Preparing for the Preparing for the Civil WarCivil WarCultural, Political, and Cultural, Political, and Economic Gap between North Economic Gap between North and Southand South

Current Political Current Political TensionTension Are there any correlations Are there any correlations

between current political tension between current political tension and the tension that led to the and the tension that led to the Civil War?Civil War?

Do you think a Civil War could Do you think a Civil War could occur today?occur today?

Historiography of Civil Historiography of Civil WarWar How would each of the following How would each of the following

schools of thought view the schools of thought view the causes of the Civil War?causes of the Civil War?

- Progressivism - Progressivism - Liberalism- Liberalism - Republicanism- Republicanism - Multiculturalism- Multiculturalism

Cotton Production after the Cotton Production after the invention of Cotton Gin invention of Cotton Gin 17931793

Ban on Ban on International International Slave TradeSlave Trade

Let the first of January, the day of the abolition of the Let the first of January, the day of the abolition of the slave trade in our country, be set apart in every year, slave trade in our country, be set apart in every year, as a day of publick thanksgiving for that mercy. Let as a day of publick thanksgiving for that mercy. Let the history of the sufferings of our brethren, and of the history of the sufferings of our brethren, and of their deliverance, descend by this means to our their deliverance, descend by this means to our children, to the remotest generations.children, to the remotest generations.

A Thanksgiving sermon, preached January 1, 1808, in A Thanksgiving sermon, preached January 1, 1808, in St. Thomas's (or the African Episcopal) Church, St. Thomas's (or the African Episcopal) Church, Philadelphia, by Absalom Jones Philadelphia, by Absalom Jones

Slave RebellionsSlave Rebellions http://www.pbs.org/independentle

ns/natturner/slave_rebellions.html Constant fear in minds of SouthConstant fear in minds of South Plantation owners fear Plantation owners fear

manumission / emancipation / manumission / emancipation / abolitionabolition

Demonstrates presence of Demonstrates presence of religion, education, and religion, education, and organization amongst slavesorganization amongst slaves

Geographic Geographic Concentrations of Cotton Concentrations of Cotton ProductionProduction

Concentration of enslaved populations Concentration of enslaved populations in USin US

King CottonKing Cotton Cotton 50% of American exports Cotton 50% of American exports

(1840)(1840)– North and Britain benefitedNorth and Britain benefited

MonopolisticMonopolistic Financial instability Financial instability Dependence on a one-crop Dependence on a one-crop

economyeconomy

Economics of SlaveryEconomics of Slavery Cost of SlavesCost of Slaves

– Fed on $0.10 a dayFed on $0.10 a day– Field hands could cost 1200-1800 by 1860Field hands could cost 1200-1800 by 1860

4 million slaves by 18604 million slaves by 1860 Slaves as investments ($2 billion by 1860)Slaves as investments ($2 billion by 1860) Profitable?Profitable?

– Southern farms were 35-53% more efficient Southern farms were 35-53% more efficient overall than Northern farmsoverall than Northern farms

– By 1890 slave prices would have increased By 1890 slave prices would have increased 50%50%

Regional Regional InfrastructureInfrastructureSouthSouth Some railroad Some railroad

developmentdevelopment Less access to Less access to

paved roadspaved roads Dependent on Dependent on

North and EuropeNorth and Europe

NorthNorth Railroad boom Railroad boom

beginning beginning Numerous paved Numerous paved

roads and canalsroads and canals Not as Not as

dependent on dependent on EuropeEurope

ResultResult South fails to industrializeSouth fails to industrialize South lacks manufactured goodsSouth lacks manufactured goods North and Northwest connected North and Northwest connected

moremore

Growing Economic Growing Economic Differences- OverviewDifferences- OverviewNorthNorth Industrial Industrial

RevolutionRevolution Hired LaborHired Labor Canals, Turnpikes, Canals, Turnpikes,

RailroadsRailroads Favored Tariffs and Favored Tariffs and

Protectionism Protectionism

SouthSouth Agrarian SocietyAgrarian Society Slave LaborSlave Labor Lack of Lack of

infrastructureinfrastructure Against Tariffs- Against Tariffs-

Nullification Nullification argumentargument

Slavery VS. Slavery VS. IndustrialismIndustrialism

SouthSouth Guiding Guiding

Principles-“Benevolent Principles-“Benevolent Paternalism”Paternalism”

Old Order- FeudalismOld Order- Feudalism Based off of Ancient Based off of Ancient

philosophies - Aristotlephilosophies - Aristotle King Cotton- lack of King Cotton- lack of

economic diversity = economic diversity = dependence on slaverydependence on slavery

NorthNorth Guiding Principles-Free Guiding Principles-Free

market capitalismmarket capitalism New Order / Social New Order / Social

MobilityMobility Based off of Based off of

Enlightenment Enlightenment philosophies- Smith philosophies- Smith

Industrial Rev- growing Industrial Rev- growing economic diversity = economic diversity = demands for competitiondemands for competition

ResultResult North and South want to expand North and South want to expand

their economic systemstheir economic systems Both encourage strict adherence Both encourage strict adherence

to principlesto principles Carries over into political and Carries over into political and

social divisions between North social divisions between North and Southand South

Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass SpeechSpeech Tone of the early part of the speech: Tone of the early part of the speech: What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I

answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy license; your sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy license; your national greatness, swelling vanity; your sound of national greatness, swelling vanity; your sound of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your denunciation of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your denunciation of tyrants brass fronted impudence; your shout of liberty tyrants brass fronted impudence; your shout of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; your prayers and hymns, and equality, hollow mockery; your prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanks-givings, with all your religious your sermons and thanks-givings, with all your religious parade and solemnity, are to him, mere bombast, fraud, parade and solemnity, are to him, mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy -- a thin veil to cover deception, impiety, and hypocrisy -- a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of the more shocking and bloody than are the people of the United States, at this very hour. United States, at this very hour.

Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass Speech Continued Speech Continued Change in tone by conclusion:Change in tone by conclusion: Allow me to say, in conclusion, notwithstanding the dark picture I have this Allow me to say, in conclusion, notwithstanding the dark picture I have this

day presented, of the state of the nation, I do not despair of this country. day presented, of the state of the nation, I do not despair of this country. There are forces in operation which must inevitably work the downfall of There are forces in operation which must inevitably work the downfall of slavery. "The arm of the Lord is not shortened," and the doom of slavery is slavery. "The arm of the Lord is not shortened," and the doom of slavery is certain. I, therefore, leave off where I began, with hope. While drawing certain. I, therefore, leave off where I began, with hope. While drawing encouragement from "the Declaration of Independence," the great principles encouragement from "the Declaration of Independence," the great principles it contains, and the genius of American Institutions, my spirit is also cheered it contains, and the genius of American Institutions, my spirit is also cheered by the obvious tendencies of the age. Nations do not now stand in the same by the obvious tendencies of the age. Nations do not now stand in the same relation to each other that they did ages ago. No nation can now shut itself up relation to each other that they did ages ago. No nation can now shut itself up from the surrounding world and trot round in the same old path of its fathers from the surrounding world and trot round in the same old path of its fathers without interference. The time was when such could be done. Long without interference. The time was when such could be done. Long established customs of hurtful character could formerly fence themselves in, established customs of hurtful character could formerly fence themselves in, and do their evil work with social impunity. Knowledge was then confined and and do their evil work with social impunity. Knowledge was then confined and enjoyed by the privileged few, and the multitude walked on in mental enjoyed by the privileged few, and the multitude walked on in mental darkness. darkness.

Political DifferencesPolitical Differences

NorthNorth Federal Federal

GovernmentGovernment Free Soil PartyFree Soil Party AbolitionistsAbolitionists Republican PartyRepublican Party Death of WhigsDeath of Whigs

SouthSouth States’ RightsStates’ Rights Popular Popular

SovereigntySovereignty Fire EatersFire Eaters NullificationNullification Divisions in Divisions in

Democratic PartyDemocratic Party

Ineffective PresidentsIneffective Presidents 1848- Zachary Taylor Whig (dies in 1848- Zachary Taylor Whig (dies in

office)office) 1850- Millard Fillmore Whig1850- Millard Fillmore Whig 1852- Franklin Pierce Democratic1852- Franklin Pierce Democratic 1856- James Buchanan Democratic1856- James Buchanan Democratic

1848 and 1852- Free Soil Candidate1848 and 1852- Free Soil Candidate1856- Know Nothing or Nativist Candidate1856- Know Nothing or Nativist Candidate

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 CA free stateCA free state Other territories from Mexico- Other territories from Mexico-

popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty Wash D.C. end of slave tradeWash D.C. end of slave trade Fugitive Slave Fugitive Slave Challenges Missouri CompromiseChallenges Missouri Compromise

Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas-Nebraska Act 18541854 Negates Missouri CompromiseNegates Missouri Compromise Unofficial deal Nebraska Free and Unofficial deal Nebraska Free and

Kansas slaveKansas slave Popular Sovereignty= Bleeding of Popular Sovereignty= Bleeding of

KansasKansas Lecompton Constitution Lecompton Constitution

Controversy Controversy

Dred Scott Court Case Dred Scott Court Case 18571857 Dred Scott lived in Free State / Territory Dred Scott lived in Free State / Territory

moved to slave statemoved to slave state Supreme Court ruled against ScottSupreme Court ruled against Scott Supreme Court determines slaves are Supreme Court determines slaves are

property not citizens property not citizens African Americans cannot be citizens- Chief African Americans cannot be citizens- Chief

Justice Taney Justice Taney Congress cannot make laws about slaveryCongress cannot make laws about slavery Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850

and Kansas Nebraska Act - unconstitutionaland Kansas Nebraska Act - unconstitutional

Panic of 1857Panic of 1857 Financial Crisis in NorthFinancial Crisis in North Speculation bottoms outSpeculation bottoms out Grain surplusGrain surplus South protected by cotton South protected by cotton

industryindustry South becomes more confident of South becomes more confident of

economic independenceeconomic independence

Lincoln Douglas Lincoln Douglas Debates 1858 Debates 1858 Illinois Senatorial DebatesIllinois Senatorial Debates Thousands of People came to watchThousands of People came to watch Douglas takes advantage of Lincoln’s Douglas takes advantage of Lincoln’s

inexperience at firstinexperience at first Douglas- popular sovereignty and fear Douglas- popular sovereignty and fear

mongering mongering Lincoln- immorality of slavery and illogical Lincoln- immorality of slavery and illogical

nature of popular sovereigntynature of popular sovereignty Lincoln does not call for equalityLincoln does not call for equality Lincoln loses the battle but wins the warLincoln loses the battle but wins the war

John Brown’s Raid on John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry 1859Harpers Ferry 1859 Brown led a raid Brown led a raid

on armoryon armory Failed slave Failed slave

rebellionrebellion Executed for Executed for

TreasonTreason Enraged North Enraged North

and South (for and South (for different reasons)different reasons)

Popular Portrayals of Popular Portrayals of John Brown John Brown

Election of 1860Election of 1860

Election of 1860 Election of 1860 ConsequencesConsequences

Lincoln Lincoln wins close wins close electionelection

Divisions Divisions help Lincolnhelp Lincoln

South is South is ready for ready for SecessionSecession

Cultural DifferencesCultural Differences

NorthNorth Socially DiverseSocially Diverse Protestant Protestant Work EthicWork Ethic Valued LaborValued Labor Popularity of Popularity of

Uncle Tom’s Uncle Tom’s CabinCabin

SouthSouth AristocracyAristocracy ““Heirs to Heirs to

European European Society”Society”

Ancient Ancient Republics’ Republics’ negative view of negative view of laborlabor