Present & Future Active Present & Future Active IndicativeIndicativeChapter 3Chapter 3

lu,wlu,eijlu,ei

Singular

lu,omenlu,etelu,ousi(n)

Plural

I LooseYou LooseHe LoosesWe LooseYa’ll LooseThey Loose

Present Active Indicative of luvw

Primary Active endingsPrimary Active endings1s -w2s -eiV3s -ei1p -omen2p -ete3p -ousi(n)

Present Active IndicativePresent Active Indicative

Present tense stem + Connecting Vowel + Primary

active personal endings

lu + o + men = luvomen

Greek VerbsGreek Verbs

• Stem: This is the part of the verb that carries the basic meaning.• Connecting vowel: Greek verbs sometimes need a vowel after the stem to aid in the pronunciation of the word.• Personal endings: Suffixes added to the end of the verb indicating person and number

ParsingParsing•Parsing: the breaking down of the verb and denoting of:

–Tense–Voice –Mood –Person–Number –Lexical form (For verbs, this will be the 1st person singular, present indicative.) –Definition of inflected form.

Keep Parsing of Nouns and Verbs Keep Parsing of Nouns and Verbs StraightStraight

• Verbs do not have case or gender; nouns do not have person.– Nouns

• Case, gender, number– Verbs

• Tense, voice, mood, person and number

Greek Verbs- TenseGreek Verbs- Tense

•Aspect: This can be either continuous or undefined.

–Aspect ALWAYS takes precedence over time

•Time: Present tense generally indicates an action occurring in the present tense.

Verbs & Personal PronounsVerbs & Personal Pronouns• It is not usually necessary to provide the personal pronoun as the subject of a verb because the verb ending indicates the personal pronoun subject of the verb.

–Reasons for including the personal pronoun are twofold:

•Emphasis. •Gender.

lu,ei can be translated he, she, or it looses. Gender is specified by context or the addition of a personal pronoun.

Note: Unless specified, it is typical to simply use the masculine pronoun in translation.

For example . . .

The Use of the Future TenseThe Use of the Future Tense• The future is formed by adding a sigma to

the end of the future tense stem (lu,sw).

Future tense stem + s + Connecting Vowel + Primary

active personal endings

lu + s + o + men = luvsomen

Present Tense

lu,wlu,eijlu,ei

Sng

lu,omenlu,etelu,ousin

Pl

Active

lu,swlu,seijlu,seilu,somenlusetelu,sousin

Future Active

AmalgamationAmalgamation

p, b, f + s form y

k, g, c + s form x

t, d, q drop out before s

blepswblepswInstead of

bleywbleywIt becomes

blepwblepwRoot word

e;cswe;csw e;xwe;xwe;cwe;cw

Funny FuturesFunny Futures

peivqspeivqsww peivswpeivswpeivqwpeivqw

khrukkhrukVerb Stem

khruvxkhruvxww

It becomeskhrusskhruss

wwPre Act Ind

baptidbaptid baptivsbaptivsww

baptizbaptizww

Special Futures Special Futures [Pay attention to verb stem][Pay attention to verb stem]

The Use of the Future TenseThe Use of the Future Tense• Both English and Greek use the future tense

to predict or describe an action that will take place in the future.

• But Greek also uses the future tense to form commands – particularly when the NT is quoting the OT.– o` de. e;fh auvtw/|( VAgaph,seij ku,rion to.n

qeo,n sou evn o[lh| th/| kardi,a| sou kai. evn o[lh| th/| yuch/| sou kai. evn o[lh| th/| dianoi,a| sou\ (Matt 22:37).

– And He said to him, “You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind.” (Matthew 22:37)

In the Future Tense, as in the In the Future Tense, as in the Present Tense, the aspect (kind of Present Tense, the aspect (kind of action) depicted must be discerned action) depicted must be discerned

from the context.from the context.

Tings tou Consider

So, the present may depict the simple present (simple present, e.g., I loose),

an ongoing action in the present (progressive present, e.g., I am

loosing), or a past action as if it is in the present (historical present, e.g., He

comes to him, and then . . .).

The future may be predictive (e.g., I will loose), imperatival (e.g., You will loose), or gnomic (e.g., A person will drink water . . .) indicating that this is

what should be expected under normal conditions.

avgapaavgapa,sw,sw

Instead ofavgaphavgaph

,sw,swIt becomes

avgapaavgapa,w,w

Root word

lale,swlale,sw lalh,swlalh,swlale,wlale,w

Funny FuturesFunny Futures

plhro,splhro,sww

plhrw,splhrw,swwplhro,wplhro,w

poie,spoie,sww poih,swpoih,swpoie,wpoie,w

Vowel changes in Future TenseVowel changes in Future Tense

a and e lengthen to ho lengthens to w