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Verbal ClarityVerbal ClarityHow to use verbals correctlyHow to use verbals correctly

What exactly are the verbals?What exactly are the verbals?• Verbals include

gerunds, infinitives, and participles:

• A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun.

– Writing a good essay takes effort.

• An infinitive is a to + verb verbal that functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

– To graduate from college takes time.

• A A participleparticiple is a is a verbal used as an verbal used as an adjective, and it often adjective, and it often ends in ends in -ing-ing (present) (present) or or –ed (past)–ed (past)..

– ShakingShaking with anger, with anger, Gloria turned away Gloria turned away from her from her cheatingcheating boyfriend Carlos.boyfriend Carlos.

– ShakenShaken with fear, with fear, Ed walked away Ed walked away from the from the wreckedwrecked car.car.

Can you choose the Can you choose the right verbalright verbal??__1. McDonald’s opened in __1. McDonald’s opened in

1955, the only soda size 1955, the only soda size havinghaving/ / to haveto have just 6½ just 6½ ounces.ounces.

__2. Their __2. Their most popularmost popular/ / popularizedpopularized drink size drink size today is 20 ounces, three today is 20 ounces, three times the original size.times the original size.

__3. The original McDonald’s __3. The original McDonald’s hamburger and hamburger and servedserved/ / servingserving of French fries of French fries have become parts of the have become parts of the children’s Happy Meal.children’s Happy Meal.

Can you choose the Can you choose the right verbalright verbal??__1. McDonald’s opened in __1. McDonald’s opened in

1955, the only soda size 1955, the only soda size havinghaving/ / to haveto have just 6½ just 6½ ounces.ounces.

__2. Their __2. Their most popularmost popular/ / popularizedpopularized drink size drink size today is 20 ounces, three today is 20 ounces, three times the original size.times the original size.

__3. The original McDonald’s __3. The original McDonald’s hamburger and hamburger and servedserved/ / servingserving of French fries of French fries have become parts of the have become parts of the children’s Happy Meal.children’s Happy Meal.

What happened to What happened to supersizingsupersizing??__1. In 2004, McDonalds

dropped its supersized/ supersizing menu, amid rising awareness that its fast food products are blamed for obesity.

__2. McDonalds can see it to come/ coming: a flood of lawsuits blaming it for widespread obesity.

__3. The U.S. population is overweight/ overweighted, especially the ones at McDonalds weekly.

What happened to supersizing?What happened to supersizing?__1. In 2004, McDonalds

dropped its supersized/ supersizing menu, amid rising awareness that its fast food products are blamed for obesity.

__2. McDonalds can see it to come/ coming: a flood of lawsuits blaming it for widespread obesity.

__3. The U.S. population is overweight/ overweighted, especially the ones at McDonalds weekly.

How then do we use gerunds?How then do we use gerunds?__1. Filmmaker Morgan __1. Filmmaker Morgan

Spurlock spent a month Spurlock spent a month to doto do/ / doingdoing what 10- what 10-year-olds only dream of. year-olds only dream of.

__2. He was __2. He was eatingeating/ / to eatto eat nothing but food from nothing but food from McDonald's.McDonald's.

__3. There were no side trips __3. There were no side trips to Burger King and no to Burger King and no midnight raids on the midnight raids on the fridge fridge to searchto search/ / searchingsearching for salad for salad greens.greens.

How then do we use gerunds?How then do we use gerunds?__1. Filmmaker Morgan __1. Filmmaker Morgan

Spurlock spent a month Spurlock spent a month to doto do/ / doingdoing what 10- what 10-year-olds only dream of. year-olds only dream of.

__2. He was __2. He was eatingeating/ / to eatto eat nothing but food from nothing but food from McDonald's.McDonald's.

__3. There were no side trips __3. There were no side trips to Burger King and no to Burger King and no midnight raids on the midnight raids on the fridge fridge to searchto search/ / searchingsearching for salad for salad greens.greens.

Can you use gerunds correctly?Can you use gerunds correctly?__1. __1. To checkTo check/ / checkedchecked up on up on

the effects of eating an the effects of eating an exclusive McDonald’s exclusive McDonald’s diet, the ex-playwright diet, the ex-playwright and ex-beach volleyball and ex-beach volleyball announcer spent many announcer spent many thousands.thousands.

__2. In fact, Spurlock put __2. In fact, Spurlock put down on film what down on film what happeninghappening/ / happenedhappened to to his body, which was in his body, which was in quite good shape when quite good shape when the project started.the project started.

What tale do the gerunds tellWhat tale do the gerunds tell?__1. Gained/ gaining 25

pounds meant trouble for Spulock.

__2. The extra 65 points on his cholesterol count meaning/ meant Spurlocks’ head ached continually and he was depressed.

__3. Having referred/ referring to his liver as pâté, doctors told him to quit McDonalds or he would die.

What tale do the gerunds tellWhat tale do the gerunds tell?__1. Gained/ gaining 25

pounds meant trouble for Spulock.

__2. The extra 65 points on his cholesterol count meaning/ meant Spurlocks’ head ached continually and he was depressed.

__3. Having referred/ referring to his liver as pâté, doctors told him to quit McDonalds or he would die.

Can you use past participles?Can you use past participles?• What is the correct form What is the correct form

of the verb?of the verb?• For the fifth game in a For the fifth game in a

row, our team lost; we are row, our team lost; we are beatbeat/ / beatenbeaten..

• For a while we were For a while we were ahead, but now the huge ahead, but now the huge lead is all lead is all goinggoing/ / gonegone..

• We desperately wanted a We desperately wanted a win, but now we have win, but now we have chosedchosed/ / chosenchosen defeat. defeat.

• Therefore, some of the Therefore, some of the players are very players are very shookshook/ / shakenshaken up. up.

Can you use past participles?Can you use past participles?• What is the correct form What is the correct form

of the verb?of the verb?• For the fifth game in a For the fifth game in a

row, our team lost; we are row, our team lost; we are beatbeat/ / beatenbeaten..

• For a while we were For a while we were ahead, but now the huge ahead, but now the huge lead is all lead is all goinggoing/ / gonegone..

• We desperately wanted a We desperately wanted a win, but now we have win, but now we have chosedchosed/ / chosenchosen defeat. defeat.

• Therefore, some of the Therefore, some of the players are very players are very shookshook/ / shakenshaken up. up.

Do you use past participles?Do you use past participles?• Have you Have you sawsaw/ / seenseen my my

car keys?car keys?• No, where have you No, where have you

lainlain/ / laidlaid them? them?• I haven’t I haven’t findfind/ / foundfound

them yet!them yet!• Well, have you Well, have you trytry/ /

triedtried the table?the table?• Oh, have you Oh, have you drovedrove/ /

drivendriven my car? my car?• Sure, I have Sure, I have testingtesting/ /

testedtested it out lots of it out lots of times!times!

Do you use past participles?Do you use past participles?• Have you Have you sawsaw/ / seenseen my my

car keys?car keys?• No, where have you No, where have you

lainlain/ / laidlaid them? them?• I haven’t I haven’t findfind/ / foundfound

them yet!them yet!• Well, have you Well, have you trytry/ /

triedtried the table?the table?• Oh, have you Oh, have you drovedrove/ /

drivendriven my car? my car?• Sure, I have Sure, I have testingtesting/ /

testedtested it out lots of it out lots of times!times!

Then what are infinitives?Then what are infinitives?• Infinitives consist of Infinitives consist of

“to” plus a verb.“to” plus a verb.• They look like verbs, They look like verbs,

but aren’t.but aren’t.• Instead, they indicate Instead, they indicate

purpose.purpose.• What is the What is the purposepurpose of of

Janet coloring her Janet coloring her hair?hair?

• She colors it She colors it toto appearappear younger.younger.

• She wants She wants toto feelfeel better about herself.better about herself.

Do hairdressers ask too much?

Do you use Do you use infinitives correctly?infinitives correctly?• Use: be, finish, make, Use: be, finish, make,

succeed, graduate.succeed, graduate.2.2. Do you need ___ a Do you need ___ a

college degree?college degree?3.3. Yes, I plan ___.Yes, I plan ___.4.4. But you don’t seem __ But you don’t seem __

very motivated.very motivated.5.5. Yes, I am; I am trying Yes, I am; I am trying

___ in all of my classes.___ in all of my classes.6.6. Oh, I see that you have Oh, I see that you have

decided ___ something decided ___ something of yourself.of yourself.

HOPEFULLY YOU CAN MASTER IN SPEAKING AND WRITING BY USING GERUND AND INFINITIVE FLUENTLYAND CORRECTLY