1

2007-10-8 1

Renewable Energy Applications in the Built

Environment – Our Practice in Hong Kong

COBRA 2006

Yang Hong-Xing

Renewable Energy Research Group

Department of Building Services Engineering

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

2007-10-8 2

Main Topics

1. Concept of BIPV applications

2. Development of photovoltaic applications

in the world

3. Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV)

applications in Hong Kong

4. Other renewable energy applications in the

built environment in Hong Kong

5. Conclusions

2

2007-10-8 3

Energy Consumption in Buildings

in Hong Kong

Item Annual (kWh/m²) %

Air-

conditioning

123.9 57.0

Lighting 50.0 23.0

Small power 22.4 10.3

Others 21.1 9.7

Total 217.4 100

- 50-55% of the total demand is consumed in buildings

- For each building:

2007-10-8 4

How to reduce Carbon emissions?

Reduction of Carbon Emissions

Saving on Energy

Consumption

Renewable Energy

Applications

3

2007-10-8 5

PV module is a real building element like standard glass panes and can be integrated into building facade or roof structure.

Photovoltaic element for building-integration as curtain wall

BIPV Applications:

Modular BIPV claddings

2007-10-8 6

� Renewable energy resource

� Replacement of building claddings

� Power generation where needed

� No power transmission

� No land use

� Power generation for peak power supply

� Reduction of carbon emission from fossil fuel energy consumption

BIPV Applications:

Benefits

4

2007-10-8 7

BIPV Applications:

System mounting structure types

Summarized from 400 PV projects listed in the IEA-PVPS database

Slope roof

2007-10-8 8

Good practice for BIPV design

Design criteria for good-quality PV projects:

�Natural integration of the PV system;

�The PV system is architecturally pleasing, within the

context of the building;

�Good composition of colors and materials;

�The PV system matches the context of the building;

�The system, and its integration, are well engineered;

�The application of PV has led to innovative designs.

5

2007-10-8 9

World PV Module Shipment

Development of photovoltaic applications

2007-10-8 10

PV module and cell prices

Development of photovoltaic applications

6

2007-10-8 11

Application of PV modules

Cumulative installed grid-connected and off grid PV power

(From IEA-PVPS Annual report 2005)

2007-10-8 12

The cumulative installed PV

power capacity (kW)

The grid-connected distributed system may

be on or integrated into the customer’s

premises, on public and commercial

buildings, or simply in the built

environment on motorway sound barriers

etc. So the installed capacity of this system

approximately equals to that of BIPV.

7

2007-10-8 13

BIPV development in leading countries:

- Germany

Policy & Programme:

� Government authority: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU)

� Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)

� “100 000 Rooftops Solar Electricity Programme”

� "Way Paving Programme Photovoltaic 2005”

� Other programme supported by some of the Federal States

2007-10-8 14

BIPV in Germany

Achievements:

Status of 100,000 roofs solar power programme in Germany

� The accumulative total

installed PV power reached

794MW at the end of 2004.

� In 2004 alone, the annual

rate of growth is 137 %.

� Germany now leads the

way at 10 W per capita.

8

2007-10-8 15

BIPV in Japan

National programmes:

� Original Sunshine Project: focus on the

integrating PV on to the roofs of residential

buildings.

� Residential PV System Dissemination

Programme(1994)

� Field test project (1993)

� New Sunshine Programme

2007-10-8 16

BIPV in Japan

Achievements:

� Residential PV systems were installed to 162 525

houses, total 595,1 MW, from FY1994 to FY2003.

� In FY2004, 54,475 houses equipped with PV

systems totaling 200.1 MW.

9

2007-10-8 17

BIPV in USA

Programme:

� The million solar roofs program.

� The California "buy down" program:

� The California "PV Pioneer" phrase 2 program:

offering subsidized photovoltaic systems to its

customers.

� The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power

(LADWP) PV program.

2007-10-8 18

BIPV in USA

Achievements:

� Installations in the United States increased from 63 MW in

2003 to 86 MW in 2004.

� The installed cost of grid connected PV systems from

$4.50 per AC Watt installed to $3.50 per watt.

LONG-TERM GOALS FOR PV LEVELISED COST OF ENERGY (LCOE) AND INSTALLED SYSTEM PRICE (from US DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program)

10

2007-10-8 19

BIPV in Netherlands

Stimulate programme:

� The PV learning programme: cultivating the acceptance of general public, basic PV cell and modular R&D

� The PV tender PV-GO programme: creation of a market for grid connected and stand alone PV system.

� The PV Covenant: general commitment of different government department, property developers, PV industry and research institute.

� The new EOS (Energy Research Subsidy) programme (2004)

2007-10-8 20

BIPV in Netherlands

Achievements:

� Cost reduction: PV modules deceased from 17

Euro/Wp in 1991 to 4.5 Euro/Wp in 2004.

� The installed PV capacity reached 19.8 MW in 2003.

� Although PV market in the Netherlands is modest, the fundamental Research of PV materials are very active.

11

2007-10-8 21

BIPV in Hong Kong, China

Achievements:

� BIPV application started from 1999 and now there is 1 MWp installed on roofs.

� There is no national programme so far, but the new energty policy is being developed.

� Private companies are interested in the application.

2007-10-8 22

The BIPV project on the Shaw Amenities

Renewable Energy Research Group (RERG)

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Tilted Angle (degree)

Yeraly Solar Radiation (kWh/y)

0 -90

-45 45

90

Total solar radiation on tilted PV panel

12

2007-10-8 23

4kWp BIPV in the 4kWp BIPV in the 4kWp BIPV in the 4kWp BIPV in the KadoorieKadoorieKadoorieKadoorie FarmFarmFarmFarm

Specifications:

Power rate: 4 kWp

PV module area: 40m²

DC voltage: 110V

AC voltage: 220V

Load: Lighting

and A/C

2007-10-8 24

The BIPV systems in the Science Park:

•roof integration,

•sun-shaded type and façade integration

The BIPV projects in the Science Park

13

2007-10-8 25

Other BIPV project in Hong Kong

� No 1 Peking Road

� Ma Wan Primary School

2007-10-8 26

The BIPV project at Penny Bay:

14

2007-10-8 27

EMSD Headquarters BIPV project

� EMSD Headquarters at Kowloon Bay (350 kW)

2007-10-8 28

The PV system and wind turbines

The Ma Wan Theme Park

15

2007-10-8 29

The Phase 7 Development at PolyU

2007-10-8 30

Solar lighting in Kadoorie Farm

16

2007-10-8 31

Hong Kong’s first large commercial wind

turbine at Lamma Island

Height： 71m

Power： 800kW

Wind speed： 3-25m/s

Annual energy： 1GWh

Investment： HK$15m

2007-10-8 32

Proposed Local RE Targets

� 1% annual electricity demand of 1999 in

year 2012 (355 GWh/year)

� 2% annual electricity demand of 1999 in

year 2017 (710 GWh/year)

� 3% annual electricity demand of 1999 in

year 2022 (1,065 GWh/year)

17

2007-10-8 33

Conclusions

� Building-integrated photovoltaic technology for electrical power generation has been well developed these years

� Financial incentives from government are key factors for further dissemination of BIPV systems

� The cost of BIPV system needs to be further reduced

� More educational and demonstration projects are needed.

The End

Thank You