

4 29 Shot [ʃɑːt] Sound [ɑ:] is an open back unrounded long tense vowel.

5 28 Cod [kɑːd] Sound [ɑ:] is an open back unrounded long tense vowel.

6 26 Hot [hɑːt] Sound [ɑ:] is an open back unrounded long tense vowel.

7 26 Who’d [huːd] Sound [u:] is a close back rounded long tense vowel.

8 24 Reach [riːtʃ] Sound [i:] is a long close front unrounded tense vowel.

9 23 Seat [siːt] Sound [i:] is a long close front unrounded tense vowel.

10 20 Feet [fiːt] Sound [i:] is a long close front unrounded tense vowel.

11 18 Beat [biːt] Sound [i:] is a long close front unrounded tense vowel.

12 18 Pool [puːl] Sound [u:] is a close back rounded long tense vowel.

13 18 Soot [sʊt] Sound [ʊ] is a near-close near-back rounded short lax vowel.

14 17 Sheep [ʃiːp] Sound [i:] is a long close front unrounded tense vowel.

15 12 Fool [fuːl] Sound [u:] is a close back rounded long tense vowel.

16 12 Hood [hʊd] Sound [ʊ] is a near-close near-back rounded short lax vowel.

17 12 Ship [ʃɪp] Sound [I] is a short near-close near-front unrounded lax vowel.

18 10 Cooed [kuːd] Sound [u:] is a close back rounded long tense vowel.

19 9 Shut [ʃʌt] Sound [ʌ] is an open-mid back unrounded short lax vowel.

20 6 Pull [pʊl]Sound [ʊ] is a near-close near-back rounded short lax vowel.

21 5 Nut [nʌt] Sound [ʌ] is an open-mid back unrounded short lax vowel.

22 5 Cud [kʌd] Sound [ʌ] is an open-mid back unrounded short lax vowel.

23 4 Hut [hʌt] Sound [ʌ] is an open-mid back unrounded short lax vowel.

24 2 Bit [bɪt] Sound [ɪ] is a short near-close near-front unrounded lax vowel.

25 2 Could [kʊd] Sound [ʊ] is a near-close near-back rounded short lax vowel.

26 1 Cut [kʌt] Sound [ʌ] is an open-mid back unrounded short lax vowel.

27 1 Fit [fɪt] Sound [ɪ] is a short near-close near-front unrounded lax vowel.

28 1 Sit [sɪt] Sound [ɪ] is a short near-close near-front unrounded lax vowel.

29 1 Rich [rɪtʃ] Sound [ɪ] is a short near-close near-front unrounded lax vowel.

30 0 Full [fʊl] Sound [ʊ] is a near-close near-back rounded short lax vowel.

The number of incorrect pronunciation per words and categories

Findings There were 483 correct pronunciations out of 900 totals of students’

pronunciation. The percentage of students’ correct pronunciation is 53.67% with the mean

score of 54. Only 6 students with score above 60 or can pronounce at least 18 vowels

over 30. the top fourteen of students’ errors were words with long vowels, such as Cot

[kɑːt], Not [nɑːt], Suit [suːt], Shot [ʃɑːt], Cod [kɑːd], Hot [hɑːt], Who’d [huːd], Reach [riːtʃ], Seat [siːt], Feet [fiːt], Beat [biːt], Pool [puːl], Sheep [ʃiːp], Fool [fuːl].

The students tend to pronounce English vowels as the way they pronounce it in Indonesian.

The students tend to pronounce the word longer if the word has double same vowels.

Conclusion

The incorrect pronunciations of every long vowel are always bigger that the short vowels. In short, the problem here happened because in students’ L1 there are no long vowels. So the students tend to generalize every vowel they want to say into short vowels.