BIOENERGY

Palm Oil Waste for Rural Electrification in Indonesia Muhammad Rizki

Sustainable Land-use Policy for Indonesia Merdiani A Mokobombang

Nipa-based Bioethanol in Thailand Jean Ratanayanon

Novel Cooking Stove in Malawi Alan Goron

Sugarcane for Bioenergy in South Africa Remi Bucquet

Aviation Biofuels Adriana Soliz Miranda

The Energy in BECCS Alberto Cárceles Peiró

Outline

#26

#24

#25

#23

#21

#27

#22

1

Muhammad RizkiMerdiani Aghnia MokobombangJidapa RatanayanonAlan GoronRemi BucquetAdriana Soliz MirandaAlberto Carceles Peiro

Techno – Economic Analysis of Palm Oil Waste as Bioenergy for Rural Electrification of Indonesia (Case Study: Belitung Island)#26

2

Why it is important

#26

Deforestation

Smog Production

Energy Poverty

Fossil Fuel Plants

Solid Waste

POME

Economic Feasibility

Emission Reduction

Question ?

3

Methodology

#26

Balance Supply & Demand

5 Palm oil Mills & 1 Biomass Plant

43 Villages 18.4 MW demand

Minimize Investment Cost

Plant Capacity & Location

Base case

Biogas focus

Conventional Combustion

CHP for biomass plant

4 different scenarios

4

Summary

#26

• All Schemes of utilization are feasible due to the profitable Feed in Tariff from

government (Positive NPVs; Returns in < 15 years)

• Limited to the owner of palm oil mill – high cost of solid waste

• High Carbon Saving technology: POME – biogas plants

• high emission if left piled but has

• low power conversion, high utilization volume

• 60% carbon saving

5

#26

Government Policy

Reduce the solid waste price 40-80%

Subsidies for National Electricity Company

(PLN) as the buyer of Feed in Tariff

POME – Biogas Plant

Maximize to reduce higher emission

Combine with CHP plant for biomass for

economic benefit

Recommendation

6

Muhammad Rizki

Merdiani Aghnia MokobombangJidapa RatanayanonAlan GoronRemi BucquetAdriana Soliz MirandaAlberto Carceles Peiro

How Sustainable Land Use

and Bioenergy Could Help

Indonesia in Climate Change

Mitigation?#24

7

#24

CHALLENGES

?

Intended Nationally Determined

Contribution (INDC)

Reduce 29% GHG Emissions

below its BaU level by 2030

Land use sectors and

bioenergy

High

population

Increase

oil palm

land area

Deforestation

Peat fires

The Context

8

Methodology

#24

Indonesia Land Use Futures 2050

Indonesia

Electricity

Land

Food

Bioenergy

Transport

Buildings

Indonesia 2050 Pathway Calculator1

Agricultureand

Livestock

Forest and Peatland

Settlement

Wood,Pulp&Paper

Waste

Bioenergy

Export

Import

System Boundary

Land

Use

Dynamic

9

#24

Simulation Results

Increase renewable energy

36% share in national energy mix

by 2025 in INDC scenario

Land-use sector Critical sector

to tackle Indonesia’s emissions

Agricultural and bioenergy

expansion

Potential emissions associated with

land use change over native

forestWithin Indonesia Outside Indonesia

MtC

O2

eq

pe

r ye

arM

tCO

2e

q p

er

year

Total AFOLU Emissions in High Emissions Scenario

Total AFOLU Emissions in Low Emissions Scenario

Results and Discussion

10

#24

SUSTAINABLE

LAND USE

POLICIES

Sustainable land use policies will play

a major role for climate change

mitigation and food security

Substantial policy measures in energy,

agriculture, forest and peatland

would be needed

Conclusion

11

Muhammad RizkiMerdiani Aghnia Mokobombang

Jidapa RatanayanonAlan GoronRemi BucquetAdriana Soliz MirandaAlberto Carceles Peiro

Environmental Impact

Assessment of Nipa-derived

Bioethanol Production in

Thailand#25

12

Energy Issues in Thailand

#25

Complication• Need more feedstock for the increasing

demand of ethanol

Issues• Heavily relying on energy import

• High carbon intensity

Plan• Alternative energy development plan

• Increase biomass production from

1.3 ML/day in 2012 to 9 ML/day by 2021

13

Why nipa palm?

Simple unit

operation

Less biomass

waste

High sugar

content

High ethanol

yield

Grows well in

Thailand

#2514

Method

#25

• LCA of nipa-derived bioethanol production in SimaPro 8

• Calculate water footprint offline

• 3 comparisons:

1. nipa-derived E85 VS. E10 VS. gasoline

2. ethanol production in different regions of Thailand

3. ethanol from nipa VS. maize VS. sugarcane

15

Results

#25

Key points

• More sustainable than gasoline

• Less impacts than sugarcane and maize in most categories

i.e. climate change, acidification and blue water footprint

• Consumes more green and grey water

• Need to improve water management and irrigation system

16

Muhammad RizkiMerdiani Aghnia MokobombangJidapa Ratanayanon

Alan GoronRemi BucquetAdriana Soliz MirandaAlberto Carceles Peiro

Introduction of a novel

cooking stove in Malawi: the

use of agricultural waste to

avoid deforestation and

environmental damage#23

17

#23

• 40 USD/month in average

• Rural population in majority

• Agricultural country: Subsistence

and export agriculture

(macadamia industry 5th largest of

the world)

• Traditional 3-stone fire for cooking

• Deforestation

• Climate change

Malawi: Overview

18

#23

Solution: Cooking Stove

19

Methods & Results

#23

• Efficiency tests: 57% less consumption than 3-stone fire

• Emission exposure test: 73% less exposure to Black Carbon

• Life cycle assessment: Overall contribution to global warming

• Lower than traditional stoves

• Higher than modern fuels (kerosene, LPG)

• Char characterisation: High surface area for nutrient adsorption

• Household surveys: Impact from the use of the improved stove

Cooking technology

3-stone Fire Improved stovewith wood

Improved stove with available

waste

LPG stove

Annual expenses 26 USD 15 USD 10 USD 203 USD

20

Recommendations

#23

• Education key for change from traditional

cooking practices

• Developing programme to introduce the stoves

financed with carbon credits

• High quality macadamia shell char for water

purification as activated carbon

21

Muhammad RizkiMerdiani Aghnia MokobombangJidapa RatanayanonAlan Goron

Remi BucquetAdriana Soliz MirandaAlberto Carceles Peiro

South African sugarcane

supply chain optimisation for

the production of bioenergy#21

22

Sugarcane residues for bioenergy

#21

• Energy challenges

• Great potential for sugarcane residues

• Gap between high level and local

studies

23

#21

ETHANOL

ELECTRICITY

FIELDS COLLECTION SITES SUGAR MILLS

BIOREFINERIESDISTRIBUTION CENTRES

BAGASSE

SUGARCANE SUGARCANE

Supply chain modeling

24

#21

DISTRIBUTED

STRATEGIC DECISIONS TACTICAL/OPERATIONAL DECISIONS

CENTRALISED

vs

Optimisation outputs

SENSITIVITY ANALYSES

25

Muhammad RizkiMerdiani Aghnia MokobombangJidapa RatanayanonAlan GoronRemi Bucquet

Adriana Soliz MirandaAlberto Carceles Peiro

Municipal Solid Waste

Fischer-Tropsch derived

Aviation Biofuels : A

Competitive and Investment

Evaluation#27

26

#27

Context

26.3 million jobs

35% of world trade by value

and 0.5% by Volume

Exchange of cultural

knowledge and

understanding

Aircrafts are powered by

petroleum-based jet fuels

739 million tonnes CO2

2% of total

anthropogenic

CO2 emissions

25%Fuel % Share in

Operating Expenses

6th

27

#27

• Limited availability of suitable feedstocks at an

affordable and predictable price

• Lack of funding

The Problem

The Progress BUT …

2 000 demonstration

flights

Developed new

or adapted existing

production

processes Actual uptake of

aviation biofuels has

been very modest

Overview

28

#27

Benefits:

Airlines: Manage Cost structure and Improve Corporate Social Responsibility efforts

Society: Reduction in carbon emissions Climate Change mitigation

Conversion

Pathway

Competitive

Strategy

Investment

Evaluation

• Municipal Solid Waste - Fischer-Tropsch

• Unutilized Waste = 89 million tonnes in Europe, 74% in

Turkey, France, UK, Italy and Spain

• Strong partnerships with suppliers

• Securing Funding: Policy plays a key role in reducing risk and

uncertainty associated with the project

• This project could be an attractive investment

Results

29

Muhammad RizkiMerdiani Aghnia MokobombangJidapa RatanayanonAlan GoronRemi BucquetAdriana Soliz Miranda

Alberto Carceles Peiro

The Energy in BECCS:

Is it possible to achieve the 2ºC

target agreed in COP21?#22

30

Paris Agreement and The IPCC

#22

The 2ºC target is achieved in models mostly by removing billions of tons of

CO2 out of the atmosphere every year through something called BECCS

31

What is BECCS?

#22

“Any combination of biomass combustion or processing

with CO2 capture and underground storage”

32

Theoretical Results

#2233

Of a life-cycle analysis of BECCS:

Some types of BECCS don’t work

The ones that do, barely produce energy…

… And should need plantations of several times the

size of India to remove the CO2 assumed by the IPCC

Food poverty?Population

growth ?

THANK YOU

Palm Oil Waste for Rural Electrification in Indonesia Muhammad Rizki

Sustainable Land-use Policy for Indonesia Merdiani A Mokobombang

Nipa-based Bioethanol in Thailand Jean Ratanayanon

Novel Cooking Stove in Malawi Alan Goron

Sugarcane for Bioenergy in South Africa Remi Bucquet

Aviation Biofuels Adriana Soliz Miranda

The Energy in BECCS Alberto Cárceles Peiró

Questions?

#26

#24

#25

#23

#21

#27

#22