presentation livelihood resilience final
TRANSCRIPT
Livelihood Resilience - Adapting to a changing Climate?Success Factors, Limitations & Transferability
Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Global Change Management (M.Sc.): Shanjida Akter, Laura Maier, Milton Sarkar, Janina Fago, Maruf Hossain, Elena Klöttschen
Agenda
1. Definitions & Approaches
2. Two Case Studies• Introduction• Findings • Analyses: What are success factors?What are limitations?
3. Transferability & Innovative Ideas
4. Conclusion
(Ullah 2009)
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Definition Livelihood Resilience
“A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future, while
not undermining the natural resource base.” (Chambers and Conway 1992)
(Ullah 2009)
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Resources for Livelihood Resilience (Sadik and Rahman 2009):social, physical, human, financial, natural
Osbahr et al. 2010
Environment
Society
GovernmentNon-Gov.- Actors
Business
Holistic Approachof Sustainability
Bangladesh – Introduction
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
(Nationsonline.org)
Districts: Rangpur, Kurigram, Lalmonirhat
Village Subarnabad in Sundarban area
• High population density
• Low lying land• Highly vulnerable
to climate change effects
Subarnabad – Introduction
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
(Pouliette et al. 2009)
(Ahmed 2010)
Population 2.440 Area 3,2 km2
Subarnabad – FindingsTraditional livelihood:Farming (rice & other land-based crops), homestead gardening, cattle on common grazing lands, fishing, gathering
Problems facing the area:• Environmental: sea level rise,
temperature rise, storms, river flow changes
• Social: construction and poor maintenance of Coastal Embarkment Program (CEP), Farraka Barrage Dam, local water diversion
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
(Pouliette et al. 2009; Sadik and Rahman 2009)
decreased water and soil quality
main hazards: salinity, flooding and waterlogged conditions
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Rice_Field.jpg
Subarnabad – Findings
Success of Shrimp farming:• Gain for National Economy, good for large shrimp operators
Problems resulting from shrimp farming:• Social: decreased access to common property renewable resources (for fuel,
fodder, building, food), loss of land, unemployment rise, dependancy on export• Environmental: loss in crop production, decrease in fresh water, increase of health
problems, increase of mud home fragility, decrease in soil and water quality
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Activity not tailored to suit the poor but only wealthy farmersPouliette et al. 2009; Sadik and Rahman 2009
Livelihood shift due to shrimp farming (since 1980s)
drivers: • flourishing export market, • international donor support, • governmental strategies
Small farmers either sold their land or started producing shrimp; Farmers without clear land titles were forced off the land
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Shrimp_pond.jpg
Subarnabad – FindingsLOCAL STRATEGIESmainly reactive and autonomos; short-term and on invididual/household level:• Loans: most widely employed strategy• Selling/leasing land/animals• Increase no of family members in workforce• Decrease food intake• Work outside village• Raise goats instead of cattle• Theft
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Pouliette et al. 2009; Sadik and Rahman 2009
Subarnabad – FindingsNEW STRATEGIES
Trainings, Technical support, Acces to loans & savings bank• Saline tolerant vegetable gardens: most widely adopted• Goat rearing, Chicken farming, Hen egg production:
popular• Crab fattening & Duck rearing: slightly less adopted• Tree planting and Handicrafts
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Results:• Strategies maintained when proofed successful and self-sustaining• Adoption of more than only one strategy • Adaptation of initial idea to suit own situation Minimal need for land requirements Meet immediate needs for food and income, enhance households capacity to
stresses, improves financial assets
Pouliette et al. 2009; Sadik and Rahman 2009
IDEAL CARE Bangladesh CIDA
http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/article_sunderbans_inline4.jpg
Northern flooding area – Introduction
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Low land
Rural area
River: Brahmaputra and Tista
Tropical wet & dry climate: monsoon, high temperature, humidity & heavy rainfall
Three Districts: Rangpur, Kurigram and Lalmonirhat
Northern flooding area – Findings
Main hazards: unpredictable droughts and flooding-land erosion: loss of fertile soil and lack of safe drinking water
heavy monsoon high temperature Barrage in India
Additional stressors:• Environmental: Invasive water species water hyacinth • Social: Poverty, insufficient infrastructure
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Traditional livelihood:• Historically, rural households used to depend
on weather sensitive agriculture • Main income through farming activities
(tobacco, cauliflower, pumpkin), lower percentage involved in fishing activities
• Houses build from natural materials (wood, bamboo, mud)
Selvaraju et al. 2006
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LOCAL ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES: Floating beds
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Ullah 2009
Northern flooding area – Findings
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Ullah 2009
Northern flooding area – FindingsLOCAL ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES: Floating beds
Additional LOCAL ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES
• Early warning system: Mosques, radio station, weather forecasting center, red flag system, shelter rooms
• Raising public awareness, Community managed CLC (Community Learning Center)
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Pouliette et al. 2009; Sadik and Rahman 2009
WRDS CARE IUCNPractical Action
Northern flooding area – Findings
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
For floating cultivation:• ducks and other animals may
cause damage on the crops• large waves could damage the
seed• Scarcity of certain materials• Conflict with fisheries
Northern flooding area – Findings
Future risk further increasingly high temperature and low rainfall leading to drought condition due to climate change
Note: “Water hyacinths accumulate heavy metals to concentrations several hundred times the initial levels” (Haq 2004)
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Guideline – 5 Success Topics
Resources:• social• physical• human• financial• natural
Are livelihoods independent from external sources and actions?
Subarnabad study
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Success & Limitation
Northern flooding area
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Success & Limitation
Case study– Transferability?
Approaches will require local awareness raising
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
It is most important to...• organise small-scale and poor farmers at grass-roots level• build up their entrepreneurial capacity for running small businesses• incorporate in all decision making, that human well-being depends on nature well-being
Innovative ideas
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Freshwater ponds
Integrated fish-farming Bio-rights (Wetland International)
Conclusion
• Conduct participatory research to analyse existing strategies, main hazards and local needs (e.g. Shared Learning Dialogue; Sustainable Livelihood Assessment Framework)
• Mainstream climate change into existing development approaches
• Offer resources to diversify livelihoods (educational, financial, technical)
• Create local ownership and support use of traditional knowledge
• Support or help implement community networks & self-organization
• Offer incentives for nature protection & enhancement
• Promote the process of sharing new and existing knowledge
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Approach for formal institutions enhancing livelihood resilience
Livelihood Resilience Adapting to a changing Climate?
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
Thanks for your attention!
Global Change Management (M.Sc.): Shanjida Akter, Laura Maier, Milton Sarkar, Janina Fago, Maruf Hossain, Elena Klöttschen
Success Factors, Limitations & Transferability
Sources Ahmed, Asib (2010): Some of the major environmental problems relating to land use changes in the coastal areas of Bangladesh: A review. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning Vol. 4(1), pp. 1-8, January 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JGRP. University of Dhaka
HAHN, M.B., RIEDERER, A.M. & FOSTER, S.O.. (2009): The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A Pragmatic Approach to Assessing Risks From Climate Variability and Change - A Case Study in Mozambique. Global Environment Change, 19: 74–88.
Osbahr, H., C. Twyman, W. N. Adger, and D. S. G. Thomas (2010): Evaluating successful livelihoodadaptation to climate variability and change in southern Africa. Ecology and Society vol. 15. [online]URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/volXX/issYY/artZZ/
Pouliotte, Jennifer; Smit, Barry And Lisa Westerhoff (2009): Adaptation And Development: Livelihoods And Climate Change In Subarnabad, Bangladesh. In: Climate And Development 1 (2009), Pp. 31–46. Doi:10.3763/Cdev.2009.0001. Earthscan Sadik, Shibly; Rahman, Rezaur: INDICATOR FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING LIVELIHOOD RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE FOR VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES DEPENDENT ON SUNDARBAN MANGROVE SYSTEM: 4th South Asia Water Research Conference on “Interfacing Poverty, Livelihood and Climate Change in Water Resources Development: Lessons in South Asia” May 4-6, 2009, Kathmandu, Nepal (218-230)
Kumar, Shantanu SAHA (2010): Soilless Cultivation for Landless People: An Alternative Livelihood Practice through Indigenous Hydroponic Agriculture in Flood-prone Bangladesh. Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University. p 139-152
Nambi, A. Arivudai; Bahinipati, Chandra Sekhar: Water Scarcity in Bangladesh (Ashild Kolas, Line Barkved, 2013): Regional Program Strategy Document, 2013-2017 Haq, A. H. M. R., T.K. Ghosal and P. Ghosh.(2004): Cultivating Wetlands in Bangladesh. India: LEISA.
Ullah et al. (2009): Good practices for community resilience. Mainstreaming Livelihood centered Approaches to desaster Management Project. Practical Action Bangladesh. Dhaka Bangladesh
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015
SourcesImage source: Image Mosque wikipedia.orghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Mosque-port_said-egypt.jpg Image (modified) : Map Bangladeshhttp://i.infoplease.com/images/mbanglad.gif Image : Fresh Water pond wikipedia.orghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/IMTA_in_Freshwater_Pond.JPG Image: building on water (ramsar.org 2007)http://archive.ramsar.org/pictures/screen12-po-sm.jpg
Shrimp pond: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Shrimp_pond.jpg
Sunderbans: http://ensia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/article_sunderbans_inline4.jpg
Bangladesh:http://www.batbangladesh.com/group/sites/bat_85djtr.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO85DKEH/$FILE/medMD87YH6H.jpg?openelement
Nationsonline.org
Livelihood Resilience – Adapting to a changing Climate? Munich Re, 17th April 2015