presentation by: migiwe austria team irregular migrant work in austria a delphi study approach...

Presentation by:

MIGIWE Austria Team

Irregular Migrant Irregular Migrant Work in AustriaWork in Austria A Delphi Study ApproachA Delphi Study Approach

Presentation at the conference Presentation at the conference „International „International Migration and Illegal/Irregular Working Activities of Migration and Illegal/Irregular Working Activities of

Migrants in the Czech Republic and Central Europe“, Migrants in the Czech Republic and Central Europe“, PraguePrague, 10.10.2005, 10.10.2005

Christina Hollomey,Christina Hollomey, M Michael Jandl, ichael Jandl, Veronika Bilger, Sandra Gendera and Anna StepienVeronika Bilger, Sandra Gendera and Anna Stepien

2Prague Conference, 9 October 2006

OutlineOutline

1. The MIGIWE project & definitions 2. The Delphi method- description3. Results - General points4. Results - Specific sectors5. Results - Policy Conclusions6. Q & A


1.1. MIGIWE – Migration and MIGIWE – Migration and Irregular Work in EuropeIrregular Work in Europe

Research project carried out by ICMPD, Vienna

Financed by Austrian Science Foundation FWF Duration: Feb. 2005 – Feb. 2007 Collaboration with CZ and H

- Literature research- Expert interviews- Delphi survey- Migrant interviews


1.1.1.1. Definition of IMW Definition of IMW

IMW comprises all paid work of foreigners (non- nationals), that conflicts with one of the existing national laws and regulations, that regulate access to the labour market, duties for employers (and employees), working conditions, and workers’ rights.


1.2.1.2. Many Forms of Irregularity Many Forms of Irregularity

1. „Illegal“ work (against foreign employment and residence laws)

2. Non- registration at social insurance institutions3. Non- registration at tax institutions4. Insufficient registration of employment contract5. “Pseudo- self-employed“6. “Pseudo- companies“7. …8. …9. …10.…


2. The Delphi Method2. The Delphi Method

… is a multi-stage qualitative survey method that enables an anonymous communication process, allowing feedback, within a group of experts to assess ...

- ... Complex social and economic phenomena

- … Future developments

- … Policy measures


2.1.2.1. Delphi Implementation: Delphi Implementation: Multi-stageMulti-stage

2 ½ Delphi rounds: expert interviews, Delphi 1 & 2

- Experts from various fields and 3 regions

- 1st Questionnaires by e-mail

- Feedback (anonymous)

- 2nd Questionnaires by e-mail


2.2.2.2. Delphi ImplementationDelphi ImplementationPanel of ExpertsPanel of Experts

The results reflect the kind of experts chosen!

Institutional Background of Experts

Delphi I Delphi II

Governmental 12 8

Non-Governmental 8 5

Social Partnership Interest Groups 7 3

Research (Migration/Labour Market)

10 6

TOTAL 37 22

Total Questionnaires sent out 60 37


3.1. Factors that influence 3.1. Factors that influence IMWIMW

Evaluation of various factors that favour Irregular M igrant Work in Austria(% of Experts agreeing in Delphi I und II)

67

54

89

5746 46

3827

50

7364

3241

60

0102030405060708090

100

% a

gre

ein

g

Delphi I Delphi II


3.2. Evaluation of Motives for 3.2. Evaluation of Motives for Employers to engage IMWsEmployers to engage IMWs

1. Saving social security and tax contributions

2. Lower wage rates3. …4. …5. …

- NOT: administrative obstacles for regular hiring


3.3. Access to IWM3.3. Access to IWM

1. Most importantSocial networks (families, friends, previous

employment contacts, ethnic communities)

2. Important in some sectorsProfessional agencies (labour brokers, membership

associations, sub-contractors)

3. Less importantIndividual strategies (street labour markets, door-to-

door search, newspaper ads)


3.4. Quantitative Estimations3.4. Quantitative Estimations

- Continuous increases since 1990 seen, more since 2004

- Highest share of IWM seen in construction, tourism/catering and agriculture; high estimations for private households (care/cleaning)


3.5. Future Scenarios3.5. Future Scenarios

1. IMW will continue to growEnd of transitional arrangements with EU-8

New round of enlargements (Rum,Blg,..)

2. Stronger segmentation of labour market-according to qualifications

- according to ethnic background

3. Substitution effectsEU-8 workers will shift to the regular labour market

New EU nationals (Rum, Blg.,..) will replace them as irregular workers


4. Sector-specific 4. Sector-specific characteristics of IMWcharacteristics of IMW

Construction Domestic Services- Care

and Cleaning Agriculture Tourism/ Catering Industry


4.1. The 4.1. The ConstructionConstruction Sector Sector

4.1.1. Quantitative Estimates

Estimated Proportion of IMW in the Construction Sector

15

30

10

05

101520253035

Minimum Average Maximum

%


4.1.2. Motives of employers4.1.2. Motives of employers

Competition

- Sub companies

Saving of costs

- Social insurance contributions

Violation of worker’s rights


4.1.3. Forms of irregularity4.1.3. Forms of irregularity

Pseudo-self-employment Pseudo-companies

Working without residence or working permit

Non-registration at social insurance institutions

Violation of employment rights Violation of trade regulations


4.1.4. Social characteristics

Highly diversified occupational profile

Gender Balance

Countries of Origin

Level of Qualification

Occupational Profile

Male PL

Ex- Yug.

Tr, SK,H, RO

EU 8: middle

Other Foreigners: low

EU-8:

unskilled and skilled

Other Foreigners: unskilled


4.1.5. Political Framework4.1.5. Political Framework

Narrowing legal regulations „Sozialbetrugsgesetz“-

Laws against organised social contributions fraud

Criminalization of pseudo-companies


4.2. The Domestic Sector – 4.2. The Domestic Sector – Care WorkCare Work

4.2.1. Quantitative EstimatesEstimated Number of Irregularly Working Carers

in Private Households

29.000

15.000

50.000

-

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

Minimum Average Maximum


4.2.2. Motives of employers4.2.2. Motives of employers

Saving of costs

Non- availability of affordable regular care services

Lack of legal possibilities


4.2.3. Forms of Irregularity4.2.3. Forms of Irregularity

Non- Registration - Working without working (and/or

residence) permit

- Non- registration at social insurance institutions

- Non- Registration at tax institutions

Organisation in agencies


4.2.4. Social Characteristics4.2.4. Social Characteristics

High level of qualification and occupation

Gender Balance

Countries of Origin

Level of Qualification

Occupational Profile

Female SK

CZ

PL

H

EU 8: middle and high

Other Foreigners:

low and middle

EU-8: skilled and unskilled

Other Foreigners: unskilled and skilled


4.2.5. Political Framework4.2.5. Political Framework

Right on privacy protection

Debate on „Pflegenotstand“ (Lack of affordable care services)- Temporary order for non-sanctioning

- Debate on regularization


5. Policy Conclusions5. Policy Conclusions

Feasibility

Desirability


5.1. Feasible 5.1. Feasible ANDAND Desirable Desirable

Access to the labour market

and legal regulations

Feasibility YES NO

Desirability YES NO

Highly demanded professions Feasibility YES

Desirability YES

People with long-term residence permit status

Feasibility YES

Desirability YES

Combination of residence and employment status (esp. Asylum seekers)

Feasibility YES

Desirability YES


5.1. Feasible 5.1. Feasible ANDAND Desirable Desirable

Support, Incentives,

Sanctions

Feasibility YES NO

Desirability YES NO

Support of irregularly working migrants (consultancy services, labour unions, legalizations)

Feasibility YES

Desirability YES

Facilitation of recognition of certifications

Feasibility YES

Desirability YES

Restrictions for employers (Suspension from awarding of public contracts)

Feasibility YES

Desirability YES


5.2. Not Feasible 5.2. Not Feasible ANDAND Not Not DesirableDesirable

Feasibility YES NO

Desirability YES NO

Termination of EU transitional periods

Feasibility NO

Desirability NO

Reduction of minimum wages Feasibility NO

Desirability NO


5.3.5.3. Feasible vs. Desirable Feasible vs. Desirable

Feasibility YES NO

Desirability YES NO

Liberalization of Labour Legislation (low-wage jobs)

Feasibility YES

Desirability NO

Reinforcement of controls by modern technologies (e.g.: biometric data)

Feasibility YES

Desirability NO

Sanctions/ penalties against irregularly employed migrants

Feasibility YES

Desirability NO

Skimming off of irregularly generated profits of employers

Feasibility NO

Desirability YES

EU- wide framework (harmonization of legal framework, increased cooperation)

Feasibility

Desirability YES

Presentation by:

MIGIWE Austria Team

QuestionsQuestions

Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!

Christina Hollomey,Christina Hollomey, M Michael Jandl, ichael Jandl, Veronika Bilger, Sandra Gendera and Anna StepienVeronika Bilger, Sandra Gendera and Anna Stepien

presentation by: migiwe austria team irregular migrant work in austria a delphi study approach...

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