Present continuous – future usePresent continuous – future use

We can use the present continuous for the We can use the present continuous for the future when we are talking about an future when we are talking about an

arrangement. This could be an arrangement. This could be an arrangement with somebody else.arrangement with somebody else.

For example:For example:

• I’m going to the cinema with Darren I’m going to the cinema with Darren tonight.tonight.

Or just with ourselves …Or just with ourselves …

• Really? I’m staying in and watching TV.Really? I’m staying in and watching TV.

The important thing is that something The important thing is that something happened before now.happened before now.

Sometimes there is very little difference Sometimes there is very little difference between the present continuous between the present continuous (arrangement) and going to (intention from (arrangement) and going to (intention from before now).before now).

Present simple – future usePresent simple – future use

We can use the present simple for the future We can use the present simple for the future when we are talking about facts, when we are talking about facts,

e.g. timetables and fixed times.e.g. timetables and fixed times.

The train leaves at six o’clock.The train leaves at six o’clock.

Manchester United play Liverpool on Manchester United play Liverpool on Saturday.Saturday.

The course ends next week.The course ends next week.

The film starts at eight o’clock.The film starts at eight o’clock.

Of course, somebody arranged all these Of course, somebody arranged all these things, but it isn’t necessary to say so. things, but it isn’t necessary to say so. They are not intentions either. They are They are not intentions either. They are simple facts, so we use the present simple facts, so we use the present simple.simple.

Look at the sentences below. For each Look at the sentences below. For each one, choose the better answer A or Bone, choose the better answer A or B

I asked you to give this to Mr. Hinton.I asked you to give this to Mr. Hinton.

A.A. It’s OK, I’ll give it to him after lunch.It’s OK, I’ll give it to him after lunch.

B.B. It’s OK, I’m going to give it to him after It’s OK, I’m going to give it to him after lunch.lunch.

Would you like to go to the football match on Would you like to go to the football match on Saturday?Saturday?

A.A. Sorry, I’m visiting my grandmother.Sorry, I’m visiting my grandmother.

B.B. Sorry, I visit my grandmother.Sorry, I visit my grandmother.

What’s the problem – are we late?What’s the problem – are we late?

A.A. Well, the film will start at seven o’clock.Well, the film will start at seven o’clock.

B.B. Well, the film starts at seven o’clock.Well, the film starts at seven o’clock.

This soup’s awful.This soup’s awful.

A.A. I know. So are you going to tell the I know. So are you going to tell the waiter?waiter?

B.B. I know. So are you telling the waiter?I know. So are you telling the waiter?

Have you told your Father yet?Have you told your Father yet?

A.A. No, I do it later.No, I do it later.

B.B. No, I’m going to do it later.No, I’m going to do it later.

Oh, I forgot to bring the car keys.Oh, I forgot to bring the car keys.A.A. It’s OK, I’m going back and getting them.It’s OK, I’m going back and getting them.B.B. It’s OK, I’ll go back and get them.It’s OK, I’ll go back and get them.Are you coming to the meeting this afternoon?Are you coming to the meeting this afternoon?A.A. No, I’m seeing the dentist.No, I’m seeing the dentist.B.B. No, I’ll see the dentist.No, I’ll see the dentist.Oh, I’ve spilt my coffee.Oh, I’ve spilt my coffee.A.A. Don’t worry, I’ll get you another one.Don’t worry, I’ll get you another one.B.B. Don’t worry, I get you another one.Don’t worry, I get you another one.Sir, Mr. Andrews wants to speak to you.Sir, Mr. Andrews wants to speak to you.A.A. Tell him I’m calling him back in a minute.Tell him I’m calling him back in a minute.B.B. Tell him I’ll call him back in a minute.Tell him I’ll call him back in a minute.

Places and BuildingsPlaces and Buildings

1. The side of a river.1. The side of a river.A.A. shoreshoreB.B. bankbank2. An important church, usually quite large.2. An important church, usually quite large.A.A. templetempleB.B. cathedralcathedral3. The process of becoming weaker or poorer.3. The process of becoming weaker or poorer.AA. . declinedeclineBB. . reclinerecline

4. Business involving money.4. Business involving money.

A.A. economyeconomy

B.B. exchangeexchange

5. Something you sell in other countries.5. Something you sell in other countries.

A.A. extractextract

B.B. exportexport

6. Very interesting.6. Very interesting.

A.A. fasteningfastening

B.B. fascinatingfascinating

7. Popular clothes, car or music.7. Popular clothes, car or music.

A.A. fashionablefashionable

B.B. commoncommon

8. A type of work, making things in factories.8. A type of work, making things in factories.

A.A. fabricfabric

B.B. industryindustry

9. Someone who comes into a country to 9. Someone who comes into a country to take the land.take the land.

A.A. invaderinvader

B.B. incomeincome

10. A small hill, sometimes man-made.10. A small hill, sometimes man-made.A.A. moundmoundB.B. mountmount11. A town beside the sea with a harbour.11. A town beside the sea with a harbour.A.A. dockdockB.B. portport12. Political control.12. Political control.A.A. reignreignB.B. rulerule13. To move into a place and live there.13. To move into a place and live there.A.A. settlesettleB.B. sinksink

15. To continue to exist.15. To continue to exist.A.A. survivesurviveB.B. surveysurvey16. A simple castle.16. A simple castle.A.A. towertowerB.B. palacepalace17. Buying and selling things to make money.17. Buying and selling things to make money.A.A. tradetradeB.B. purchasepurchase18. Rich18. RichA.A. wealthywealthyB.B. valuablevaluable

YorkYorkMany important events have happened in Many important events have happened in

York’s long history.York’s long history.

In 71 AD, the Romans built a camp at the In 71 AD, the Romans built a camp at the place where the rivers Ouse and Fosse place where the rivers Ouse and Fosse meet. meet.

They called this Eboracum. A town slowly They called this Eboracum. A town slowly grew beside it and in time this became one grew beside it and in time this became one of the leading cities of the Roman Empire.of the leading cities of the Roman Empire.

In the seventh century the Saxons settled In the seventh century the Saxons settled within the walls of the Roman fort. within the walls of the Roman fort.

They also built a little wooden church. They also built a little wooden church.

There has been a church on this site ever There has been a church on this site ever since. since.

The present one, which dates from the The present one, which dates from the thirteenth century, is the great cathedral of thirteenth century, is the great cathedral of York Minster.York Minster.

In 867 York was captured by Danish In 867 York was captured by Danish invaders and the town grew into an invaders and the town grew into an important port and centre for trade. Danish important port and centre for trade. Danish rule continued until 944, when King rule continued until 944, when King Edmund defeated them.Edmund defeated them.

In later years the city became part of the In later years the city became part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England.Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England.

In 1066 England was invaded by Normans In 1066 England was invaded by Normans under William the Conqueror. When under William the Conqueror. When William came to York he built two wooden William came to York he built two wooden castles on earth mounds, one each side of castles on earth mounds, one each side of the River Ouse. the River Ouse.

The one on the east bank was destroyed in The one on the east bank was destroyed in 1190. The stone building which stands 1190. The stone building which stands there today, Clifford’s tower, was built as a there today, Clifford’s tower, was built as a replacement in the thirteenth century.replacement in the thirteenth century.

By the Middle Ages, York was one of the By the Middle Ages, York was one of the main religious centres of England. Besides main religious centres of England. Besides the cathedral there were more than 40 the cathedral there were more than 40 churches, and some of these have churches, and some of these have survived up to the present day. survived up to the present day.

The city continued to be important as a port The city continued to be important as a port and trading centre. England’s chief export and trading centre. England’s chief export at the time was wool, and much of it left at the time was wool, and much of it left the country from York.the country from York.

In 1533 King Henry VIII took England out of In 1533 King Henry VIII took England out of the Roman Catholic Church. Because so the Roman Catholic Church. Because so much of York’s economy was in the hands much of York’s economy was in the hands of the churches, the city suffered greatly. of the churches, the city suffered greatly. Its decline continued until the eighteenth Its decline continued until the eighteenth century, when it began to be a fashionable century, when it began to be a fashionable place to live and visit. place to live and visit.

Many wealthy people from all over the north Many wealthy people from all over the north of England built town houses in the city.of England built town houses in the city.

In the nineteenth century York became an In the nineteenth century York became an important railway centre, and this has important railway centre, and this has continued ever since.continued ever since.

Also, two families who sold chocolate from Also, two families who sold chocolate from shops, Rowntree’s and Terry’s, built shops, Rowntree’s and Terry’s, built factories. These have grown into York’s factories. These have grown into York’s leading industry.leading industry.

Since, then some new industries have arrived, Since, then some new industries have arrived, but York is still a city where visitors can walk but York is still a city where visitors can walk along ancient streets and experience its long along ancient streets and experience its long and fascinating history.and fascinating history.

Are the sentences below true or Are the sentences below true or false?false?

The town of Eboracum was built by the Romans.The town of Eboracum was built by the Romans.

There has been a Saxon church in York since There has been a Saxon church in York since the seventh century.the seventh century.

York has been ruled by Danes, Anglo-Saxons York has been ruled by Danes, Anglo-Saxons and Normans.and Normans.

Clifford’s Tower was built by William the Clifford’s Tower was built by William the Conqueror.Conqueror.

In the Middle Ages, York was a major port for the In the Middle Ages, York was a major port for the export of wool.export of wool.

King Henry VIII destroyed all the old King Henry VIII destroyed all the old churches in York.churches in York.

York’s economy declined in the sixteenth York’s economy declined in the sixteenth century.century.

Many rich people moved to York because Many rich people moved to York because of the railways.of the railways.

The only industry in York today are The only industry in York today are railways and chocolate.railways and chocolate.

Now look at the following pairs Now look at the following pairs of sentences. All of them are of sentences. All of them are

similar to the sentences in the similar to the sentences in the text. For each pair decide which text. For each pair decide which

you think is correct. you think is correct.

1.a. 1.a. Many important events happened in York’s Many important events happened in York’s long history.long history.

b. b. Many important events have happened in Many important events have happened in York’s long history.York’s long history.

2.a. 2.a. In the seventh century the Saxons built a In the seventh century the Saxons built a wooden church in York.wooden church in York.

b. b. In the seventh century the Saxons have In the seventh century the Saxons have built built a a wooden church in York.wooden church in York.

3.a. 3.a. There was a church on this site since the There was a church on this site since the seventh seventh century.century.

b.b. There has been a church on this site since There has been a church on this site since the the seventh century.seventh century.

4.a. 4.a. Danish invaders captured York in Danish invaders captured York in 867.867.

b.b. Danish invaders have captured York Danish invaders have captured York in in 867.867.

5.a.5.a. William the Conqueror built two William the Conqueror built two wooden castles beside the River Ouse.wooden castles beside the River Ouse.

b.b. William the Conqueror has built two William the Conqueror has built two wooden castles beside the River wooden castles beside the River

Ouse.Ouse.

6.a.6.a. One of them stood until 1190.One of them stood until 1190.

b.b. One of them has stood until 1190.One of them has stood until 1190.

7.a.7.a. Some churches from the Middle Ages Some churches from the Middle Ages survived until the present day.survived until the present day.

b.b. Some churches from the Middle Ages Some churches from the Middle Ages have have survived until the present day. survived until the present day.

8.a.8.a. In the Middle Ages, England’s chief export In the Middle Ages, England’s chief export was was wool.wool.

b.b. In the Middle Ages, England’s chief export In the Middle Ages, England’s chief export has has been wool.been wool.

9.a.9.a. New industries arrived since the New industries arrived since the nineteenth nineteenth century.century.

b.b. New industries have arrived since the New industries have arrived since the nineteenth nineteenth century.century.

Past simplePast simple

We use the past simple for events in the We use the past simple for events in the past where:past where:

We say the time of the event.We say the time of the event.

We know the time of the event.We know the time of the event.

The time of the event is important.The time of the event is important.

Present perfectPresent perfect

We use the present perfect for events in the We use the present perfect for events in the past:past:

When the event started in the past and is When the event started in the past and is still happening now.still happening now.

When the time of the event isn’t important.When the time of the event isn’t important.

Although these events happened in Although these events happened in the past, or began in the past, the the past, or began in the past, the important time is important time is nownow. That’s why . That’s why we call it the we call it the presentpresent perfect perfect tense.tense.