Presentation FormatPresentation Format

Different various types of Energy sources currently Different various types of Energy sources currently available to us.available to us.

Explain what each source is Explain what each source is

How the sources are used How the sources are used

How they can be effective forms of energy for us in the How they can be effective forms of energy for us in the futurefuture

Explain why it is essential to us to develop these forms Explain why it is essential to us to develop these forms as quickly as possibleas quickly as possible

Explain why these Energy forms must for be studied and Explain why these Energy forms must for be studied and

advanced for Sustainability purposes.advanced for Sustainability purposes.

Production, consumption, and reserves of fossil fuels worldwide

In this portion of the presentation we will examine:

The three major fossil fuels: Natural Gas Coal Oil

The production and consumption of each by nation The estimated remaining amount of each non-

renewable energy source

Fossil Fuels Non-renewable Accounts for

approximately 87% of the energy consumed world wide

Data on left shows break down of energy consumed in the year 2004

What are fossil fuels?

Created by the decompisition of organisms over time with the assistance of pressure and heat.

Composed primarily of carbons and hydrocarbons

How much fossil fuel do we use?

In the year 2008 the world consumed:

85,534,000 barrels/day of crude oil

Appox. 7 billion short tons of coal

108.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas

What exactly is a barrel?

A barrel is equal to 44 - 45 gallons.

Typical products from a barrel of crude oil are broken down on the left.

Who produces the mostcoal

Who produces the mostoil

Who consumes the mostcoal?

Who consumes the mostoil?

Who consumes the mostnatural gas?

America

When will we run out of fossil fuels?

It is essentially impossible to say.

Not all reserves have been found.

Shifts in technology constantly change the supply and demand of each fossil fuel.

Estimations

It is estimated that there is 4 trillion short tons of coal left in the world.

However, only 489 billion short tons are considered to be realistic to mine.

Estimations

It is estimated that there is 1,536 trillion cubic feet of natural gas left.

Basically, we don't need to worry about either of those for awhile.

Peak oil (USA)

Peak oil refers to the theoritical point at which oil production will peak, and then descend until it is impractical to produce oil anymore.

People have been trying to calculate peak oil since the 50s.

Government peak oil calculations

Bottom line

We will run out of fossil fuels, wether it is in the next 50 years, or the next 200 years does not

change the fact that we need to begin working on alternatives now.

NUCLEAR NUCLEAR ENERGYENERGY

Nuclear HistoryNuclear History

The introduction of The introduction of the atomic bomb the atomic bomb 1945, not only 1945, not only showed the world showed the world the destructive the destructive power of splitting power of splitting the atom, but also the atom, but also introduced a introduced a peaceful way to peaceful way to produce energy produce energy (electricity) (electricity)

The Manhattan ProjectThe Manhattan Project

President Roosevelt President Roosevelt (FDR) approved the (FDR) approved the Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

He did this only after He did this only after the attack on Pearl the attack on Pearl Harbor took place.Harbor took place.

And after hearing And after hearing rumors of scientist in rumors of scientist in Berlin actively Berlin actively pursuing Nuclear pursuing Nuclear fission research. fission research.

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project (Cont.)(Cont.)

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project (Cont.)(Cont.)

Oak Ridge was the main production site Oak Ridge was the main production site for uranium for weapons during the war.for uranium for weapons during the war.

Weapons grade uranium , U-235Weapons grade uranium , U-235 Just like in the production of energy Just like in the production of energy

(later) the 235 isotope must be (later) the 235 isotope must be separated in order for it to create a separated in order for it to create a reactionreaction

This was done with electro magnetic This was done with electro magnetic separation, using something called an separation, using something called an electro magnetic calutron. electro magnetic calutron.

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project (Cont.)(Cont.)

Uranium atoms would be Uranium atoms would be fired from the ion sourcefired from the ion source

Next an electro magnetic Next an electro magnetic field would be passed field would be passed through the systemthrough the system

This would cause the This would cause the light isotope (U-235)to light isotope (U-235)to separate from the heavier separate from the heavier isotopes isotopes

The U-235 would be The U-235 would be collected in the collector collected in the collector (one atom at a time) (one atom at a time)

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project (Cont.)(Cont.)

This is actually multiple EMC systems. This is actually multiple EMC systems. (Oak Ridge)(Oak Ridge)

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project (Cont.)(Cont.)

The Bomb design by the scientist at Los Alamos The Bomb design by the scientist at Los Alamos was a gun designwas a gun design

It was designed to fire one piece of radio active It was designed to fire one piece of radio active material into another at 3000 ft/secmaterial into another at 3000 ft/sec

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project (Cont.)(Cont.)

With the successful bombing of Hiroshima and With the successful bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, And the success of the Manhattan Project Nagasaki, And the success of the Manhattan Project itselfitself

Scientist began to realize the potential of nuclear fission Scientist began to realize the potential of nuclear fission for peaceful means of producing, and supplying energyfor peaceful means of producing, and supplying energy

Nuclear Fission for Nuclear Fission for energyenergy

Nuclear energy is now America's Nuclear energy is now America's second largest source of electric second largest source of electric power after coal.power after coal.

Nuclear Fission for Nuclear Fission for energy Cont.energy Cont.

There are 103 Nuclear reactors operating across the United There are 103 Nuclear reactors operating across the United States today.States today.

Together they generate around 20% of the Nations electricityTogether they generate around 20% of the Nations electricity World wide there are around 430 reactors that power World wide there are around 430 reactors that power

31differnt countries. 31differnt countries.

Nuclear Fission for Nuclear Fission for energy Cont.energy Cont.

In order to produce this kind of In order to produce this kind of power, these power plants must power, these power plants must create a nuclear reaction with create a nuclear reaction with uranium similar to the way they did uranium similar to the way they did with the bomb. with the bomb.

UraniumUranium

Uranium Cont.Uranium Cont.

Uranium is the heaviest (Natural) Uranium is the heaviest (Natural) element that there iselement that there is

Being 18.7 times more dense than waterBeing 18.7 times more dense than water It has an atomic number of 92 ( number It has an atomic number of 92 ( number

of protons in the nucleus).of protons in the nucleus). Has a naturally occurring radiation Has a naturally occurring radiation

Uranium Cont.Uranium Cont.

Uranium Cont.Uranium Cont. Just like other metals Just like other metals

Uranium is extracted Uranium is extracted through underground through underground or open pit miningor open pit mining

At this point it is At this point it is radio active, but not radio active, but not “super radio active”, “super radio active”, (you could still handle (you could still handle it and be safe)it and be safe)

Uranium Cont.Uranium Cont.

In order for the Uranium to produce In order for the Uranium to produce a useable fuel it must be processed a useable fuel it must be processed and enriched and enriched

To do this the Uranium is converted into To do this the Uranium is converted into a gas form so that the isotope U-238 a gas form so that the isotope U-238 can be enriched to around 4-5% can be enriched to around 4-5%

Prior to this it (U-238) makes up about Prior to this it (U-238) makes up about 1% of the ore 1% of the ore

Uranium Cont.Uranium Cont.

After being After being enrichedenriched

The Uranium is The Uranium is reformed (into reformed (into Uranium Uranium dioxcide), and dioxcide), and formed into formed into pellets. pellets.

The pellets are then The pellets are then placed into tubes or placed into tubes or (fuel rods), and (fuel rods), and bundled up for the bundled up for the reactor core.reactor core.

Uranium Cont.Uranium Cont.

HOW IT WORKSHOW IT WORKS

Inside of the Inside of the Reactor the Reactor the uranium acts as a uranium acts as a trigger to create trigger to create energy that will energy that will eventually become eventually become elctricity.elctricity.

During the processDuring the process The uranium reacts The uranium reacts

and forms heatand forms heat It then transfers It then transfers

the heat to waterthe heat to water The water turns to The water turns to

steam and powers steam and powers electrical turbines electrical turbines that send out the that send out the energy to the energy to the power grid. power grid.

HOW IT WORKS CONT.HOW IT WORKS CONT.

An Interesting FactAn Interesting Fact

One pellet of enrichedUranium (about the size

of a peanut)

1780 pounds of coal 149 gallons of oil17000 cubic feet of

Natural gas

Dangers with Nuclear Dangers with Nuclear energyenergy

After a year of After a year of operation, a large operation, a large nuclear reactor nuclear reactor produces 25-30 tons produces 25-30 tons of solid waste which of solid waste which remains radioactive remains radioactive for a few thousand for a few thousand years.years.

We are forced toWe are forced to store store up this waste up this waste until we can safely until we can safely dispose of itdispose of it

Dangers with Nuclear Dangers with Nuclear energyenergy

Also the bundles of fuel Also the bundles of fuel rods create such rods create such immense heat that if not immense heat that if not well monitored and well monitored and adequately cooled by adequately cooled by water, the containment water, the containment chamber will melt and a chamber will melt and a meltdown will occurmeltdown will occur

This would release This would release massive amounts of massive amounts of radiation into the radiation into the atmosphereatmosphere

1986 Chernobyl is a good 1986 Chernobyl is a good example of this. example of this.

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCUW3nqouzs

RENEWABLERENEWABLEENERGYENERGY

There are several different types of Renewable sources available to us.There are several different types of Renewable sources available to us.* Solar* Solar* Wind * Wind

* Water (hydro electric) * Water (hydro electric)* Geothermal* Geothermal

Solar EnergySolar EnergyEveryday the Sun pours Everyday the Sun pours Unimaginable amounts of energy Unimaginable amounts of energy into space.into space.

The Earth collects fraction of a The Earth collects fraction of a

fraction of the total energyfraction of the total energy output output by the sun.by the sun.

Most of the energy collected by Most of the energy collected by the earth from the sun is in the the earth from the sun is in the form of visible light. form of visible light.

This is then converted into other This is then converted into other forms in order to be useful to us.forms in order to be useful to us.

Solar Energy Cont.Solar Energy Cont.

The trick to using visible light is being able to The trick to using visible light is being able to convert it from light into heat, electricity, or some convert it from light into heat, electricity, or some other useful form.other useful form.These conversions are generally done using These conversions are generally done using solar panels solar panels

Solar Energy Cont. Solar Energy Cont. Solar panels are made of several Solar panels are made of several individual solar cells which are individual solar cells which are themselves composed of layers of themselves composed of layers of silicon, silicon, Solar panels absorb the photons Solar panels absorb the photons and in doing so initiate an electric and in doing so initiate an electric current. The resulting energy current. The resulting energy generated from photons striking generated from photons striking the surface of the solar panel the surface of the solar panel allows electrons to be knocked out allows electrons to be knocked out of their atomic orbits and released of their atomic orbits and released into the electric field generated by into the electric field generated by the solar cells which then pull the solar cells which then pull these free electrons into a these free electrons into a directional current This entire directional current This entire process is known as the process is known as the Photovoltaic Effect. Photovoltaic Effect.

Solar Energy Cont.Solar Energy Cont.

In my opinion this renewable source is the best option for replacing In my opinion this renewable source is the best option for replacing all fossil fuels.all fossil fuels.

Although, Solar energy does have some obvious limitations.Although, Solar energy does have some obvious limitations.• Sun light is only available during the daytimeSun light is only available during the daytime• Sunlight can be obstructed by various thingsSunlight can be obstructed by various things• (Clouds, trees, building, ext)(Clouds, trees, building, ext)

Wind EnergyWind Energy

The wind blows everyday. The wind blows everyday. (especially along coastlines (especially along coastlines and in mountains), and in mountains), It provides a highly reliable It provides a highly reliable source of mechanical energy. source of mechanical energy. We have invented many types We have invented many types of devices that can harness of devices that can harness the energy of the wind and put the energy of the wind and put it to practical use.it to practical use.Such as Sails and Windmills ( Such as Sails and Windmills ( before the discovery of before the discovery of electricity) electricity)

And Wind Turbines after the And Wind Turbines after the

discovery of electricity. discovery of electricity.

Wind Energy Cont.Wind Energy Cont.

Today the most popular use for wind energy is the use of wind Today the most popular use for wind energy is the use of wind turbines turbines In order to make electricity with a wind turbine the shaft of the In order to make electricity with a wind turbine the shaft of the turbine must be connected to an electrical generator. turbine must be connected to an electrical generator. Through gearboxes, the generator converts the mechanical energy Through gearboxes, the generator converts the mechanical energy of the spinning turbine shaft into electricity. of the spinning turbine shaft into electricity.

Wind Energy Cont.Wind Energy Cont.

The Design of wind The Design of wind turbines is fairly simpleturbines is fairly simpleThe Wind rotates the The Wind rotates the blade of the turbineblade of the turbineThe blade in turn rotates The blade in turn rotates the main shaft and the main shaft and transmissiontransmissionThese are connected to These are connected to an electrical generator, an electrical generator, which then coverts the which then coverts the mechanical energy into mechanical energy into electricityelectricity

Water EnergyWater Energy

All around planet All around planet Earth, water is on the Earth, water is on the move every day.move every day.In rivers and creeks, In rivers and creeks, water flows downhill water flows downhill under the force of under the force of gravity. gravity. Harnnessing this Harnnessing this moving water can be moving water can be another great way to another great way to produce energyproduce energy

Water Energy Cont.Water Energy Cont.

The most common form The most common form of using Water energy is of using Water energy is by the use of Damsby the use of DamsThe operation of a dam is The operation of a dam is similar to that of a wind similar to that of a wind turbineturbineWater is taken in from the Water is taken in from the top of the dam, where it top of the dam, where it then flows down to the then flows down to the bottom by the force of bottom by the force of gravity.gravity.(Diagram on the next (Diagram on the next Slide) Slide)

Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy

The earth it’s self also The earth it’s self also produces a good form produces a good form of renewable energyof renewable energy

The temperatures The temperatures from the center of the from the center of the earth produce a lot of earth produce a lot of heat that can in turn heat that can in turn be used to generate be used to generate electricity. electricity.

Geothermal Energy Cont.Geothermal Energy Cont.

With the proper use With the proper use geothermal energy could geothermal energy could be enough to support be enough to support approximately 17% of the approximately 17% of the world’s energy needsworld’s energy needs

It could even be enough It could even be enough to power a small country to power a small country if that country was if that country was located near a seismicly located near a seismicly active aera active aera

Geothermal Energy Cont.Geothermal Energy Cont.

Geothermal Energy is Geothermal Energy is also like hydro-also like hydro-electric and wind electric and wind power in that it uses power in that it uses heat to rotate a heat to rotate a turbine which powers turbine which powers a generator and a generator and produces electricity, produces electricity, which is then sent out which is then sent out to the grid.to the grid.

Renewable VS Fossil FuelsRenewable VS Fossil FuelsEven though renewable, and alternate Even though renewable, and alternate energy sources are a possible solution energy sources are a possible solution to our current energy crisis, the fact is to our current energy crisis, the fact is that as of right now they only provide that as of right now they only provide about seven percent (5%) of the about seven percent (5%) of the world's energy needs. world's energy needs. This means that non renewable This means that non renewable sources, (and nuclear energy), are sources, (and nuclear energy), are currently supplying ninety-three currently supplying ninety-three percent (95%) of the world's energy percent (95%) of the world's energy resources.resources. At this rate, some estimates say that At this rate, some estimates say that our fossil fuels will run out within 50 our fossil fuels will run out within 50 years.years. Others estimate as much as 200 – Others estimate as much as 200 – 300 years, either way we will run out of 300 years, either way we will run out of fossil fuels in the near future and will fossil fuels in the near future and will be force to look to other sources for be force to look to other sources for our energy needs. our energy needs.

Population problemsPopulation problemsAs the world’s population As the world’s population grows at a staggering rate, the grows at a staggering rate, the world’s demand for energy will world’s demand for energy will grow just as fastgrow just as fast

By the year 2020, world energy By the year 2020, world energy consumption is projected to consumption is projected to increase by fifty percent 50% increase by fifty percent 50% due to the population growth. due to the population growth.

If renewable sources stays at If renewable sources stays at only 5 % of the world energy only 5 % of the world energy consumption, fossil fuels will consumption, fossil fuels will run out even faster than run out even faster than anticipated and we would have anticipated and we would have a world wide crisis on our a world wide crisis on our hands hands

Conclusion Conclusion

Nobody really has an accurate date as to when Nobody really has an accurate date as to when the fossil fuels will be depleted, a lot depends the fossil fuels will be depleted, a lot depends on how well we can manage what little we have on how well we can manage what little we have left, and how fast we can make the transition into left, and how fast we can make the transition into alternate sources alternate sources

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