presentation 10 -principles of economics
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ECONOMICS AND IMPLEMENTATION ENG. KAREEM H. MOKHTAR
![Page 2: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Total capital investment
• Annual cost of a plant
• Time value
• Interest
• Cash flow diagram
• Alternative investment
• Optimization
![Page 3: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
• Equipment Cost
• Fixed Capital Investment
• Working Capital Investment
![Page 4: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ANNUAL COSTS OF A PLANT
• Production Cost
• Break Even Analysis
• Depreciation
![Page 5: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
EQUIPMENT COST
• Equipment cost could be calculated using charts, equations, or tables
• Factors to be taken into consideration
• Size of equipment (e.g.: diameter, height, volume or area of heat transfer).
• Material of construction.
• Operating conditions (e.g.: pressure).
![Page 6: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CALCULATION
• Present cost = Old cost x𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡
![Page 7: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
EXERCISE
• Calculate the cost of a condenser with the following specifications
• fixed tube sheets
• area 25.3 m2
• carbon steel shell and tubes
• operating pressure 1 bar.
![Page 8: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
EXERCISE
• Calculate the cost of a Cooler with the following specifications
• U tubes
• area 10.1 m2,
• carbon steel shell and tubes
• operating pressure 5 bar.
![Page 9: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT (TCI)
• TCI is the money utilized in a project to make a profit.
• Fixed capital investment (FCI) + Working capital investment (WCI).
• FCI is the sum of money paid to build up a plant and make ready for start up.
(Recovered as a scarp value)
• WCI is the additional sum of money required to start and operate the plant to the
point when income is earned (1-3 months). (Totally recovered at the end of the
service life, theoretically)
![Page 10: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT (FCI)
• By Scaling
• An approximate estimate of the capital cost
•𝐹𝐶𝐼 𝑜𝑓𝐴
𝐹𝐶𝐼 𝑜𝑓𝐵=
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵
0.6
![Page 11: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
THE FACTORIAL METHOD
• Lang method
• Coulson’s method
• Physical plant cost (PPC)
• Indirect plant cost (IPC)
![Page 12: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
COULSON
![Page 13: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
WORKING CAPITAL INVESTMENT (WCI)
• WCI=5-30% FCI
• Typically 15% FCI
![Page 15: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
EXERCISE
![Page 16: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Pay back time = 𝐹𝐶𝐼
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
• % return on capital investment = ݑܣ ݐݎ
𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
![Page 17: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Break even analysis depends on the following variables:
• 1. The fixed production costs for a product.
2. The variable production costs for a product.
• 3. The product's unit price.
4. The product's expected unit sales
![Page 18: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS
Revenue
total
variable
![Page 19: Presentation 10 -principles of economics](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051710/5a66d51a7f8b9ab87e8b4c03/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
EXERCISE
• Draw a break even chart for a firm which operates at 60% capacity
with sales of $450,000 while the variable cost is $300,000 and finally
the fixed expenses are $100,000.
• From your chart, determine the amount of profit earned per year.
What was its BEP in dollars of sales and in % of capacity? Also
determine the profit if the plant operates at 90% capacity.