presentation adaptivecm2014 blackboardmetaphor_hellefrisaksem
DESCRIPTION
How can the blackboard metaphor enrich collaborative ACM systems?TRANSCRIPT
How can the blackboard metaphor enrich
collaborative ACM systems?AdaptiveCM 2014 – Ulm 01.09.2014
Helle Frisak Sem, Steinar Carlsen and Gunnar John Coll (Norway)
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Plan for the talk
The blackboard metaphorAdaptive Case Management and collaborative work
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Balancing flexibility and complianceExample - UTSYSWhy is the blackboard metaphor useful?
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The blackboard metaphor
“A blackboard system is an artificial intelligence application based on the blackboard architectural model, where a common knowledge base, the "blackboard", is iteratively updated by a diverse group of specialist knowledge sources, starting with a problem specification and ending with a solution.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_system
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Adaptive case management
CM: Handling of many cases that are essentially similarFocus on automation Adaptive CM:Cases are different or circumstances vary in an unpredictable way Follow common and identifiable patterns, but usually also stray outside these Supporting knowledge workers
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Ordered/complex duality
Ordered situation with clear indication of what to do
Complex situation where participants discover patterns and decide actionswithin bounds
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Coordination
Direct supervision
Standardization Mutualadjustment
of employee
skills
of work
processes
of outputs
Types of collaboration (Mintzberg)
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Towards a rich ACM toolbox…
Balancing procedural compliance and run-time flexibilityEmbracing the unknown, creating headroom for expert judgment
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We must offer different collaboration types and support mechanisms!
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Collaboration characteristics
What is the reason to start to do something?How does information flow?Where is the locus of control?
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Flow follows line of command – Instructions down, information up
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Hierarchies / direct supervision
One person in control
I act because I’m told to
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Standardization – predefined design
I act because it’s in my job descriptionInformation flows with the work/relay batonControl by design
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Emergent control
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Mutual adjustment
Shared informationI act because I think it is important
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Blackboard metaphor – a way of thinking
Examples:Progress of scienceScrum boardsCrime boardsCase filesWirearchy
Main principles:Shared informationFree initiativePush and pull
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Our goal: Provide IT support for collaborative work
Support individual work and collaborationEnsure performance correctness Provide flexibility to handle the unexpected
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Balancing adaptivity and compliance
Different means serve different collaboration patterns
Initiative Information flowControl
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ACM Shared information
platformTools and
services
Process-snippets
Structuredblackboards
Tasks and
worklists
Tasklibrary
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Balancing adaptivity and compliance How to do
the work
Flexible relay
Shared informationand free initiative
Control outside of system
Wha
t to
doCo
llabo
ratio
nIT-supported control
Easy if you know what to do ACM Shared
information platform
Tools and
services
Process-snippets
Structuredblackboards
Tasks and
worklists
Tasklibrary
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Example - UTSYS
UTSYS –for The National Police Immigration Service (NPIS)Operative police work related to immigration and forced return of illegal immigrants
RegistrationIdentificationForced return
Detention
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Example - UTSYS
Parts of the work follow strict rulesUnpredictable overall processDifferent types of actors with their specific goals and subgoals - lines of workNon-monotonic goals
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Identificationstatus
Travel documents
Travelling arrangements
Work supported by other police systems and UDI systems
UTSYS supported work
Asylum seeker «B»arrives and an UTSYScase is created.
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Detain B.
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Book flight.9
Assign escort.
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Surname retrieved
Case gets reactivated: Queries to authorities in Elbonia using this name returns passport match. This triggers new tasks, updating the blackboard.
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Undercover police infiltrates B’s connections, revealing that B has family in northern parts of Elbonia, under a different surname.
Police work 5
The Norwegian Directorate of Immigration processes the application for asylum.
The application is turned down.
Application for asylum submitted
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When all subgoals have been completed,deportation can be carried out, and the case closed.
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Identity Return Detention Case stateAwaiting
ID verification
Effectuation
Finalisation
Closing
UTSYS Case blackboard
Identity verified
7 Acceptance confirmedby Elbonian authorities.
Detained
Initial interview 2
Work to verify B’s identity proves inconclusive. It is, however, 90% certain that the subject is an Elbonian.
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Failed applicationreturned
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Elbonian authorities refuse to receive B without firm evidence that he is a subject of Elbonia. Case is suspended.
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Example - UTSYS
Structured blackboards with lines of work Separate goalsMutual adjustment between the linesRelay-activity or standardization within tasks/lines
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Area for LoW (a)
• Worklist with structured and unstructured tasks
• Active task support based on predefined process snippets
• Context sensitive task library for LoW (a)
• Rulebase for calculations• Progress overview • Emergent workflow
«Case x»
Area for LoW (b)
• Static task library for LoW (b)
• Emergent workflow• Tools for for executing
special analyses• Structured access to
work results• Activity plan editor
with reminders
Area for LoW (c)
• Mainly a log, where LoW experts record their actions and reminders manually
• Activity plan editor with reminders
• Resource library for this LoW
Event New case x instantiated
Main goal: Case x solved and closed
Case manager needs a full overview, across lines of work (LoW)
Discipline specialists operate within their respective lines of work (LoW).
Case blackboard
Case stateCase subgoalsCommon overview
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Why use the blackboard metaphor
Give the participants room to act by their professional judgment
Promote the participants’ ability to coordinate work through mutual adjustment
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When to use blackboard metaphorWhen several participants collaborateWhen there is a need for shared situation awarenessWhen information- and workflows between participants cannot be pre-designed
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Questions and discussion
Email: [email protected]
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Thank you!