presentation in yamini nanotechnology

7/28/2019 Presentation in Yamini Nanotechnology

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NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHIMATHUR

(Definition from the NNI)??Research and technology development aimed tounderstand and control matter at dimensions ofapproximately 1 - 100 nanometer the nanoscale??Ability to understand, create, and use structures, devicesand systems that have fundamentally new properties andfunctions because of their nanoscale structure??Ability to image, measure, model, and manipulate matter onthe nanoscale to exploit those properties and functions??Ability to integrate those properties and functions intosystems spanning from nano- to macro-scopic scales


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What is Nano??? A nanometre is 1/1,000,000,000 (1billionth) of a metre, which is around1/50,000 of the diameter of a human hair or

the space occupied by 3-4 atomsplaced end-to-end


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"Science and technology alone are not going tomagically solve all the problems of developing

countries but they are critical components ofdevelopment. Nanotechnology is a relatively newfield that will soon be providing radical andrelatively inexpensive solutions to criticaldevelopment problems." Thus, scientists areharnessing nanotechnology to create new,inexpensive materials, devices, and systems withunique properties. Most of current applications ofnanotechnology are in electronics, automation,

supermaterials, agriculture, food security systemsor life sciences such as pharmaceuticals andmedicine.


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, , ,synthesis, manipulation, and application of functionalmaterials, devices, and systems through control ofmatter at the nanometer scale (one nanometer beingequal to 1 x 10-9 of a meter), and the exploitation ofnovel phenomena and properties of matter at thatscale.

Nanotechnology is more properly labeled as

"molecular nanotechnology (MNT), or "nanoscaleengineering Recently, the Foresight Institute hassuggested an alternate term to represent theoriginal meaning of nanotechnology:

zettatechnology..


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NANOTECHNOLOGY

SEGMENTS One way of characterizing

nanotechnology is by "tools",

"materials", "devices" and "intelligentmaterials and machines".


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Tools Nanotechnology tools include microscopy techniques

and equipment that permit visualization andmanipulation of items at the nanoscale such as cells,bacteria, and viruses, and to detect single moleculesto better understand the nature of science. Therange of tools includes the atomic force microscope(AFM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM),

molecular modeling software and various productiontechnologies.


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Materials Nanomaterials can be grouped into three

main areas:

1. Raw nanomaterials2. Nanostructured materials3. Nanotubes


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Devices two classes of miniature devices are commonly

associated with nanotechnology:-

1.Nano devices2.Mirodevices


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CONSTRUCTIONTwo approaches can be taken

when making something at thenanoscale: these are known asthe 'top-down' approach and the

'bottom-up' approach.


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Top-down semiconductor nanoscale technology From big(bulk wafer material) to small(nano-chip)Pattern and Etch Expensive Less scalable Less flexible in material selection, design, etc.Hit the limit?? Bottom-up molecular nanotechnology

From small(self-assembled nanostructure) to big(nano-chip)Synthesis Cheap

More scalable More flexible in material selection, design, etc.Open doors to molecular level engineering

The Difference


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Top-down approach

1. The top-down approach is analogous to making astone statue. You take a bulk piece of material andmodify it, by carving or cutting in the case of stone,until you have made the shape you want. The

process involves material wastage and is limited bythe resolution of the tools you can use, restricting thesmallest sizes of the structures made by thesetechniques. Examples of this kind of approachinclude the various types of lithographic techniques(such as photo-, ion beam-, electron- or X-ray-lithography) cutting, etching and grinding.


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Top-Down


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Bottom-up1. The second approach is known as the bottom-upapproach. This can be thought of as the sameapproach one would take to build a house: onetakes lots of building blocks and puts themtogether to produce the final bigger structure.There is less wastage with this technique, andstrong covalent bonds will hold the constituentparts together.

2. A good example of this kind of approach is foundin nature; all cells use enzymes to produce DNAby taking the component molecules and bindingthem together to make the final structure.Chemical synthesis, self-assembly, and molecular

fabrication are all examples of bottom-up


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APPLICATIONSOF

NANOTECHNOLOGY


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Nanofilms Different nanoscale materials can be

used in thin films to make them water-

repellent, anti-reflective, self-cleaning,ultraviolet or infrared-resistant, antifog,anti-microbial, scratch-resistant, or

electrically -conductive. Nanofilms areused now on eyeglasses, computerdisplays, and cameras to protect ortreat the surfaces.


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Nanotubes Carbon nano tubes (CNTs) are used inbasebal l bats, tennis racquets, and some

car parts because of their greatermechanical streng th at less weight per un i t

volum e than that of convent ional

materials. Electro nic pro pert ies o f CNTs

have made them a cand idate for f lat paneldisplays in TVs, batter ies, and o ther

electron ics. Nano tubes fo r var ious uses

can be made of materials o ther than

carbon.


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Drug-Delivery Techniques Dend r imers are a type of nanostructu rethat can be precisely designed and

manu factured fo r a w ide var iety o fapp l icat ions , including treatment of cancer

and other diseases. Dend rimers carrying

dif ferent materials on their branches can

do several things at one t ime, such asrecogn izing diseased cel ls, diagnosing

disease states (inc lud ing cel l death), dru g

del ivery, repo rt ing locat ion, and repo rt ing

outcomes of therapy.


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Nanoscale transistors Trans istors are electron ic sw itchingdevices where a smal l amount of

electr ic i ty is used l ike a gate to con trol theflow of larger amoun ts o f electr ic i ty. In

compu ters, the more trans istors , the

greater the power. Trans isto r sizes have

been decreasing , so compu ters havebecome mo re powerful . Unt i l recent ly, the

indus try 's best commercial technology

produced computer chips w i th transis tors

hav ing 65-nanometer featu res. Recent-


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Nano-BiotechnologyCarbonnanotubesNanomaterialsFullereneNanoparticles

DendrimersBiomaterialsProtein/enzymesPeptides

Antigens/

antibodiesNeuronsDNA/RNACells


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The top 10 nanotechnology applications

are:1. Energy storage, production and conversion;2. Agricultural productivity enhancement;3. Water treatment and remediation;4. Disease diagnosis and screening;5. Drug delivery systems;6. Food processing and storage;7. Air pollution and remediation;8. Construction;

9. Health10 Monitoring;11. Vector and pest detection and control.


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NANOMEDICINE: THE MEDICAL

REVOLUTION Technically nanomedicine is the application of

nanotechnology for engineering of tiny machines forthe prevention and treatment of disease in human

body. Nanomedicine devices will be used in

-diagnosis of illness,-implanted devices to deliver drugs or hormones-use miniature surgeons

-tissue repair and replacement

Nanotechnology offers new drug


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Nanotechnology offers new drugdelivery solutions in the followingareas Drug encapsulation Functional Drug carriers Drug Discovery Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds

Bone Repair Smart Materials Implantable Sensors Smart Instruments Surgical Robotics Nanoparticle Probes Nanorobots


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NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS

IMPACT Today we have a much greater understanding thanever before of how and where new technologies mayhave an effect during a product's life cycle.Increasingly society is carefully considering theimpacts a new technology may have, andendeavouring to ensure that any risk can beminimized and managed, while maximising anybenefits. The benefits that nanotechnology promises

include: less material consumption; more efficientenergy generation methods; greater computingpower; new health treatments. There is already someresearch into the potential risks, and the impact ofvarious particles on organismS and the environment

is being examined. Networks of scientists have also


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presentation in yamini nanotechnology

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