presentation of g3 by ms. adity, iwmi
TRANSCRIPT
7/31/2019 Presentation of G3 by Ms. Adity, IWMI
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Water for a food-secure world
G3: Water governance and
community based management
Annual Reflection Workshop
1st and 2nd April 2012
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Water for a food-secure world
Water for a food-secure world
G3: Objectives
Main objective:
• Understand physical
resource base, institutionsand communitycharacteristics
• Understand the role of keyactor (communities,donors and government)in such governance,
conflict resolution andproductive use of land andwater
Improve polder governancethrough changes in policies andinstitutions
• Suggest implementablepolicy suggestions forimproving poldergovernance inBangladesh
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Water for a food-secure world
Water for a food-secure world
G3: Research Questions
•
Is community management the best way of managing coastal polders? If so, under what
circumstances does it work?
• If community management is indeed the way
forward, what are the constraints that communitiesface in polder management?
• What kind of policies and institution are needed so
that communities can participate in management of polders?
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Water for a food-secure world
Water for a food-secure world
Institutional Analysis and Development Framework
Drawing on various disciplines such as political science,
economics, anthropology, game theory and law, researchers
studying common property resources (CPR) have developed
IAD framework. Oakerson (1986) outlines a triadic interaction
framework which analyses the physical attributes of the
resource, the community attributes of the people managing
them and the attributes of the institutions that have beenformed to manage the resource.
In addition, we add a historical analysis and political
perspective to overcome the ahistorical and apolitical natureof IAD framework
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Water for a food-secure world
Water for a food-secure world
Ostrom’s adapted IAD Framework
ResourceSalinity
Inundation
Crops
Infrastructure
Institutions
Informal,WMO,BWDB,LGED, Localgovernment
Community
Occupation
Religion
WealthPolitics
H i s t o r y
P o l i t i c s
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Project sites and description
Polder
Subprojects Location
(Upazila) Agency Level of
Salinity WMOs (Yes/No)
and project Management
challenges Polder 3 Debhata &
Kaliganj BWDB High No – informal
management Shrimp- paddy
conflict Polder 24G Keshobpur BWDB Increasing Yes –KJDRP Water logging
and salinity Polder 31 Daacope BWDB Average to
High Yes – 4th Fisheries Salinity and
river erosion Polder 30 Batiaghata BWDB Low to
Average Yes –IPSWAM Water logging Polder 43-2F Amtoli BWDB Low Yes –IPSWAM Water scarcity Latabunia Dumuria LGED High Yes- SSWRDP Disaster
vulnerability Jabusha Rupsha LGED Average to
High Yes –SSWRDP Salinity
Jainkathi Sadar LGED Low Yes –SSWRDP Water scarcity Bagarchra-
Badurgacha Dumuria LGED High Yes –SSWRDP Declining
shrimp
productivity
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How our study sites vary across several parameters
Such diversity helpsexplore what works
and what does not
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Partners
•Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB)
• Local Government Engineering Department (LGED):
Main end users
• Institute of Water Modeling: Infrastructure and
Participatory Mapping
• Sushilan: Qualitative surveys, FGDs and KIIs
• BAU: 4 Masters students
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Methods and Activities
• Literature reviews (IWMI)
– Review of water policies – Review of water users associations in Asia
– Review of water management organizations in Bangladesh
– Review of role of gender in water management
•
Infrastructure and participatory mapping for understandingphysical resource base (IWM)
• Qualitative surveys (FGDs and KIIs) to understand
characteristics of community and water management
institutions (Sushilan)
• In-depth case studies on economics and conflicts (BAU)
• Understanding official perspectives (IWMI)
• Quantitative surveys and experimental games (next phase)
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Understanding the structures and
land water uses in the polders
Maps and participatory mapping (IWM)
• Detailed maps of polder areas
• Polder structures (formal and informal sluices etc)• Information on roads, khals, sluice gates, villages and
unions.
• Participatory mapping – a part of problem identification
• Land and water use: which crops and what seasons• Checking maps with local perceptions of inundation etc.
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Field survey and Data collection
Sl. No. Events Specification Location Progress of work Remarks
1. Inventories of regulator
Location, no. of vents,
vent Size, type of
Structures, Active/
Inactive, Fall board/Flap
Gate, Picture
Polder 3, 30, 31,
24G, 43/2F and4 LGED
subprojects
All data collection
except 50% work of
24G which will be
completed by25th
March-2012
RTK GPS and Level
machines are used
for this survey
2.
Inventories of
Unauthorized
Structures
Location
Type
Size / Pipe Diameter
Same Same Same
3.Alignment of
Khal
All the existing drainage
khal along with name
All the plannedpolders and
LGED
subprojects
Completed
Conducted by handGPS and by using
existing google
image
4.Alignment of
Embankment
Surrounding the polders
mentioning the existing
condition
All the planned
polders and
LGED
subprojects
All data collection
except 50% work of
24G which will be
completed
Hand GPS
5.
Location of
important
features schools,
mosques etc
Geographical
coordinates of the
feature
Inside all the
polders and
subprojects
All data collection
except 90% work of
24G which will be
completed soon
Hand GPS
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Field survey and Data collection
IWM Engineers working
with RTK GPS to establish
the reduced level of Polder
IWM surveyor working
with Level machine to connectDrainage structure with the
Benchmark
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Polder 30
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Baganchra-Badurgacha
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Status of mapping work by IWM
Polder/Sub project Infrastructure maps Participatory maps
Polder 3 Yes No
Polder 30 Yes No
Polder 31 Yes No
Polder 43/2F Yes No
Polder 24G No No
Latabunia Yes Yes
Jabusha Yes Yes
Baganchra Badurgacha Yes No
Jainkathi Yes No
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Understanding the actors,
communities and institutions
Problem identification: Qualitative survey (Shushilan)
• 50-70 FGDs and 70 KIs to be conducted by June 2012, starting inSatkhira polder 3 and polder 31.
• Interviewing Union Parishads, Upazilas, LGED, BWDB, DoF and DoAEon water management in the polder areas
• Interviewing Water Management Groups, WMAs and WMCA
• FGDs with different community members, paddy vs shrimp, high vslow elevation, LCS and landless, single female headed households.
• Trying to get different perspectives of the needs and suggestionsacross different segments of the communities
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A Qualitative Research comprising
• FGD – 3 types of FGDs with
– General Stakeholders, e.g. paddy and shrimpfarmers, elderly, educated, informed
– LCS Group Members (Men and WomenSeparately)
– WMO/WMA/WMCA/WMG Members
• KII/ Individual Interviews
– WMO Chair & Secretary, Two Women Members
in 2 interviews – BWDB/LGED/Union Parishad (separately)
– Fem-headed HH, PAP, paddy farmers, Person withpending case for polder cuts
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Fieldwork Plan and Deliverables
SL# Polder name
Fieldwork
FGD and
KII Notes
(Bang &Eng)
Fieldreport Video
SituationAnalysis
# of FGD
Numberof KII
1 Polder 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 12 16
2 Polder 31 Yes Yes Yes Yes 27-Apr 7 14
3 Polder 30 Yes Ongoing 25 Apr 10-Apr 30-Apr 8 14
4Bagachra-
Badurgacha Yes Ongoing 15 May 15-Apr 30-May 4 7
5 Latabunia Yes on going 20May 20-Apr 5-Jun 4 7
6 Jabusha 30-31 Mar 10-Apr 30May 25-Apr 15-Jun 4 7
7 24/G Kesbopur 5-6 April 17-Apr 10 Jun 2-May 30-Jun 5 8
8 Jainkati 10-11 Apr 24-Apr 25Jun 10May 15-Jul 5 8
9 43/2F- Amtoli 14-15 Apr 31 April 30 Jun 17May 30-Jul 5 8
Final Report 31Aug 54 89
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Understanding the actors,
communities and institutions
Problem identification: Situation Analysis
• Based on FGDs and KIs, produce Situation Analysis
reports that in a systematic way identify thedifferent problems and solutions in eachpolder/sub-project
• Analysis of key issues and problems
• Recommendations of way forward
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Understanding livelihood impacts especially
economics of shrimp-paddy farming systems
Capacity building (BAU)• 4 Master students in Agricultural Economics writing their theses on
water governance and food security
• Quantitative study based on household interviews on variouslivelihood indicators in selected sites (polder 31, Jabusha andLatabunia)
• Their study focuses on economics of paddy vs. shrimp cultivation andshift to golda (prawn) farming
• Field work completed and students presented their preliminaryresults on 31st March
• Work started in January and will finish by June 2012
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Understanding official perspectives
on water managementProblem identification: KIs with senior officials (IWMI)
• Interview senior officials and donors
• What type of investment in water resources and thecoastal areas?
• Perceptions on community participation
• Success stories and challenges
• Recommendations for improving community participation
Status: A total of 30 officials have been interviewed. From ADB, World Bank, JICA,
Netherlands, BWDB, LGED, WARPO, BIDS and other
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Understanding the actors,
communities and institutions
What are the problemsand for which groups?
How are they managed?
Which institutions,organizations and
individuals are involvedin water management?
How?
How is the communityinvolved in water
management?
S I T U A T I O N A N A L Y S I S
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Research FrameworkActivities
Data & Cases•Detailed infrastructure
and resource maps
•Inundation modeling
•Detailed problem
identification through
FGDs and Kis
• In-depth case studies
Capacity building•Collaboration with local universities
•Focusing on PRA methods and extracting
different opinions from different groups and
stakeholders
Policy Analysis &CommunicationsInternational quality
research papers and
journal articles
Policy briefs and
dissemination workshops
Shushilan, IWM,
local universities,
CGIAR centers
Coastal
communities, local
government
institutions
Regional and
national policy
makers
Partners
Outcomes
• Better
management
of polders
that helps
improve food
security and
livelihoods
IMPACT
Contribute to building up longer termresilience among the communities who live in
coastal areas in Bangladesh
Policyimpact
Informedscientific
research
Capacitybuilding
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• Early Implementation Project (EIP) 1975 -1998• Target group, EMGs and LCS
• Delta Development Project (DDP) 1981 to 1991• Communities involved in planning
• O&M committees formed
• System Rehabilitation Program 1990 -1997• Local involvement in maintenance
• Precursor to participatory water management
• CPP, Tangail (1991 – 2000) under FAP• Involvement of communities for flood management
• Char Development and Settlement Project (CDSP)•
Inter department cooperation• IPSWAM• SSWRDP Projects 2 completed and 2 phases on
going
Bangladesh has a long history of people’s participation in water sector
A historical analysis of evolution of coastal policies and water
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A historical analysis of evolution of coastal policies and water
policies 1950s:From dynamic structures to permanent (CEP)
• Krug Mission Report 1956. EWAPDA, 1964 Master
• Plan Mega infrastructure project through CEP
• Top-down, technical, Engineering
1970s:Shift to Small Scale Water Projects
• IBRD Report on Land and WR (1972)
•
Focus on faster recovery of investments and quick results1980s:Focus on FCDI
• National Water Plan (1986), FCD and FCI
• Flood Action Plan
1990s:Policies on Participation.
• Different guidelines on People’s participation
• National Water Policy (1999)
2000s: Changing the scene for participation• Guidelines for Participatory Water Management (2001)
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Current norms of formal WMOs and lessons learnt
Sub-Project/ Scheme up to 1000 ha
(LGED)
Project above 1000 ha (BWDB)
WMCA at the lowest level for each
smallest hydrological unit or social unit
(Para/Village)
Single tier WMOs
WMG at the lowest level
WMA mid-level
WMF at polder level
3 tier WMOs
Lessons learntAll WMOs created so far suffer what is called the “project syndrome”.
Time I n t e n s i t y o f a c t i v i t i e s
a n d o u t c o m e s
Year 1 Year 8
All formal
WMOs seem
to disappear
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Main insights so far
L ’ lk i “D f d i ”
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Let’s talk maintenance: “Deferred maintenance” at
the heart of poor management
• Reason for community involvement was to improve
maintenance of infrastructure
• In Bangladesh and even globally, this has not
happened and “deferred maintenance” plaguessystem after system
• Perverse incentives – Donors (more money pushed in the better and maintenance is cheap)
– Governments (under-budgeted and look to donors) – Communities(don’t see maintenance as their work and can get by
through informal ways of managing)
• Our recommendations should target this loophole
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Of informal structures and
institutions
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Base Map of Polder-3
f ld
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Base Map of Polder-3
Red dot showing the Unofficial
Cuts and Pipes done by the local
people for inflowing saline water
to the Ghers inside Polder
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Interim outputs
• Checklists and questionnaires (a total of 10 checklists
and questionnaires developed) IWMI, Sushilon and
BAU
• FGD notes and KII transcripts generated by Sushilon
• Transcripts of official interviews IWMI
• Field Reports IWMI and Sushilon
• Methodology workshop in Delhi (Dec 2011) and 1st
Progress workshop (31st
March 2012) IWMI
Main Outputs
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Main Outputs
• Literature review reports (IWMI)
–
Review of 108 cases of water users’ association in Asiancountries (Completed)
– Review of water policies in Bangladesh (Completed)
– Review of coastal policies in Bangladesh (Completed)
–Review of WMOs in Bangladesh (Completed)
– Review of role of gender in water management (1st draft)
• Maps (IWM)
– Infrastructure maps
– Participatory maps
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Summarizing
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Things we know already (from lit review)
• SW parts of coastal Bangladesh is a part of an active delta,
downstream, is ecologically fragile and prone to natural disasters.
• Global experience of involving local communities in management of
irrigation/water resources has been pretty dismal till date.
• The government of Bangladesh has enshrined community
management as one of the pillars of its Water Policy.
•
While community participation works well as long as projects arefunded, they mostly die a natural death (or at best remain inactive)
after completion of projects.
• LGED and BWDB projects incorporate participatory principles, but the
way they actually operationalize it differs.
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Things we know a little, but need to know more
• Polders now serve more functions than they were originally designed for,
but we don’t know what the full implications are • We know that there are informal rules and institutions, but not enough
how they work
• We don’t know enough about under what conditions formal institutions
like WMOs function well and when they do not.
• We know that conflicts are widespread, especially among “powerful”shrimp farmers and paddy farmers, but don’t know how they are resolved
• We know that LCS are an integral part of implementation of participatory
water projects in Bangladesh, but not the impact these have on water
management
• We do not know enough about the continual problem of “deferred
maintenance” and how it can be resolved
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Thing we know very little about
The guidelines for participatory water management
make it mandatory to include women in executive
committee of WMAs and WMCAs. However, we do
not know anything about the experiences of thosewomen and the impact of their participation on
their own lives and that on the functioning of
WMA and WMCAs.
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Communication
materials
Videos and Photos
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Future work
• Commission new case studies, especiallygender review
• Questionnaire surveys and experimentalgames
• Policy recommendations and policyworkshops
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Thank you