prescribed by the national curriculum and textbook board and crafts 25.1... · 2011. 11. 27. ·...

Prescribed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board for Class Six from the academic year 1997

ARTS & CRAFTS [CLASS SIX]

Written and Translated by

HASHEM KHAN

GOPESH MALAKER

ADELINE MALAKER

Edited by

MOHAMMAD NURUL HUDA

AHMED ULLAH

National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka.

Published by

The National Curriculum and Textbook Board 69-70, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka

[All rights reserved by the Publisher]

First Edition : 1997

Re-print : 2007

Reprint April, 2010

Computer Compose

Laser Scan Ltd.

Cover Design

HASHEM KHAN

Illustrators HASHEM KHAN

ADELINE MALAKER

GOPESH MALAKER

Design

NCTB, DHAKA

For free distribution from academic year 2010 by the Government of Bangladesh

Preface Education is the key to development. A progressively improved education system largely determines the pace and the quality of national development. To reflect the hopes and aspirations of the people and the socio-economic and cultural reality in the context of the post independent Bangladesh, new textbooks were introduced in the beginning of the 1980s following the recommendations of the National Curriculum and Textbook Committee. In 1994, in accordance with the need for change and development, the textbooks of lower secondary, secondary and higher secondary were revised and modified. The textbooks from classes VI to IX were written in 1995. In 2000, almost all the textbooks were rationally evaluated and necessary revision were made. In 2008, the Ministry of Education formed a Task Force for Education. According to the advice and guidance of the Task Force, the cover, spelling and information in the textbooks were updated and corrected. To make assessment more meaningful and in accordance with the need of the curriculum, Creative Questions and Multiple Choice Questions are given at the end of each chapter. It is hoped that this will reduce the dependency of students on rote memorisation. The students will be able to apply the knowledge they have gained to judge, analyse and evaluate real life situation. The social life in all areas revolves around art. To build a progressive nation and healthy society, artists play a vital role together with doctors, engineers, agriculturists, educationists and politicians. Like the developed countries Arts and Crafts have been given an important position in education in developing countries. Practical lessons have been given in the texts so that learners can learn to apply their knowledge in practical fields. It is hoped that the textbook has rightly reflected the need of the curriculum and the learning outcomes. This book of Arts and Crafts for class VI is the English Version of the original textbook entitled ‘Charu O Karukala’ written in Bangla. We know that curriculum development is a continuous process on which textbooks are written. Any logical and formative suggestions for improvement will be considered with care. On the event of the golden jubilee of the Independence of Bangladesh in 2021, we want to be a part of the ceaseless effort to build a prosperous Bangladesh. In spite of sincere efforts in translation, editing and printing some inadvertent errors and omissions may be found in the book. However, our efforts to make it more refined and impeccable will continue. Any constructive suggestion towards its further improvement will be gratefully considered. I thank those who have assisted us with their intellect and efforts in the writing, editing and rational evaluation of this book. We hope that the book will be useful for the students for whom it is written. Prof. Md. Mostafa Kamaluddin Chairman National Curriculum and Textbook Board Dhaka.

Contents Chapter Subject Page One. 1. A few words about paintings 6 2. Flok-art and crafts 11 Two. 3. Paintings by oneself and materials of painting 18 4. Some common rules of drawings 23 5. Colours and coloured paintings 29 Three. (Different types of crafts) 39 6. Works of coconut leaves, Date leaves and Palmyra leaves 40 7. Handicrafts with jute 42 8. Crafts with clay 47 9. Artistry of cotton 55 10. Embroidery 61 11. Knitting 69 12. Paper-Crafts 75 13. Dolls and many other things with pejects 81

The “Context” and “Directive” for the teachers

Arts and crafts are practical based and hand wrought works, for which the teacher has to make conscious efforts to help his students understand the rules and the lessons following textual descriptions. The teacher should keep in mind different types of art materials and their uses. It has to be mentioned that the students will draw paintings and make crafts themselves. The teacher should never interfere directly. She/he will look into the progress and maturity of the students’ works and advise them accordingly. The teacher will explain easy rules and common things of a painting by practical demonstration. He will also show separately how to do a craft, if necessary. As arts is a hand wrought subject, the role of and art-teacher is of much importance. The students will get encouraged to be self-reliant and self-confident under his able guidance. There should be an annual exhibition of the arts and crafts done by the students and prizes should be awarded for the good works. Besides, the students would get more and more encouraged if their paintings and handicrafts are sent in various arts and crafts exhibitions at national and international levels. One should attend art-exhibitions and visit different museums if one goes for an excursion to a big city. Students should be encouraged to visit art-Colleges and other art-institutions to observe various methods and media of arts and crafts. There are many other methods, tools and media beside the extent of the book.

Examination and distribution of marks Full marks-50

A. Theoretical : 20 marks. Descriptive- 10 marks (two questions to be answered 5+5=10 Objective-10 marks (Ten questions to be answered) 1x10=10 There will be questions from every chapter B. Practical : 30 marks. Fine arts (painting)-15 marks. (25 paintings must be done through out the

year as class work. 5 marks for class work +10 marks for examination). Time limit for one painting in examination-4 hours.

Handicrafts/Cottage crafts- 15 marks (two subjects must be learnt throughout the year. 5 marks for class work+10 marks for examination). Time limit 5 hours or as necessary. Students will learn about any two subjects from the handicrafts/Cottage crafts portion, but will attempt only one in the examination.

CHAPTER-1

A FEW WORDS ABOUT PAINTINGS

Munira is girl. Shishir is her brother. Munira is elder. She reads in class six and Shishir in class four. For a few days both of them have been painting a lot. A painting competition is very near. They will submit the painting in it. The subject is ‘An interesting event that you have seen.’ Both of them have painted some beautiful events during last three days. Munira has drawn ‘Monkey’s dance’, ‘Dress as you like’ and ‘Fighting of two goats.’ Shishir has drawn “an ox in the field” which has gone angry seeing a piece of red-cloth hanging over a wire. It seems that the ox would hit anybody by its horns in a moment. Another painting is “a small hen” that has gone angry seeing its own image in a mirror, it came about to jump on its reflected image, raising its paws and shrinking nose and beak. Oh God! The hen in the mirror is also making face and it is about to jump on the actual hen in the same way. One day their parents went with them to submit the paintings in the office of Kanchi Kancha; the organisation that arranged this painting competition. After a few days, a function was arranged for declaration and distribution of prizes and it was followed by a painting exhibition. Munira and Shishir came with their parents to this exhibition and function. There were hundreds of paintings in the exhibition. After a while they would see their own paintings. So, they got much excited. Many boys and girls of their age came to the exhibition. The place of exhibition is crowded with people. The visitors are father-mother, brother-sister and others. For a while, there were songs, dances, jokes and a lot of enjoyments. Now prizes will be declared and distributed among winners. Then the chief guest will open the exhibition.

A few words about paintings 7

There are three groups. The age from 4 to 7 years is group ‘A’, from 8 to 10 years group ‘B’ and from 11 to 15 years group ‘C’. At first prizes were given to group ‘A’. The prizes were interesting books in bundles for the children. The red bundles are for group ‘A’. All clapped for them who won the prizes. Munira and Shishir clapped and expressed their joy. At the time of announcement of prizes for group ‘B’, Shishir felt a little bit nervous, for he is in this group. Father and mother said that his paintings were very beautiful. Munira said, “Your painting on the ox is so excellent that you will stand first.” “Oh God! May Munira apa’s words become true.” The special prize and 3rd prize had been announced already. The bundles of books for group ‘B’ are yellow. Shishir is very fond of yellow colour. A boy named Shihan won the second prize. Shishir and Shishan are very similar names. Shishir was nearly amazed.

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The first prize was announced, too. No, Shishir didn’t win. Shishir became disheartened. He did not feel like doing anything. Everybody at home highly praised his painting on the ox. So he had a belief that he would surely win one of the prizes. Shishir won prizes for three times in such competition. Most of the elderly people said that Shishir draws pictures beautifully. Mother understood the condition of his mind. Patting on his body and head she tried to console him. In the meanwhile, the prizes for group ‘C’ were being distributed. Suddenly, there was an announcement that Munira Majumder won the 3rd prize in Group ‘C’ for her painting ‘Monkey’s dance’. Shishir nearly shouted in joy. “Hurrah! Our ‘Munira apa! “Munira ran to the chief guest and took her prize from his hand and came back with a green bundle of books. There is a pleasant smile on her eyes and face. Shishir embraced his sister with joy when she came back. He took the prize in his hand and said, “Apu, a lot of books. Wow! May all be new story books, then it will be very pleasant to read them.” Shortly, Shishir became sad thinking about himself. Everybody said at home that his painting on the ox was better than Munira apa’s. But what is the banefit of saying so? Munira apu won the prize. In the meantime, the prize giving of group ‘C’ was completed. There came a new announcement from the dais, “The chief judge will announce the best award for the best winner among three groups. He will also say a few words about this interesting painting.” Shishir is no more interested. He looked at the dais unwillingly. The chief judge is a renowned artist and very dear to the children, too. He spoke a lot about the interesting facts and paintings of the children and praised them. Shishir was not listening attentively. A red-yellow-green bundle of books and a colour box lay on the table. The children’s best award! “When will the function end?” Shishir said to himself. He is no more interested in anything. Speaking a few words on the topics, the chief judge said, “Among four hundred paintings, on four hundred interesting subjects, the painting that is selected as the best is


‘An Ox and a Red Shawl’. This interesting painting is done by a small artist named Shishir Majumder.”

What is Shishir hearing? At first he came to a stop. Really he won an award! His painting is good! Munira apu embraced Shishir with joy. “What has happened to Shishir? Why are you sitting quietly? You are called to the dais”, said his mother delightfully.

That’s right! Shishir almost flew to the dais. The chief judge gave a big bundle of prize to his hand with joy. Click, Click! The light of the camera and continuous clappings went on.

Competitions on children’s painting are often organised now-a-days. The painting exhibitions and competitions are held in our country. Children are also taking part in the international painting exhibitions. Many children like you win awards. This is a pride for our country.

Most of you like to draw pictures and you do the same. Although some of you are eager to draw, but you; you can’t think, if you draw a picture, it will be nothing, and no one will appreciate it. Many will laugh at your paintings etc. In fact, everyone has an artistic mind. There is delight in drawing lines and colouring the paintings. This desire is more in your age-group. It can be realised looking at the pages of your readers, exercise books and the walls of houses. So he or she who wants to draw, should not waste pages of his text books. Have an exercise book and draw whatever you like in that book. You will find that, one day it has become an album of pictures. After a time, you will be surprised to look at your own drawings. You will see how you have moved in the word of your imagination, and improved your drawings day by day. Your mind will be fulfilled with joy to have a look on the colurful pages of these drawings.

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The first painting done by Men The primitive men painted, too. We could understand their lifestyle by their paintings now-a-days. They had no houses. They were unable to build them. They used to live in caves and did not know how to plough, to grow food grains. They used to live on hunting animals. They used to eat the raw meat of those hunted animals. They used to paint unitedly on the uneven walls of those caves, where they lived. Many of those caves were invented in Spain and France. They did not make paintings to decorate their houses, because they did not know how to build houses. So where would they hang their paintings? To draw a picture was a belief in magic to primitive men. Hunting was their only work. For that reason, they used to draw picture of the animals they hunted. They had even drawn arrows and spears on animal body. It meant that the animal was hunted by those weapons. They used to draw such pictures before they went out for hunting. The belief was that they would come successful in hunting the big animals of that period, such as- Byson, Mammoth etc.

Primitive men drawing picture on the wall of a cave


Perhaps you are eager to know, what are the things the primitive men would paint the picture with? With brush? Where could they get colours? In fact, they could not make so nice brushes like us.

They sharpened the hard bones of animals, and drew lines by scratching with those bones. They used to make brushes with animal’s hair. They mixed animal’s fat with various kinds of coloured clay and made colours. It is very astonishing to find that the lines and colours of these paintings are not yet ruined after thousands of years of their creation.

Thousands of years have passed by since the appearance of primitive men. There were numerous ups and downs in the world. Many civilizations and civilized societies have appeared and disappeared. Though we do not know about all civilizations, we know about some of them. And our source of knowing these civilizations are their paintings, sculptures, architecture, handicrafts or folk-arts. May be their books are destroyed and there is no chance to know about their languages. But the anthropologists can decipher the history of their tradition, manners, society, culture etc, from the paintings, sculptures and architecture discovered in ruins. In this context we can cite the example of the civilizations of Asirians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Mayas and Indus Valley etc. Art or painting is an international language or the language of people of the world. It is not difficult to understand the paintings or arts of a country or of an era by the people of other country even after a few era. Think a Negro boy from Zimbabwe of Africa has sent you a painting, painted by him. You became very happy because you didn’t fail to understand the painting. If the boy would write a letter praising you very much you couldn’t understand a single word; because you don’t know the language of Zimbabwe; but you have easily understood the painting by the same boy.

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FOLK-ART AND CRAFTS There is groups of people in every village, who paint pictures, make dolls, such as: wooden dolls, elephants, horses, tigers, human-figures etc. They make these in big and small sizes. They fix wooden wheels at the bottom of some of these dolls. These can be rolled and dragged here and there. These elephants and horses are designed and painted with bright colours that included red, blue, green, yellow, black etc. Painting is also called ‘Pot’. The stories of these pots are very popular in villages. Pictures are painted on pot that is divided into various parts. Pictures are arranged one after another. Pots are generally very big and long. Some of the villagers sing out the stories on which these pots were made. The children and elderly people listen to those stories and become amused. He who make the painting on these pots is called ‘Potua’. This is why, in the village a person who paints on a pot is not called an artist, but a ‘Potua’, ‘Gazi’s Pot’ is a famous story, among various pots. Have you ever seen this? The potuas also paint on ‘Sakher Haris’ (The fency earthern ware), ‘Laksmi shoras’, stools etc. The ‘Sakher Haris’ are designed with the drawings of birds, flowers, creepers and herbs in bright colours. The ‘Laksmi shora’ is done for Laksmi Puja, according to Hindu religion. These pictures are made in bright colours. There must be the picture of an owl, which is called Laksmi’s Bahon (bearer). In the villages, the potters make potteries as well as dolls. Elephants, horses, birds, men all these things made of clay are burnt after finishing. The colour become brownish-red, which we call ‘burnt-colour’. One of these clay-dolls is made as flutes. Children are very fond of these flutes. Pictures and various designs are done on clay-blocks. These blocks are about 15 x 15 cm or may be smaller or bigger or of different sizes. The picture or designs are done by relief work on the surface of the blocks. At first these are made of soft clay, then


these are to be burnt. That is why these are called burnt-blocks’ (terra cotta). There are many of these blocks on the walls of the mosques and the temples in our country. Many of these old blocks were found by excavating. The burnt-blocks are called ‘Terra-Cotta’. These are very famous all over the world. There is no picture of human figures, birds or animals, which are used on the walls of a mosque. These blocks are designed with flowers, creepers, herbs and such other things.

The Clay pots before colour designs are called crafts, but after making colour design are called falk-arts The embroidered quilts are the works of village-women. Various designs are done with needles and threads on the quilts. These arts are being done for a long time in the villages of Bangladesh. There are tales of sorrows and happiness of the village people, various imaginary pictures of girls living conditions of the people, their thoughts etc. Besides, there are flowers, birds, different lines and

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designs sewed with needle and threads on all these embroidered quilts. The designed hand-fans are done with needle and thread like embroidered quilts. These are the main folk-arts of Bangladesh. So we can say, the arts which the common people of rural areas make joyously in their leisure time on their own accord and to entertain others as well, is folk-art. The folk-artists and the ‘Potuas’ have been doing their works form generation to generation.

(a) The wooden elephant and clay dolls. (b) The mat and designs of cahes

The folk-art not only offers them a happy, joyous and peaceful life, but also caters to their various domestic needs. A number of tools and instruments are needed to build houses, house-hold goods and to travel here and there. An artis-


tic sense is needed to make these things. Different artistry are done by designing and painting on these things. These kinds of works are crafts. The folk-artists are mainly responsible for making crafts. Of course, there are craftsmen of other kinds, too. The famous crafts of Bangladesh include wooden artistry, clay potteries, different potteries made of copper, brass, iron-tools and other articles, ornaments made of gold and silver, other technical arts, jamdani saries, jute-goods, articles made of shell, conch-bangles and other articles, materials made of leather, bamboo-goods, cane-goods and various things made of straw and sola (hat-plant) etc. The tradition of wood-crafts is long. The artistic relief-designs are done on wooden-pillars. The uses of these kind of pillars are few now-a-days. Beautiful ornamented relief works on doors, windows and railings are done till now. The ornamented chests, bedsteads (cots), palanquin (palki), boats of Bangladesh are widely known. The clay-pots, conchshell-bangles and ornaments, cane furniture, sitol pati (mat), jute curtain, mat, shika, leather-goods, handloom-saries mainly jamdani saries, Tangail-saries, silk and katan saries of Rajshahi are remarkable crafts of Bangladesh having good reputation at home and abroad. The decorative crafts, mainly handloom-cloths, blankets, wrappers, bamboo-baskets, ornaments shoulder-bags made by the tribal people are also known widely.

EXERCISE Theoretical 1. Answer the following questions

a. Did you participate in any art competition? Have you seen the art exhibition of the children’s paintings? Write down what you remember.

b. Which is the oldest painting done by men? Write what you know about it.

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c. Why did the primitive men draw paintings? Write briefly about the ideas and causes known.

d. Where and on what materials the primitive men painted? Where could they

get colours and brushes? Narrate what you know. e. ‘Art’ (Painting) is the language of all and it is an international language’

Discuss. f. What is the folk-arts of Bangladesh? Describe with examples. g. Write what you know about the crafts of Bangladesh. h. Do you know about wooden-crafts? Give their names and describe at least

two of them. i. Write in details about your experience on any of the following: (1) The Baishakhi Mela, (2) Eid-Mela, (3) Maharam-Mela, (4) Book fair

(Mela=Fair). j. Write the names of five birds gradually from small to big and describe

colour of each of them. k. Write the names of five flowers and describe (their colour and the size)

them. l. Describe and show the differences between a coconut tree and a date-palm

tree. m. Draw in lines the national flower, fruit, fish, bird of Bangladesh and

describe them briefly. n. Write the names of five fruits of Bangladesh and draw them. Describe their

shapes, colour and tastes. 2. Pick out the correct answers a. Primitive men painted on-paper/ the walls of caves/ the walls of buildings. b. Primitive men painted with- mixing fat with clay/ the tube colours.


c. The subjects of paintings of the primitive men were- rivers and canals/ houses/ hunted animals.

d. The cave where the painting done by the primitive men was found first, is-

Alps- mountain/ Altamira. e. Primitive men used to draw lines on stones by scratching with- a pencil, /a

knife/ sharpened bones of animals. f. The primitive men painted – for an exhibition/ to sail/ with a magic belief

that they would be successful in hunting. g. The famous folk-art is- Zainul Abedin’s painting/ embroidered quilt/

illustrations of a book. h. The embroidered quilts, wooden dolls, burnt clay-dolls etc. are famous as –

folk-art/ crafts/ modern-art. i. The wooden-relief works, brass, copper-pots of Bangladesh etc. are- fine

arts/ crafts /,podern arts. j. These can be made of jute-bags / shika / table-mates / jamdani saries / block

paintings. k. The clay pots are made by—potters/ fishermen/ goldsmiths. l. The heavy knives, pots, scissors are made by the blacksmiths / the

fishermen/ the potter. m. The designs in the ‘Rehel’ of the Holy Quran are the designs of birds and

fishes/ creepers and herbs. n. Eid-Namaz is prayed at- <Mosques/ home/ Eidgah/field. o. The biggest animals is- an elephant/ a cow/ a buffalo. p. All these trees are tallish-banyan tree/ banana tree/ betel-nut tree/ palm tree. q. All these flowers are round- a rose/ a kadam (a variety of flower)/ a coll

(Dutura).

CHAPTER-2

PAINTINGS BY ONESELF AND

MATERIALS OF PAINTINGS

Paper

Paintings can be done on any paper, but a thicker paper which has rough surface is more suitable for this purpose. With what the picture will be painted? With pen-ink, pencil, water colour or with pastel? For this at first the paper should be chosen. The thicker – plain paper is better, to draw with a pen and ink. Generally, the thicker rough surfaced paper is used to draw with pencils.

Thick and rough paper is needed to paint in both water colours and pastels. There is a special paper for water colours and it is made by hand specially. The artists have been painting in water-colour on the different kinds of hand-made papers for a long time. Now-a-days these kinds of papers are being made by machine, though they are being still called hand-made papers as before.

A common paper, named ‘Cartridge paper’ is found in Bangladesh. It is generally suitable for all mediums, such as pen-ink, water colour, pastel, pencil etc. However, it is better to collect a thicker cartridge paper for paintings. Other papers available in our country are art-card, art-paper, offset paper, box board, pasteboard, different thick coloured papers and common writing and book printing papers. Art-card paper is thick and art paper is thin, both being very smooth and glossy.

In no other medium excepting pen-ink and pen-brush painting become excellent on art-card and art paper. Offset paper is very white and it is both thick and thin. The drawing can be done on this paper with pen-ink, ink-brush and pencils.

Paintings by oneself & materials of paintings 19

Box-board and Pasteboard

Box-board is thick and its one side is white and smooth. The other side is little bit rough and its colour is grey or light brown. Generally, this paper is used for mounting and framing the paintings. It is quite comfortable to paint with pastel on the grey-side of this paper. The pasteboard paper is thick and hard. Generally its colour is deep brown. Painting on this paper can be made in pastel colour. Coloured Paper

Variety of thin coloured papers can be found. Pictures and designs can be done by tearing and cutting these coloured papers and fixing them on another paper. These papers are red, blue, green, yellow, pink etc.

A few materials to draw picture Pencil There is a kind of pencil which we use for common drawing and writing. A special kind of pencil is made for drawing specially.

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HB, B, IB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B etc. are written on this kind of pencils. HB, B IB are for common writing. Their leads are hard and do not make deep marks on papers. The leads of the pencil from 2B to 6B are soft and gradually their marks are deeper while the lead of 6B is the blackest.

It is possible to paint a complete picture with these three grades of pencils : 2B, 4B, 6B. Ink-Pen-Brush We write with a pen. A picture can be drawn with a pen, too. A beautiful picture can be drawn with a fountain pen, filling black ink, in it. The pictures can be drawn with other coloured ink too. But the artists give priority to the black ink. Many of the artists draw with the drawing-pen and a nib pen, taking the ink by dipping the pen into the ink-pot. There is one kind of ink which is called “Chinese ink”. The China-artists would use a lot the black-ink to draw pictures from the ancient times. Since the Chinese artists used black ink from time immemorial, all kinds of black ink used for painting is still known as “Chinese ink”.

Many artists draw pictures with brush and ink. Paintings made with pen ink and brush-ink are not alike. Black or coloured pictures can drawn with a pen named felt-pen or signature-pen. A picture may also be drawn with a pen named marker-pen. Paintings can be done with ink and bamboo-twigs, and Khag (a kind of reed used as a pen) by dipping the same into the ink-pot. The village children can easily collect bamboo-twigs and ‘Khags’.

Paintings by oneself & materials Paintings 21

Brush

A brush is the main tool of doing paintings. Different kinds and sizes of brushes are made, for there are different colours, papers and canvases as well. A bit softer brushes are used for ink and water-colour. Harder brushes are used for oil and poster colours. Uses of various brushes entirely depend, on the artists – how easily and conveniently they can paint with various brushes. Generally, brushes are made of animals and artificial fur. In order to paint conveniently, brushes are made from thin to thick and these are numbered from 1 to 20 gradually. Number ‘I’ is very delicate. Then 2 to 20 number brushes are gradually made. There are even more delicate brushes, which are numbered as 0,00 etc. A few painting Brushes.

Board, Clip and Easel

The Board and clips are very necessary to draw a picture. It is easy to draw by fixing a paper on a board with a clip. Some of the children keep this board on floor and some of them keep it on table and draw pictures. There are children who keep this board on the easel and draw the pictures, too. It depends on the artist to choose how he will use his materials to draw in a convenient and comfortable manner. Colour Colours are found in different conditions. Water colour is found in boxes, tubes,

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small cakes, in a box and powders. Poster colour is found in the glass-pots. Though poster colour is somewhat a different medium from water colour, yet almost similar paintings can be done with it as with water colour. Mixing powder colour with water, picture can be painted easily; but if gum is mixed with it, there will be different effect. Many artists mix the Arabic-gum of any other gum with powder colour.

Pastel colours are of two varieties. Chalk pastel and wax pastel. These look like sticks, and many colours can be found together in box. Chalk pastel is softer than wax pastel and it is needed to spray carefully with one kind of permanent transparent-liquid things on chalk pastel painting, in order to make it permanent. Otherwise the painting-get faded, if it is handled and removed. On other hand, it is more convenient to paint with wax-pastel. There is no need of making it permanent. Besides there are more tools and colours, used for painting. You will know about them in the higher classes. For students in class six, the above mentioned things are enough.

Subjects of paintings

What are the subjects for paintings? In fact, these subjects are scattered in our surroundings. It is easier to choose the subjects of a painting from one’s surroundings one lives in. A village-scene is generally composed of houses, trees, birds, fields, rivers, boats, village-life, people, festivals of a village etc. There are many other similar subjects on which rural people may draw pictures. Likewise a city-dweller may draw the life of city people, roads, buildings, parks, games, festivals, functions and other familiar subjects of a city.

There is a zoo in a city. We find various animals and birds there. The amusing gestures of birds and animals, their games, sittings, sleeping and many other different poses, and such other things may be interesting subjects of paintings. Fowls, cattle, goats, dogs, cats are pet animals in almost every house of a village. Many people pet wild birds, too. Pet animals and birds are also found in urban areas. These pet animals and birds may offer interesting subjects for painters and artists.

Famous artists have already made famous paintings on birds and animals. Shilpacharya Jainul Abedin worked on crows,cattle, bulls and many other birds


and animals of Bangladesh. Qamrul Hassan had cattle, elephants, horses, fox, snakes, and a variety of birds as his subjects for paintings. Paintings can also be done on parents, brothers, sisters, grand-father and grand-mother or any other near and dear ones. The painters should have clear conceptions about the subjects they will draw. How can he/she draw a picture of a village who has never visited a village and seen boats or rivers? He who wants to draw a picture of a village, should observe minutely the houses, boats-rivers, men, trees etc of a village. He should not only look at exterior, but also look into the inner beauty of an object. He should know about the environment the livelihood and lifestyle of rural people, and observe their behaviour and life pattern. Thereafter he concentrates on the subjects imaginatively to make his painting aesthetically attractive.

Some common rules of drawings

Till now, you have drawn and coloured your paintings as you liked. You tried to present before everybody what you liked and understood, thought and knew, and painted accordingly. Not all of your paintings were beautiful or praised by all. Some of them were excellent and you won prizes, too. A painter should draw easily and freely at any age. Paintings won’t good if you feel nervous. As the children grow up their mode of conversations, behaviours and thinking undergo gradual changes. So their field of paintings changes, too. What a child aged five or six, draws, does not remain same with the advancement of his/her age. Students in class six do a particular kind of painting according to their age group. They do not draw like the children of class three/four nor those of class nine/ten. From class six children have to try to draw trees, boats, houses, human figures, birds, animals, shapes, forms etc. perfectly and nicely as much as possible. ‘Shapes’ means how are the things to look at? Are they round, tall or flat? This age-group should learn some common rules of paintings and it will make their work easier.

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Drawing

The easy process of correct drawing of pots, pitcher, plates etc. are shown in the diagrams. You can draw in the same way on any round shaped pot you like. Human figures, trees, animals, whatever you draw first of all you have to observe them perfectly. You need to observe their form, size and shape-round, tallish, triangular, quadrangular or flat? We often say that the man is a Talpatar Sepai (a cowardly man of a very sickly structure who introduces himself as a soldier), the girl’s face is round, like a tomato or longish round like an egg, the figure is roundish or roly-poly etc. etc. In fact, we compare the appearance of a man with our known shapes and forms. So, whenever you want to draw something, at first you should observe it shape minutely, and then you should try to reproduce that shape or form. Arranging your subjects

Before you draw something, think how you will arrange your subject on the canvas. The same subject can be arranged in different ways. For example, take a village scene, the village stands on a river side with houses and trees. Boats are anchored nearby. Moreover, these are people and birds. In fact a village scene contains all these things. Arrange or compose them in four or five ways and choose the best way. It is the responsibility of an artist to select the best composition. Thereafter, doing preliminary drawing on paper with a pencil or a pen, the scene of the village is to be drawn with colours, adding light and shade. Distance and Proportion in painting

In any picture, distance and proportion of objects drawn are of much importance. You must observe things in various perspectives and dimensions. Front and rear, near and distance, small and big these are to be taken into account. Suppose, there are rivers, trees and plants, men and boats in a picture. What will be the size of a boat in proportion to a man? If there is a tree, than what should be the relative size of trees? All these things have to be considered while drawing a picture properly. You have to correctly assess and project the comparative sizes of big and small things. Further more, if there are three boats or many men or trees in a picture- all standing far and near in different positions- you have to draw every object in its corresponding size to indicate exact distance from one another.


Colour

Colours are mainly three. They are called primary colours. Mixing any two of these three primary colours, three more colours can be found. These are called secondary colours. The Common rules of drawing pictures: It is very easy to draw the main drawing slowly, deciding its shape or size before hand.

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Shapes in appearance of objects which are existing in our surrounding have similarities with any of the shapes of circle, triangle, square etc.


(1) (2)

(3) (4) Arrangement of the subjects : In the above pictures the same subject has been arranged in different ways. Which is the best to be drawn. No.1 is the best, then, No.4 No.3 & 2 accordingly.

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Such as : 1. Yellow + red = orange.

2. Yellow + blue = green

3. Blue + red = violet.

Mixing primary colours with secondary ones other colours can be made also. But white and black can not be found by mixing colours. That is why, these two colours are made separately, if you have black, white and three primary colours, you can make a coloured painting. Water colour

You have to produce for days together to know exact proportion of water and colour in making a painting in water colour medium. You will assess the use of water colour, after doing a few paintings in this medium. The same process is applicable to poster colour. Though both the mediums seem quite similar, quality in poster colour is different. Water colour is transparent and thin. You can not cover a colour putting another colour on it. Both the colours are seen because of their transparency and the two colours make a third one. Poster colour is thicker and heavier than water colour. A poster colour can cover another. Generally both water colour and poster colour are used on papers. Oil colour

This colour is mixed with oil. It is obvious from its title. Usually it is used with linseed oil. The painting is done on a canvas, a hard-board and a wooden plank. There are special kind of papers for oil- colour paintings. Pastel colour

Pastel colours are sticks of colurs – wax pasted and chalk pastel. Paintings are done by rubbing the colour-stick on papers. There is no need of mixing water, oil or gum. A knind of liquid mixture-spray is needed to be used on the painting, to make it permanent, which is done with chalk pastel. Otherwise, a painting may fade out or its colours may fall, when it is removed from one place to another. In the same process, the paintings can be done with charcoal and can be made permanent with liquid spray. These painting last for a long time. The liquid-mixture is available in shops.


COLOURS AND CLOURED PAINTINGS

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A cock is drawn with water colour


Our home : by Rifat Ara Noor, Age-11

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Paintings by oneself & materials Paintings 35 Paintings by oneself & materials Paintings 35

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‘Light and Shade’ in a painting Light and Shade is a special feature in paintings. The sun brings days and nights and it also creates light and shade: It is natural that shade exists on the opposite side of sunlight. Light and shade create various forms in the objects that we have in our surrounding nature and these forms also undergo changes. For example, there is one kind of light-shade in the morning, at noon it becomes deeper and in the afternoon it grows softer. The sun sets in the evening, that brings darkness. So it is easier to do paintings, if the light and shade atmosphere is roughly divided into three categories. Now you can clearly understand that some common rules should be followed, to make a good painting. However, the main thing is that, he who will do the painting should observe and understand the subject keenly, and must not get nervous and should feel free to do a painting. Colour the painting freely as you like. Then painting will be an interesting game and amusing work to you. No doubt, your painting will improve-day-by day.

Sun rays, light shadow and darkness should be high lighted in the picture properly

Candle light falls on the pitcher

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EXERCISE

1. Answer the following questions a. Write about the ‘Paper’ in a painting. b. How many kinds of pencils are there to draw a picture? Give a brief

description. c. Give the description of your painting, which you have done with pen and

ink.

d. Write what you know about a ‘Painting brush’. e. Write brief about three colours for children’s painting. f. Mention ten subjects that you can draw. 2. Underline the correct answers a. The paper which is made by hand is- art paper/hand-made paper/ cartridge

paper. b. It is a good paper for doing water colour on a smooth paper/ a thin paper/ a

coloured paper/hand-made rough paper. c. It is good for drawing with pen and ink on- an offset paper/ a pastel board/

a hand-made paper. d. Painting can be done with pastel on- a smooth paper/ an art card/ a coloured

thin paper/ a rough thick board paper. e. The black-lead-pencil is-HB/2B/6B. 3. Put the tick (√ ) mark on both the right and the wrong

a. The painting can be done well on the rough brown paper. (right/wrong) b. 6B pencil is the hardest. (right/wrong) c. A complete painting can be done with 2B, 4B and 6B. (right/wrong) d. The box-board is used to mount a painting. (right/wrong)


e. A painting can’t be done on a paste board with pastel. (right/wrong) f. A pastel-board and an art paper is the best for water colour. (right/wrong) g. A picture is painted mixing oil/with the pastel colour. (right/wrong) h. A picture is painted mixing water with the oil colour. (right/wrong) i. Marking pen is better for water colour. (right/wrong) j. A painting can be done with khag and ink. (right/wrong) k. A painting can be done with powder colour, mixing water and gum in it (right/wrong) l. A painting can be done with ordinary pen and ink. (right/wrong) m. Water colour can’t be found in any, without tubes. (right/wrong) n. The brushes of water colour and oil colour are the same. (right/wrong) o. Wax pastels are used with water colour and oil. (right/wrong) 4. Practical a. Draw a picture on any subject with water colour. (Size 25 x 37 cm.). (Paper

cartridge or any other paper (rough surface) Time three hours. Subjects : 1. Boats and rivers. 2. A village home. 3. A scene with palmyra trees. 4. A scene of carts. 5. A village bride. 5. A village bride with picture. 6. Harvesting. 7. Fishing. 8. Grazing or tending 9. Your memorable event. 10. The most amusing event. 11. Wedding. 12. The bride in a ‘Palki’. 13. Favourite game. 14. An open-air Opera performance. 15. Drama. 16. Your favourite bird. 17. The pet dog or cat. 18. Your parents. 19. Grand-father. 20. Grand-mother. 21. The Zoo. 22. The animal you like. 23. The slum area of a city (Bosti). 24. Shaheed Minar. 25. Provatferi of 21st February. (act of singing awakening songs in procession). 26. Procession. 27. Birthday. 28. A painting on any subject you like.

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b. Draw a picture with pastel or poster colour, on any subject, given above. (time 3 hours).

c. Draw a picture with pen and ink. d. Draw any scenery with pen and ink. e. Draw your favourite bird with brush and ink. f. Draw a picture of date tree with pen and ink. (offset/art board/ cartridge

paper can be used for pen-ink/brush-ink). g. Draw a portrait of your favourite person with pencil, h. Draw your favourite bird with pencil. i. Draw a picture of ‘Shapla’ (water lily) with pencil. j. Draw a picture of a village or a city on your own, with pencil. k. Draw a picture of a boat with sail. (Thick cartridge papers for pencils). * Size of the painting as you like or 26 x37 cm. * Time 3 hours.

CHAPTER – 3

DIFFWERENT TYPES OF CRAFTS

WORKS OF COCONUT LEAVES, DATE LEAVES AND PALMYRA LEAVES

Coconut leaves’s watch, spectacles and flute Various useful things are made of coconut leaves, date leaves and palmyra leaves in our villages. Coarse mats are made of coconut leaves and date leaves. Mats made of date leaves are in extensive use for the purpose of lying and sitting. Various types of hand-fans are made of Palmyra leaves. Some hand fans can be folded and kept in pocket to use on the way. The people who have no electric fan at their home enjoy fanning with hand fan made of Palmyra leaves. Though you may have electric fans at your home, you need hand fan when supply of electricity fails. You have certainly seen all these things. You have also used the fan made of Palmyra leaves. Many village people make all these things to earn money.

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You, too, can make different types of toys like watch, spectacles and flute with coconut leaves. Splitting the coconut leaves or date-leaves narrowly and learning the work of wearing of different types, you can make toy mats, baskets etc. Many more interesting toys can be made with Palmyra leaves. One of these is ‘TALPATAR SEPAI’ (a soldier of Palmyra leaf). Cutting a piece of wide and strong Palmyra leaf, the part of the body with head wearing a hat, chest, belly, abdomen and waist is to be made first. Hands and legs are to be made separately and to be joined with shoulder and waist by loose stitches of thread in a way so that limbs will oscillate in slight movement. This is called ‘TALPATAR SEPAI’. After joining limbs with the main part of the body, it is to be placed in between two parts of a splitted small bamboo chip and to be joined with thread. Eyes, lips, moustache, hat, uniform, boot etc. are to be drawn with paint. When the bamboo-chip will be moved by hand the ‘TALPATAR SEPAI’ will throw its hands and legs to and fro. Very funny thing, isn’t it?

Talpatar Sepai

It is very difficult to make one learn how to make toys and other useful things with leaves of coconut, date and Palmyra trees by describing the process in writing. It will not help you much. You have to learn to make these things through practical work. Many people in towns and rural areas know how to make all these things. May be that some of the elderly members of your family knows it well. You can easily learn these works from him. You will certainly try to make these things learning from those who know this trade through practical training.

EXERCISE Theoretical 1. Answer the following questions

(a) What do you know about the use of date-leaves, coconut-leaves and Palmyra leaves in the rural area of our country? Describe in 15 lines.

(b) Which of the three- Palmyra leaves, coconut leaves and date leaves look more beautiful to you? What are the similarities and dissimilarities among these three kinds of leaves? Write briefly.

(c) Write an essay about hand-fan of Palmyra leaves in six or seven lines. 2. Practical (a) Make a flute, a watch and a pair of spectacles with coconut leaves. (b) Make a toy- mat splitting, the coconut leaves. (c) Make a ‘TALPATAR SEPAI’ with Palmyra leaf. (d) Make a toy basket wearing Palmyra leaves. (e) Make a hand-fan with Palmyra leaf.

HANDICRAFTS WITH JUTE

Jute is called golden fiber. Bangladesh earns huge amount of foreign currency exporting raw jute and jute goods like fabrics, gunny bags, jute cloth etc. to abroad. Foreign currency is as good as gold. So jute is called golden fiber. Now-a-days we also earn a good amount exporting handicrafts and hand made jute products besides the commodities produced in the mills and factories. Jute grows all over Bangladesh. Some where abundantly and some where in a small scale. Long since the work of jute crafts is being done in our rural areas. Of course, the use of ‘shika’ was prevailing in every house. Various household things are kept hanging with ‘shika’ beautifully. The use of handicrafts made of jute for the purpose of house decoration is increasing. Come, let us make some very simple things with jute. CONSTITUENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

The main constituent is jute. It is available all over the country at all times. So, it is not at all difficult to collect it. Except this, needles, thread, strong adhesive, wire, comp, scissors etc. will come into use.

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MAKING OF ROPE AND BRAID OF JUTE Rope is to be made with two bunches of jute fibers placing side by side and twisting with palms of both hands or with thumb and index finger of hand. Bulky ropes are to be made with palms and thin ropes with fingers. It is better to tie the end of the bunch of jute fibers in a knot, before twisting, where from the rope will be made. The ropes made of two bunches of fibres are called two-stringed ropes and those made of three bunches are called three-strained ropes. Rope can be made as long as you leave by adding more and more jute at the time of twisting. You should seriously try to learn the process of twisting rope at your home. On an enquiry you will find many of the elderly persons at your home and in your village; they know how to make rope. Certainly, your teacher, too, knows it. Learn it from them practically.

Braids and ropes of jute

The braid of jute is to be made with three bunches of jute-fibres in the way the woman braid their hair dividing in three bunches. The braid can be made as long as you like adding more and more jute time and again at the time of braiding. When girls become a little grown up, right from that time they learn how to braid their hair. So the girls will be able to make braid of jute easily. For boys, it is better to learn braiding from their mothers or sisters. Various kinds of handicrafts and products of cottage industry like ‘Shika’, curtain, tablemat, bags etc. can be made with thin rope and braid of jute. TABLE E-MAT MADE OF JUTE

Applying the experience which you will gain by making a simple table mat, you will be able to make many more things. Take a piece of thin rope of a length of five to six metres. It will be better, if the diameter of the rope is about

The table mat of jute

4 mm. If you like you may take jute braid of the same dimension. Keep prepared a medium-size needle putting thread in it. Holding an end of the rope or braid and turning it round over and over make a small coiled disk and stitch it with the thread. Stitch it in a way so that thread can not be seen from up or down side of the disk; even then the coils will remain fixed in their respective places. In this way, turning round the rope or braid and stitching the coils continuously make the disk 15 cm. in diameter. If you like, you may cut off the excess portion of the rope or braid just at this paint and fix the end with the coil stitching it properly. This disk made of rope or braid is your table mat. It looks very simple, not at all to your choice, isn’t it? Your table mat will become beautiful if it is decorated with a simple design around it. Now, I tell you how to decorate it. You can easily do it if you try. On continuous turning round and stitching the coils of rope or braid when the diameter of the disk comes to be 15 cm, then stitch the ending point of the last coil firmly. Instead of cutting off the excess portion of the rope or braid, complete a way turn around the disk. Stitching each and every wave firmly, complete the turn around the disk. After completion of the turn, cut off the excess portion of the rope or braid. Stitch the end properly so that the jute fibres can not come out. Look at the picture and you will be able to make the table mat easily.

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JUTE-DOLL You can make beautiful dolls with jute to decorate your house and to hang in the car for beautification. It is very easy. Doing this you will get much pleasure too.

A few steps to make dolls

You may also present these dolls to your brothers, sisters and friends. Let us try whether a doll can be made or not. Take a bunch of jute measuring about 8 cm. in diameter, in a natural fluffy condition. Make the bunch of jute plain and smooth combing with a comb. Choosing the smoothest portion of the bunch, cut it in a way so that the length remains about 38 cm. Keep it carefully and let not the jute-fibres be ruffled. Now make a small ball rolling a small quality of jute in between your palms and tie it firmly with jute-fibres on it. The diameter of the ball should be about 2.5 cm. Take the bunch of combed jute in your hand and bind it firmly at its middle winding the thread a few times. Holding the portion of the bunch of jute, just bellow the binding, in the cupped palm of your left hand, spread the jute fibres of upper portion evenly all around. Place the ball of jute, you have made before

hand, just in the middle of the spread jute-fibres and make the fibres assembled in bunch again, bind it just near the ball. Now hold this portion in the cupped palm of your left hand and spreading the fibres of the other portion around the ball, pull them downwards to cover the ball. Take care, the jute-fibres are to be set all over the ball stretched evenly and smoothly. Now go on winding coloured thread spirally just below the ball. After covering a spare 1cm. in length with spirally winded thread, bind it firmly with knots. Take some jute-fibres from both the sides of the bunch of unfastened jute below the binding and go on making two thin braids. When each braid will attain the length of 6 cm. then bind the end of each braid winding coloured thread and cut off the excess jute 1 cm. below the binding. These two braids are the hands of the doll. Now trim the lower end of the big bunch of remaining jute fibres uniformly. Just see, it looks like a doll. Take some jute separately, make braid for the work on the head and stitch to fix it just in the middle of head. As such the braids hang equally from two sides of the head. Show the eyes and lips of the doll with stitches of coloured thread. Now see, whether it becomes a beautiful doll or not. This doll will look nice if it is hung on the wall. This doll may also be hung at any other suitable place instead of wall. For the purpose of hanging the doll a tiny ring made of jute twisted like thread must be attached on the head of the doll.

EXERCISE Theoretical 1. Answer in Writing

(a) Why is jute called golden fibre? Write names of some useful things made of jute.

(b) Describe in 15 lines what you know about cottage industry and crafts of jute of our country.

(c) Which crafts can be made using rope or braid of jute that you know? Give accounts of two such crafts.

2. Practical (a) Make a rope with jute 5 meters in length and a braid of jute of the

same length. (b) Make a beautiful table –mat with rope or braid of jute. (c) Make a jute- doll according to your choice.

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CRAFTS WITH CLAY Opening the eyes, to whichever direction we look at, every where we see clay. It is clay, the material which we can avail very easily for artistry. Earthen ware like cooking vessels, large cup (without handle), plate, dish, basin, large pitcher, fat-bellied large cask etc. are used, more or less in every house in the rural areas. Water remains cold in earthen flagon or pitcher. The use of these things has decreased in the urban areas now-a-days. On the other hand, the use of imagined without these earthen utensils. It is because of this reason that there were habitations of potters all over the country. These habitations are called potter’s locality that means the locality where the potter live as community. In some places, there are sizable village’s of potters, too. In the western side of Dhaka city Rayer-bazer was such a big village of potters. Once only the potters did live in this thickly populated village. In this village various types of earthen utensils and cooking vessels were made inside the large houses, specially made with very thick earthen wills and the roof of tiles or panties. Once, there was a huge demand of these earthen utensils and cooking vessels of Rayer-bazer, in Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, and India. It is not possible to say how many varieties of beautiful works of art can be made with clay, besides cooking-vessel, utensils casks, pitchers etc. On various occasions like Eid, Moharram. Puja, New-year day, fairs are held in different places of our country. Certainly, you attended such fair sometimes. You have surely seen various toys

Potter’s house

made of clay, such as doll, boat, elephant, horse, duck, hen etc. in the fair. Now-a-days, pots like ash-tray, tower vase, flower-tub etc. of modern design and high quality goods of house decoration like ornamented dolls, elephants, horses etc. are seen in different fairs. Such quality goods are being made at Nayarhat near Dhaka, Mymensingh, and some places of Bijoypur of Comilla distrct. In ancient time artistry on terra-cotta plaques in Bangladesh were very famous. Evidence of such traditional artistry of past can be seen in the ancient Buddhist monasteries of Paharpur and Mynamati, in Mahastangar, in the temple of Kantajee of Dinajpur, in Shat Gambooj mosque of Bagerhat, in Kasumba Mosque of Naogaon, in the place of the Raja of Putia. Those of you who have ever come to the potters house, have certainly noticed that the potter’s revolving the ‘potters wheel’ use to shape the lump in different forms in a moment. The sons and daughters of the potters too become accustomed to make dolls, utensils etc. from their very childhood. Now, I am telling you about that subject which will make you able to make dolls, elephants, horses, toy-utensils etc. with clay according to your liking. HOW TO PREPARE CLAY It has been told at first that opening the eyes, whichever direction we look at, we see clay. So, it is not at all difficult to collect clay for artistry. But at every work can not be done with all types of clay. You will have to select suitable clay for your work. Sticky loam is most suitable for making any thing with clay. Mixing sticky clay and loam in equal proportion, sticky loam can also be prepared. These works cannot be done with sandy-soil. To make any thing with clay, suitable clay has to be prepared first. A method, so that you can easily prepare suitable clay for your work has been indicated below:

Preparing clay suitably to make things

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Take lumps of sticky loam, i.e. sticky clay but not too sticky and breaking into fragments dry these well in the sun. Let the clay be well-dried and hard. Otherwise it can not be powdered properly it will become flattened. Breaking and grinding the dry clay make powder-like coarse-flour or rice-powder to make sweet-pie. You can make the clay powder, grinding it by a pestle made of stone, placing the dried clay on a low wooden seat or on the pucca floor. The powder of clay should be sieved with a fine sieve so that no grains, brick, particles of stone and other undesirable things remain in it. Now adding water little by little, knead the clay and make lump of plastic clay as soft as the lump of coarse flower prepared to make chapaties. Take care so that the lump of clay does, not become too soft like mud or two hard. The shape of the lump of clay should be changed easily by pressure of finger, so that clay does not stick with the finger. If air remains in the clay, the things made of that clay may crack. Because of that, air must be taken out from the lump clay before making any thing. Air is to be exhausted from the clay in the process of pressing and kneading the lump of clay for some time with both the palms on a low wooden seat or on pucca floor. Look in the picture rolling the lump of clay how to press and knead it. The clay becomes suitable for work after exhaustion of air from it. If this lump of clay now is kept in a polythene bag, wrapping it with a piece of squeezed wet cloth, it will remain usable for several days. CONSTITUENTS, TOOLS AND THEIR USE

Clay is the main constituent for the artistry of clay. Though dolls, animals, birds, toy-utensil etc. can be made in the process of pinching the clay by hand, yet using a few simple tools you can make these things more beautiful and attractive. Now I am telling about some tools and their use.

Small utensils to make clay-things.

1. A knife made of thin bamboo-ship 2 cm. in breath and 12 or 13 cm. in length.

2. Two or three modeling tools of different shape, made with gems-clip and hard wire bent in different shape, fastened with the tip of small bamboo-sticks.

3. A small knife or pen-knife. 4. A roller or a bamboo-pipe for rolling chapaties.

Picture of the tools is given here. It is hoped that you will be able to make first two following the above description and picture. Of course, you have roller for rolling chapaties at your home; if not, collect a bamboo-pipe. You want to know how to use these tool, is’nt it?

Take up the bamboo-knife in your hand. Just see, one end of it is pointed, another end is flat and two sides are sharp. You can cut, scrape and level the plastic clay with these two sharp edges; also, you can emboss linear mark pressing the edge on the clay in upright manner. Clay can be cut with pointed end, too; moreover, scraping and pressing with it designs can be made on soft clay. You can also make use of flat end, for this purpose.

Observe the tools made of wire see that, the wire of each one is bent in a different manner. The shape of each one is different from other. At the time of caring a design on clay slab or doing other work of art, clay can be cut in different shapes according to the shape of bent wire. In the process of making articles with clay, it is very easy to cut and bring out excess clay from the interior of any thing. All of us know that chapaties are rolled with a wooden roller. At the time of performing a work with clay you can roll the clay with this roller to make thick or thin clay-slabs.

Doll making : Human Being, Animal, Bird Etc.

Take a small lump of clay in your hand. Take, just as much as you can hold on your palm. It is said earlier that, the clay suitable to make anything is not too soft like mud and not also hard. It is as soft as plastic mass of coarse-flour prepared to roll chapaties. It can be shaped according to one’s liking by pinching, pressing, kneading and pulling. Go on pinching and see how its shape in your hand is A producer of making a doll with clay

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being changed following every pinch. Rotating the clay in the cupped palm of your hand, press it a few times. See, how the clay has been shaped like a roundish lump. Place the roundish lump between your two palms and exerting slight pressure move your hands in a cyclic manner. The roundish lump has turned into a perfect ball is’nt it? Now instead of moving the hands in cyclic manner, move the hands to-and-fro for a few time exerting slight pressure as before and see the ball in your hand has almost taken the shape of an egg. If the two hands move in this way for some time more, you will find that the egg shaped clay is no more remaining like an egg; it is being elongated gradually. Make the fingers of your right hand slightly wet. Hold an end of the elongated lump of clay by your left hand keeping the other end in the grip of wet fingers pull the fingers again and again exerting slight pressure. Just see, how the clay is being stander. More you pull the clay in this way, more it will be elongated and slender. You have just noticed that, clay can be moulded in countless shapes and forms in the process of pinching, pressing kneading and pulling. Now whether you can make some articles that look like dog, cat, cow, horse, bird, man, or utensils etc. as you like, using these methods or not. See the picture and try of course, you will be able to do it. How do these look like? Show the doll cow, horse, bird, man you made to your fiends and parents. They will get much delighted. The dolls you make will be different than the exact appearance of man, cow, horse etc. as we see them and this very different appearance is the artistic beauty which attracts the people. A doll or whatever thing you do make, you may join separate clay or parts, as you need, with the main body of clay. At the time of joining, make the joining places of two parts slightly wet with water, scratch these places with bamboo-knife and make them muddy. Place the muddy places of parts together and just-press them to get joined. Properly finish the shape of your animal, bird or man, adding a little clay around the joint. Make small beads of clay like lentil, fix these on proper places rubbing a little water and pressing with the tip of finger. These will look like eyes of animal, bird or mankind. Press the pointed end of a pencil or such other things just on the middle of the eye, and it will be the pupil of eye. Eyes and face

A few dolls make of clay (Dolls made by you may be different)

of animal and bird, moustache of cat, mane of horses, feather of birds, eyes, face, hair, dress and ornaments whatever comes to your mind, do all these things by means of scratching and pressing clay with the bamboo-knife. Bring out excess clay from toy-utensils with tools made with wire and make designs on the body of the utensils with scratches of bamboo-knife. Now, look the work of art you have done is really beautiful to look at. In this way you can made various beautiful things with clay according to your own choice.

EXERCISE Theoretical 1. Answer the following question (a) Where is Rayer-bazar? Why was it famous? Write the answer in seven or

eight lines. (b) How to prepare clay for works of art? Describe briefly. (c) How will you join two pieces of clay if it is necessary in the process of work

with clay? (d) Write the names of as many tools as you know to be used for clay work.

Which tool will you use for what purpose? Write briefly. 2. Mark the correct answers with ticks √ (a) Water remains cold in brass-pitcher barrel made of tin earthen flag on

plastic container glass-jug. (b) To be used for artistry with clay sand soil very sticky clay from river

shoal clay from paddy-field sticky loam red clay. (c) Air is to be exhausted from the prepared clay in the process of beating with

hammer throwing violently on any hand surface pressing and kneading with palms- keeping in a polythene bag wrapped with wet cloth

(d) If air is not exhausted from the clay things made of this clay is strong colour of the product is nice produced things may crack weight of things will be reduced.

(e) Those who make pottery are called an artisan a carpenter a black smith earthen cooking vessel seller a potter pot seller.

(f) Turing the wheel the potters prepare clay for their work break the lamb of clay make kitchen utensils make dolls make designs on the earthen-ware.

3. Practical (a) Make a doll with clay according to your choice. (b) Make a bird or a horse according to your liking. (c) Make a toy cooling-pot and emboss design on its body in the process of

scratching.

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ARTISTRY OF COTTON Various works of art can be done with cotton. Many functions take place at home, school or locality such as birth day, wedding ceremony, annual prize distribution on sports. New-year day, Eid, Milad, Puja festival etc. One these occasions gates are made to receive guests cordially. The words ‘SWAGATAM’ OR WELCOME or the name of the respective function are generally written on it. If no gate is made a banner writing the name of a function like- SHUBHO JANMADIN, HAPPY BIRTH DAY, PRIZE DISTRIBUTION CEREMONY, EID MOBARAK, MILAD MAHAFIL, SHARADIYA SHAARBAJANIN DURGA PUJA, MERRY CHRISTMAS, SHUBHO BAISHAKHEE PURNIMA etc. is to be hung to mark the function. You can write these letterings with cotton and make any function beautiful. Lettering with cotton looks more beautiful than the lettering with colour or paper cutting. Lettering with cotton remains raised, for that it is more beautiful. Many people paint or make pictures with cotton. Many articles for domestic use like cushion mattress etc. are also made with cotton.

Writing with cotton

CONSTITUENTS To do any artistry of cotton, cotton itself is the main constituent. There are two types of cotton for the work of art. For cushion and lettering ginned cotton as it is prepared to make, quilt and for picture-cotton arranged in layers as it is prepared for bandage. Besides these you need cloths, different colours, white paper, coloured paper, paste-board, water-soluble dye-staff, adhesive paste of flour, sharp scissors, pencil, carbon-paper, chalk etc. LETTERING OF COTTON Let us begin the work of lettering with cotton now. Take coloured cloth of required measurement –red, blue, green or violet, whatever colour you like. But the colour must be deep, light colours will not look nice. Spreading the cloth on clean pucca, floor or on a table write the required lettering with chalk in big and bold letters. Make small masses of ginned cotton like small balls. As the flour-balls for rolling chapatties are to be made in the process of taking a mass of kneaded coarse- flour on a palm and rotating it by the other palm, cotton-ball can also be made just in the same way. Now, applying adhesive paste of flour on the cloth along the letters written with chalk, go on sitting the cotton balls one by one exerting slight pressure. At the time of setting, each cotton-ball will be placed very close to another. Apply adhesive on the cloth just bellow the ball in a circular shape like a coin valuing half of taka. All the balls must be made equal in size. It will not look nice if cotton-balls of different sizes are used in the same lettering. The size of the ball may be 3 cm. to 4 cm. in diameter. Bigger balls should be used for bold lettering and balls for thin lettering. Following the picture you can write any lettering with cotton. PICTURE WITH COTTON What a picture is to be made with cotton? Let us make a very simple picture with cotton. Picture of a duck. The duck is swimming in the water of a pond. Now think about a white duck, swimming in blue water of a pond, the water is rising in little waves, the waves are looking like light-blue in colour than the blue water of the pond and the colour of the beak of the duck is yellow.

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A picture of cotton

If so, how many colours will be there in the picture, in total? Just four- White, yellow, deep-blue, light-blue. The duck will be made of white cotton, arranged in layers as used for bandage. Beak of the duck and waves of water will be coloured with yellow and light-blue dye. If the picture is made on deep blue cloth, the blue colour of water of the pond will be found. At first, draw a pencil sketch of duck including the waves of water on a paper, similar in size of a page of exercise book. At the time of drawing the picture leave some space blank, at least 2.5 cm. in all sides. Place the picture on that very side of a carbon paper, which is inky. Now draw lines over the lines of the picture. Just see, another picture has appeared on opposite side of the pictures as ink of the carbon-paper sin cared on it; but the picture is drawn in reverse position. Applying thick adhesive paste of flour on the picture, drawn with pencil, cover it fully with a thick layer of cotton. On light pressure cotton will be fixed properly with paper. After fixing the cotton it is to be kept for some time to be dried. Now, fix a piece of cloth, deep blue in colour, on a piece of paste-board a little bigger than your picture. Stretching and folding the cloth from all the sides of

the board it must be pasted with adhesive paste. In that, the cloth will remain fully stretched without any wrinkle. Take up the cotton – pasted picture in your hand again. Bring out the duck and waves of water cutting with a sharp scissors along the lines of picture marked with carbon-paper on the opposite side of the cotton. Place the duck and waves of water made of cotton in order, on the cloth fixed on the board and see how it appears. Moving to this side or that, place these in various orders and see which arrangement appear best to you. After making the arrangement to your liking, fix these accordingly with adhesive paste of flour. Now dissolve just a little yellow dye in water and making some cotton wet in this colour press on the beak of duck to make it yellow. Colour the waves of water with light blue dye. Mark the eye of the duck with a dot of black ink. Just see, your picture is done. CUSHION OF COTTON Cushion is a thing just like a pillow. Many of you have cushions on the chair at your home. A part from this, there are beautiful cushions in the house of your friends and at other places. Cushion can be made in various forms. An easy process to make beautiful cushions is shown here for you. Cloths of different colours and ginned cotton are required to make a cushion. It is obvious that needle, and thread are also required for sewing. Now take six pieces of coloured cloth, each of these 38 cm. in length and 13 cm. in breadth. Two pieces of each colour, as such six pieces of three colours. Black, red and yellow will look beautiful. Join three pieces of cloth of three colours side by side sewing these with back-stitch. Join another three pieces also in the same way. Now place one of the two pieces of seamed cloth on the other and sew up four sides. Keep in mind, there will be an opening in one side to stuff the cotton in. It is obvious that you have to sew these two pieces of seamed cloth keeping the sewed and joined surface outwards. Then on turning over the cushion over sewing and joins will go inside. Now it is the turn to stuff the cotton in such a way that the cotton may reach up to the four corners of the cushion properly, lest the corners should not remain loose. Now close the opening with hemstitch. Look, after stuffing the cotton in, there are some stuck loosely on the body of the cushion. Make your palm wet with water and passing it lightly over the cushion remove the loose cotton. Now a beautiful tricolour cushion is made.

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Three coloured cushions at the top, and three designs below If you wish, you can make different types of toys, dolls etc. in this way. Then you have to cut the cloth according to the shape and size of the respective article and sewing according cotton has to be stuffed in.

EXERCISE Theoretical 1. Answer in writing a) Write the names of some functions where you can use the lettering of

cotton. b) What are the required constituents to write lettering of cotton? If you get

the constituents, how will you write? Describe it briefly. c) What type of cotton is required to make a picture with cotton? Describe

briefly the process of making a picture with cotton. d) What is a cushion made of cotton? What type of cotton is required to make

a cushion? Describe the process of making a cushion. 2. Mark The Correct Answer With Ticks (√) a) The best adhesive for the cotton work is- Glue Gum arabaica Adhesive paste of flour. b) The most suitable cotton for lettering with cotton balls is- Silk-cotton Jute-cotton Cotton prepared for bandage Ginned cotton c) To make a picture with cotton, at first- Cotton is to be cut and paste, Picture is to be drawn on cotton with pen. Picture is to be drawn on the cloth with pencil. Picture is to be drawn on a piece of paper. 3. Practical a) Write the word ‘SWAGATAM’ in Bengla and the word ‘WELCOME’ in

English with cotton-balls on the occasion of prize distribution of your school.

b) Make a picture of bird on the branch of a tree and the blue sky behind the bird.

c) Make a picture with cotton according to your choice in three or four colours.

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EMBROIDERY You see your mother often to sew at home. They sew your frocks, shirts, table cloth etc. and they make artistic and beautiful designs on these dresses with needle and thread. Some times you do sew different embroidery yourselves, too. Such as fixing buttons, mending and darning cloth, making simple and small handkerchief, table cloth etc. In the villages, the villagers use quilts as well as in the city we use quilts. Some of these quilts are ordinary and some are artistically designed-quilts. These are very beautiful to look at. There are birds, fishes, flowers, creepers and, herbs, horses, elephants, human-figures etc. designed and embroidered artistically. These are with various coloured threads, just like a painting. This kind of embroidered painting is called a needle artistry tapestry. This work of art has an important role in the field of arts and crafts. Long ago, our grandmothers embroidered various kinds of artistic designs on the fabrics, quilt, fans, towels, jainamaz etc. They expressed their happiness and sorrows in those stories composed with needle and thread. Yet the village women of Bangladesh are making various kinds of embroidered quilts. These kinds of quilts are well known and very famous all over the world. There is a big collection of such folk-arts and crafts in various museums, at home and abroad. Now-a- days this artistry is much introduced in Bangladesh, too. Fulfilling our need, a lot of these arts and crafts are sold in the market. Appreciation of this artistry has increased in the field of foreign trade. Our country is earning a lot of foreign currency by exporting this kind of folk arts and crafts. Embroidery is done by women generally. This artistry develops our aesthetic sense. It also helps us to fulfill our needs. Embroidered handkerchief, table-cloth, saries, frocks, baby –dress, screens, “Jaynamaz”, etc. are very beautiful to look at. Of course, you may also like to wear this kind of dress. So by learning embroidery work, you will be able to fulfill your desire and become self-reliant economically. The main and most important perceptible object of embroidery is various kinds of stitches and uses of different coloured threads in due order.

Materials and Tools 1. Different types of needles.

2. Thread and yarn (white and coloured).

3. A pencil to make on the fabric and paper.

4. Fabric, Jute-fabric ( lextured), fine fabrics, etc.

5. Scissors (big and small).

6. Frame (select one that is the best for embroidery).

7. A small box, for keeping the materials.

8. Papers (for drawing designs, carbon papers).

9. A ruler, a measuring tape etc.

You have known about the materials and tools. Now you have to know different kinds of stitches, if you want to make designs on fabric or jute fabrics with needle and yearn or thread. Various stitches are used in needle work. Here are only a few names of stitches and it is also explained how to make them. Their diagrams are given for you, too. Looking at the diagrams, you will be able to recognize and make the stitches. You will know about other stitches in the next classes.

The name of stitches 1. Running stitch 2. Hem stitch 3. Backstitch 4. Stem stitch 5. Chain stitch 6. Laze-Daisy stitch.

1. Running Stitch This stitch is the easiest and simplest among all stitches. Have a fabric on which you want to sew. Hold it in your left hand lightly upwards and then have the needle with thread in your right hand. It is done by putting the needle into the material from right to left, taking up two or three threads make three or four stitches at a time and pull out the needle carefully. Continue the stitches as much as you want, this way. For learning running stitch it is better to use coloured

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Run stitches, padded with run stitches and designs of run stitches

thread on white fabric and white thread on coloured fabric/ material, because you will see easily if it is being straight and equal, or not. You can sew a straight lined-birder as well as fill the surface with this stitch. Running stitches are multiple used for making embroidered quilts.

2. Hem stitch It is needed to sew the edges of table cloth, handkerchief, frocks, blouses, shirts etc. First of all, the material must be prepared in order carefully to have a hem of even width. Make the first fold about centimeter or 3 centimeter wide, then

make another fold of 5 centimeter or more 2½ according to the thickness of the materials. Tack this border by folding the material and sew up it with hemming stitches, holding the top part underneath the material as is indicated by the needle in the diagram. Appliqué work can be done very nicely on cushions, frocks, saries, table-cloth or any dress and paintings with this stitch. ‘Appliqué’ means the work done by cutting the pieces of fabrics, which are sewed (different coloured) on other fabrics to make an artistic design. Learning this hemstitch, you can make various designs, following the appliqué system.

Hem stitches

3. Back stitch Back stitches produce a machine stitching effect, in the right side. Begin at the right end of the line. Bring the needle to the right side of the fabric. Make a stitch length from the end. (1) Insert the needle at the end (2) and bring the needle up twice the material as covered by the first stitch, coming Hem stitches up to. (3) For the second stitch, carry the needle back and insert it twice the material. Continue this procedure as your requirement. Now you can find the stitches having a machine stitching effect on the right side and back side has as rough effect.

This stitch is used generally to join two parts of fabrics. It joins very strongly. Except this, it is used to make multiple designs. Such as: you can draw a diagram/picture of a fish on a 20 x 20 centimeter fabric and sew the edge of the drawing by back stitches.

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4. Stem stitch This stitch is sued generally to make stems of a tree, leaves, flowers, creepers and harps etc. It is used for outlining designs, too. This stitch produces an effect of a twisted rope. Working from left to right, bring the needle through the fabric at the line of the design. (a) Insert the needle at the back again at a short distance to the left, (b) lettering it to emerge to the right, (c) mid-way between (a and b), keep the thread below the needle. It is easier to work from bottom to top by holding the thread at the bottom under the thumb of the left hand. You can find the wrong side.

Stem stitch or dul stitch

5. Chain stitch This stitch looks like a chain. For this stitch, it is better to use comparatively thicker thread. Put on the thread in the needle and make a knot at the end of the thread. Insert the needle on the right side; keep the thread under the left thumb, so a loop cap be formed as the needle is returned to the same point where the thread emerged. Insert the needle and bring it up at a short distance below. Draw the thread through the loop. Don’t pull it tightly. Repeat in the same way by putting the needle in the previous link very near the place where it came out continue the stitches as you required. The chain stitches appear as back stitches on the wrong side. You can make designs on your dress, handkerchief etc. You can make creepers and herbs or any other artistic designs, as filling work with this stitch. It can be used for the art of painting to bring its diversity.

Chain stitch

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6. Lazy-daisy Stitch This stitch is done in the same way as stitch. The only difference is the loops of the chain stitches pass through a line of diagrams, but Lazy-Daisy stitches are done scattered or grouped. It can be used to create a floral motif, leaves, creepers, and herbs on children dress, handkerchief, or any other dress paintings etc. It looks very nice.

You have learnt different kinds of stitches. Now try to make a handkerchief or a table-cloth. Every one needs a handkerchief. When you go to the school you keep a handkerchief with you. Isn’t it? So at first make a handkerchief. Learning this you can use or give others as a gift.

Lazy Daisy stitch

A Handkerchief Collect a piece of 25 x 25 centimeter cloth, suitable for a handkerchief. Sew the edges by hem stitches. Then draw a design as you like and sew the design with any stitch you have learnt. It will be nice make it with lazy-daisy stitches with various colour of threads. A Table cloth Collect a piece of cloth, according to measurement of your table, or have a 1 to 1½ meter white cloth, and a set of different coloured threads, Sew the edges with hem stitches. Then draw a free-hand design in the middle, and on four corners of the fabric. Make designs with stitches, which you have learnt. You may sew laces at four edges of the table cloth and it will be more beautiful to look at.

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KNITTING There are many kinds of yarns in the market. The knitting needles of a various numbers are also available. Collect the knitting needles according to the yarn. For delicate yarn thin needles and for thick yarn thick needles should be used. Roll up Yarns Roll up the yearn loosely, never roll up tightly; otherwise it will be stretched loosing its softness. Roll up the yearn by four fingers like a ball. The method of casting on loops Casting loops on a knitting needle is the first step of knitting. It is easiest to cast on loops by one needle and it becomes very strong. Generally it is used for caps socks, etc. where it is necessary to make the edge strong. This method needs one needle and two ends of yarn. Begin with a loop knot leaving sufficient distance from the loop to the end of the yarn. The length will depend on the number of loops to be cast on. Insert the needle through the loop, holding the needle. Put the yarn over the first finger under the middle and over the middle joint of the ring finger.

Pick up the free end of the yarn with left hand. Hold it loosely on the palm with the middle, ring and little fingers. Wrap the yarn around the thumb forming a loop closely to the needle. Insert the needle into the loop, passing the yarn in the right hand under the point of the needle and over. Draw the needle and yarn through the loop and slip the loop/stitch from the thumb, leaving a loop on the needle. Tighten the loop by pulling the free end of the yarn with the left hand. Continue the procedure until the required numbers of loops have been cast on. Method of casting on loops with two needles This method of casting on loops is worked with two needles. It is needed to knit the soft dress as, cardigans, mufflers, shawls, socks etc. Place the yarn in the right hand. Put the yarn over the first finger under the middle and over the middle joint of the ring finger. The first finger moves the yarn around the needle whereas the middle and ring fingers regulate the flow of yarn, so the loops will not be too tight or too loose; Hold the yarn lightly so that the yarn will not be stretched. To begin the process, make a loose knot at the end of the yarn. Put it into the needle held in the left hand. Then insert the needle in the right hand into the loop held in left hand needle. Put the yarn around (under and over) the right hand needle. Draw the yarn

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through the loop, being careful not to be pulled the loop off the needle. It should remain on the left hand needle. Transfer the new loop the from the right hand needle to the left hand needle. When the transforming is completed, remove the needle from the upper position and place it under the left hand needle, to be ready to make the next loop. Continue this procedure until required number of loops are made. Knit loops/stitches Cast on loops as your requirement. To knit, keep the needle with the cast on loops in the left hand. The empty needle and the yarn in the right hand. Place the point of the needle into the front of the loop. Bring yarn around (under and over) the needle in the right. Then draw the yarn through the loop, making a new loop on the right hand needle, then slip the old loop from the left hand needle. Repeat to make all knit loops, following this process. When one row is completed then turn over the right hand needle to the left hand and begin the second row just as the first row. At the beginning of every row, slip offs the first loop without knit-ting. Purl : All rows purl produce this effect

Purl loop/stitches Cast on loops as your requirement. To make purl loops, the needles are held in the same way as for knitting; the difference is that, the yarn is held in front of the work instead of holding in the back, and right hand needle is placed of the left hand needle. Insert the needle in the loop from the back top ward and put yarn around the point of the needle. Draw yarn through the loop, slip the old loop off the left hand needle. Continue to make all purl-loop in this process. Follow the procedure for next rows same as the first row. Notice that, the surface of all completed knit-row resemble the same as the surface of all completed purl rows. But if you knit one row purl and next row knit, alternatively, then the surface resembles very smooth and vertical rows of chain stitches on the right side, and on the wrong side will have rough surface. Slip a loop This term is indicating that a loop is to be passed from the left hand needle to the right hand needle without knitting. It is done at the beginning of a row. The edges of knitting become very hard and strong. It is needed to hence knit nice and delicate dress. Binding off loops/stitches When the work is completed it is needed to bind loops, otherwise all the loops will be untied. Binding off After finishing the whole work, to bind off the knit side the first loop has to be removed from the left hand needle to the right-hand needle. Knit the second loop loosely. Now there Binding one or two loops in the right-hand needle. Insert the left-hand needle through the left side of the first loop on the right-hand needle. Pass the first loop over the second one, dropping it from the needle; there remains only one loop on the right-hand needle. Knit the next loop

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on the left-hand needle loosely, now again there are two loops on the right-hand needle. Pass the first loop remains on the right-hand needle. Continue the procedure until there remains only one loop on the right-hand needle. Clipping the yarn about ten centimeters from the loop, pass the end through the remaining loop and pull it to be tightened. Notice that if you pull the yarn on more, the loops will be untied. Two ribbed pattern

Two Ribbed pattern To obtain two ribbed effect, begin by knitting the required number of loops to be divided by four, then make a row of loops. Knit the next row alternatively 2 knit and 2 purl frequently. In making the next row, the loops that were knitted in the first row will be knitted, and that were purled, will be knitted. Continue this way. There will be two ribbed effect on both sides of the completed work.

A Scarf/ Muffler Cast on 36-40 loops. You can cast on more or less, as you like. Then knit by two ribbed pattern up to your required length. Bind off the loops. At the edges of length make fringes with the yarn. Taking yarns cut them into small pieces (15 centimeter long). Then have 3 pieces of yarns together and insert them with a hair-clip and make a knot. Continue this process in every 2 centimeter distance. Your scarf/ muffler will look more beautiful. Remember, at the beginning of knitting a muffler, you should slip the first loop of every row; then the edge of the muffler will be neat and strong.

EXERCISE

Theoretical 1. Answer in writing a) Write a few sentences that you know about the “Embroidery” b) What do you mean by “Embroidered quilt”? Write briefly. c) Write in short about the artistry, which are in the field of embroidery. d) Which materials and tools are needed for embroidery? e) Give five names of stitches. 2. Put the tick (√) marks to the right answers a. The picture is done with needle and thread on - a sari. a towel. an embroidered quilt. b. The famous folk-art of Bangladesh is- a basket. a fish creel. an embroidered quilt. c. The design of a Jaynamaz (prayer mat) is done with – bird’s diagram. animal’s diagram. the picture of flowers. creepers and herbs. d. This stitch is very much needed, to make a simple quilt- Hem stitch. Running stitch Cross stitch. Stem stitch.

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e. It is called an applliqué- to colour with a brush Cutting fabrics into pieces and sewing them on another fabric to make

designs. Cutting fabrics into pieces. to make a flag f. It is knitted nicely with the yarn- a sari. a napkin. a muffler. a towel. 3. Practical a) Make a handkerchief with running stitch, having a design of creepers and

herbs in it (the size: 20 x 20 centimeter) b) Sew an embroidered quilt with running stitch (Size: 45 x 45 centimeter) c) Make a handkerchief with and stitches as you like (Size: 25 x 25

centimeter) d) Make a table-cloth, having a nice design with different stitches which you

know. e) Knit a muffler/ scarf by two ribbed pattern. (It will be needed to give sufficient time to complete the exercises of every

work)

PAPER-CRAFTS Paper is inseparably relater with our life in the present days. We cannot do without paper even for a day. Paper is used to meet thousands of purposes like-books and exercise books for reading and writing, news-paper, documents of property, letter and memoranda for communication, house documentation and the artistry for decoration on the occasion off any function and festival, labels, wrappers, boxes, even the paper bags of grocer’s shops. The use of paper is so extensive that it is difficult to estimate properly. There are different types of papers for different purposes. It is also difficult to give an account as to how many names and types of hard, soft, thick, thin, white and coloured paper are made. Let us do some work with paper. There are some works which we do as necessity demands. These are to be done, whether we do with pleasure or not. There are works which we do with pleasure and these are necessary too. There is pleasure to do and also pleasure to use. You may term these works as artistry. If any function or festival takes place in your house, school or locality you enjoy it very much; isn’t it? You use to dress yourself with nice clothings, decorate houses, school and the place of function to your locality. You enjoy it much. CONSTITUENTS The main constituent of paper crafts are papers of various colours- white, red, blue, green, yellow, violet etc. Collect suitable papers for your work. Other constituents are thread of bigger girth, jute cord, bamboo stick or jute stick, sharp paper cutting knife, small and big scissors, thick paste of flour etc. HOW TO MAKE FLAGS The things which you can make with paper very easily are the flags of various colours. Planting the banana trees on the side of the way to the place of function, in the front of the pandel, flags are to be pricked around it for decoration. The procession of the function and festival becomes more attractive if there are colourful flags in the hands of the participants. You can make two types of

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flags- quadrangular and triangular. Take papers of different colours. The very type of paper with which a kite is to be made will be suitable for flags. Measure a sheet of paper and see it is 75 cm, in length and 50 cm, in breadth. It is good for nothing. Make the sheet of paper two-fold lengthwise and cut it with a sharp knife. Just see, you have got two pieces of paper, each 75 cm, in length and 25 cm, in breadth. Now taking these two pieces of paper together, make four-fold and cut it into pieces. You have got eight pieces of paper, equal in measurement, each piece 25 cm in length and about 19 cm, in breadth. Paper will not be wasted if it is cut in a calculated way. Now, if each piece of paper is fixed on the end of each bamboo- stick or jute-stick with paste of flour, the making of each flag will be completed. In this way you can make quadrangular flags. For triangular flags divide the pieces of quadrangular papers in two pieces diagonally. Take a piece of triangular paper in your hand and see one of the three angles of the paper is big, one is medium and the other is small. Now fix the paper on the stick with paste of flour in such a way that the big angle be set downwards and the medium angle upward along the stick. If the papers be fixed otherwise, the triangular flags will not look nice. CHAIN OF PAPER Take same type of paper with which you made the flags. Take papers of different colours. The measurement of a full sheet of paper is known to you. It will not be difficult for you to cut the paper in size for the without any wastage, isn’t it? Cut the paper for chain measuring 25 cm. in length and 5 cm. in breadth. There will be 30 pieces of paper for chain with a full sheet of paper. Cutting papers of different colours like white, red blue, green, yellow violet etc. make separate bundle of each colour. Keep the bundles of paper in order one after another in a line. To make the chain you have to pack up papers serially from one end, of the line to the other. Chain will not look beautiful if you take paper of any colour at any time. Now, start to make a chain. Take a piece of paper from the first bundle of the line and apply adhesive just on the edge of an end of the paper. Now turning round the other end of the paper set it on the pasted end. Just see, a ring of paper is made. Take another piece of paper from the second bundle of the line and turning round one end of the paper through this

ring fix it with other end with adhesive paste. Taking paper from the third bundle turning round one end of it through the second ring, fix it with other end. In this way , taking papers from each bundle one after another, if one ring is attached through other, the chain will be completed. After using the papers of all colours one by one, again start with the first colour and take care that the serially of the colours is not hampered. This chain will look very beautiful if it is stretched horizontally with the pillars, posts or wall. It will look more beautiful if it hung down loosely in between pillars and posts. Besides this you can make chain with one-colour papers. Making chains of different colours like red yellow, black etc. separately you can use them for decoration. PAPER FRINGES For decoration, fringes are to be hung in lines. It looks very nice when fringes move in waves in the flow of air. Ordinary fringe can be made only by hanging longish quadrangular and triangular pieces of coloured paper with thread of bigger girth or jute cord. Hanging the papers of equal length as prepared to make chain of different length one after another, fringe can also be made. Care to be taken to keep the gap equal between two pieces of paper and to place the paper of that colour which looks better and beautiful in the side of the paper of another colour. Observing the picture you can make the fringes easily. On completion of the fringe making, you can do the decoration. Work at any function fastening to the end of the thread or jute-cord of the fringe fully stretched with any thing.

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To make cut-out designed fringes, take a piece of thin coloured paper 25 cm. in length and about 19 cm. in breadth. It will be better with the paper which is sued to make kites. Make the paper eight-folder so that the length and breadth of the folder paper be about 19 cm. and 3.1 cm. respectively. Observing the picture draw a design on the folder paper. Now cut the design out with sharp, scissor. Unfold it carefully and see what a beautiful fringe with cut-out design has been made. If you make a form cutting design and a piece of hard paper board, then you will be able to make as many fringes as you like, making the same design on the folder paper. Now, stretch a jute cord in the place according to your need and liking. Apply adhesive paste on the upper edge of the fringe and go on fixing the fringes on the wall of the house, on the wooden frame of tile fence or on door-frame.

Fringes made of coloured papers

Designs of flowers cut out with papers

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CUT-OUT FLORAL DESIGN OF PAPER You can make a cut-out floral design with paper in the same method as you made designed fringes. Take a piece of paper, square in shape, i.e. equilateral quadrangular. At first, fold the paper diagonally. See the picture and fold the paper three times more as shown in the picture. Now following the picture draw an easy design on the folded paper and cut it out with sharp scissors. Unfold carefully and see what a beautiful floral design has been made. In this way you can make cut-out floral design of any dimension – small or big. Big flower with big paper and small flower with small paper. In big floral design more design to be cut and less designs in small ones. You can decorate setting cut-out floral designs on the gate. Care has to be taken to arrange the stage, on the cloth or hard paper in the gate. Care has to be taken to arrange the colours proportionately and properly to make a design beautiful. If a form is cut with a paper-board then the same cut-out design can be made again and again.

EXERCISE Theoretical Answer in Writing 1. Give a description of the use of paper in our life in ten lines. 2. Describe briefly how you can decorate your school with paper-works on the

occasion of any function in the school. 3. Generally, what is the measurement of a sheet of coloured paper to make a kite?

Cutting a sheet of this paper, how many pieces can made of the size 25 cm. in length and 19 cm. in breadth without any wastage?

4. In what measurement you will curt your paper to make chain? How many pieces

will you get from a sheet of paper to make a chain? Practical 1. Cutting paper your own hands, without any wastage, make a chain in four colours,

about 7 meters in length. 2. Make a cut-out designed fringe according to your liking. Make three more fringes

exactly of the same design, fix these to a jute cord and stretch it to show. 3. Using three designs accordance to your liking, make three cut-out floral designs.

4. Cutting long papers make different types of fringes.

DOLLS AND MANY OTHER THINGS WITH PEJECTS

The things that seem to be of no use, those to be cast away, if you try, you can make beautiful artistry even with those things. Besides, the things available naturally, but we do not look at negligently or those that do not come in to sight, you can make beautiful artistry with things like those, too. For example, eggshell, coconut-shell, katbell-shell, pebbles of different sizes, small branches of tree, piece of wood, cut-pieces of cloth, board etc. If you look at your surrounding meticulously you will find many such rejected things. If you observe these things carefully you will find that in many ways these things may come into use. Make good use of your imagination, contemplation and desire to make any things beautiful. Why not? It is told here about the artistry with one or two such rejected things. DOLL WITH EGG-SHELL Take a faultless egg and wash it clean. It will be better to take an egg of duck, because the shell of a duck-egg is a little stronger. Very carefully make a hole on the narrow end of the egg. The diameter of the hole should not be more than 1.25 cm. and the hole will be perfectly round. Carefully bring out the yolk and other things from the egg-shell with a stick. Make the enter in to the shell and wash it properly and make it dry. Now take a piece of board paper and draw a circle with a diameter of 25-30 cm.( with a radius of 12.5-15 cm.). Cutting with scissors along the line of circle make a disk of board paper. Divide the desk into three equal parts. Take one from these three pieces. Cutting of the pointed head slightly and placing two straight edges one over another, join them with strong adhesive paste. Take care to keep the smooth side of the boards. See, after joining a cone has been made, the head of which is pointed and the bottom is bulky.

82 Arts & crafts

Enter the pointed head of this into the hole of the egg-shell, join the both with adhesive and thin white paper in such a way that the egg-shell is set on the head of the cone straightly, but the paper on the joint does not come into sight. Draw the eyes, face, nose, hair etc. of the doll on the egg-shell and its dress and neck lace on the paper-cone. Just see, a beautiful doll has been made of the cu-shell, a thing to be cast away.

Dolls and sculptures made of small branches of trees

Dolls and sculptures with pebbles

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SCHLPTURE WITH PEBBLES

At the time of walking through the roads or streets pebbles of different sizes will come into your sight. These pebbles are various colours, shapes and sizes. You will be delighted to see these pebbles. Some of these pebbles will seem like an owl, another will seem like a bird to you. Some of the pebbles look like men’s faces. Sometimes the face will like a cat’s face. If you go on searching, you will get such pebbles and pieces of stones similar to the appearance of many animals or human being. Pick up the pebble-stone of your choice and make them clean and dry. Observe the stone from different sides. What the stone looks like? Does it look like an owl or a man or a cat’s face? The appearance you think of make it clear with a little drawing and colouring. Draw the eyes, ears and face. Then look, what a beautiful artistry has been made. Fix the sculpture on a suitable piece of wood with strong adhesive like playgum or aica. Oh! What a beautiful sculpture of a pebble has been made so easily.

EXERCISE

Practical

1. Make a doll with egg-shell. 2. Make a small sculpture with pebble.

prescribed by the national curriculum and textbook board and crafts 25.1... · 2011. 11. 27. ·...

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