prepared to accompany theories of personality (5th ed.) by susan c. cloninger (2008), published by...

Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Theories of Personality

Power Point Presentation by Avidan Milevsky, Ph.D.

Touro College South

This presentation copyright Susan C. Cloninger. Some images are from "Holy Cow! 250,000 Graphics," by Macmillan Digital Publishing USA.


CHAPTER ELEVEN

DOLLARDAND MILLER:

Psychoanalytic Learning Theory


Chapter Overview

Psychoanalytic Learning Theory: Dollard and Miller

Four fundamental concepts about learningThe learning processLearning by imitationThe four critical training periods of childhoodConflictFrustration and aggressionLanguageNeurosisPsychotherapySuppression

Psychoanalytic Learning Theory Reconsidered


Preview of Dollard and Miller’s Theory


Four fundamental conceptsabout learning

“In order to learn, one must want something, notice something, do something, and get something.”drive (“want something”)cue (“notice something”)response (“do something”)reward (“get something”)


drive

what a person wants, which motivates learning

hungerthirstsexual driveapproval-seeking

Definition:

Examples:


cue

what a person notices, which provides a discriminative stimulus for learning

mother callingsight of someone you love

Definition:

Examples:


response

what a person does, which is learned

cryingasking for helpcriticizing someone

Definition:

Examples:


response

response hierarchydominant responseresultant hierarchy


Example of a response hierarchy: child

R1: cry

R2: grab teddy bear

R3: hide

R4: demand Daddy

R5: go quietly to bed

dominant response


reward

what a person gets as a result of a response in the learning sequence, which strengthens responses because of its drive-reducing effect

foodapproval

Definition:

Examples:


The learning process

learning dilemma: a situation in which existing responses are not rewarded


Extinction

020406080

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Day

Tim

e Cry

ing

When reinforcement is withheld, the rate of behavior decreases. In this example, if parents ignore a child who cries at bedtime, the child will cry less and less as time

goes on.


When cues signal the appropriate response,

we must also consider

stimulus generalizationdiscrimination


gradient of reward

The more closely the response is followed by reward, the more it is strengthened.Language can influence this by making a response "close" by talking about it.

anticipatory response


Learning by imitation

Learning theory permits careful analysis of 3 kinds of “imitation” or “identification.” same behaviorcopyingmatched dependent behavior


The four critical training periods of childhood

1. Feeding

2. Cleanliness Training

3. Early Sex Training

4. Anger-Anxiety Conflicts


Conflict

Gradient of approach

Gradient of avoidance


Four types of conflict

approach-avoidanceavoidance-avoidanceapproach-approachdouble approach-avoidance


approach-avoidance

near goal distant0

2

4

6

8

10

12

AVOIDANCE APPROACH

point of maximum

conflictavoid

approach

+ puff of air


avoidance-avoidance

Goal 1 Goal 20

2

4

6

8

10

12

AVOID 1 AVOID 2

avoidavoid


approach-approach

Goal 1 Goal 20

2

4

6

8

10

12

APPROACH 1 APPROACH 2

approachapproach


double approach-avoidance

NEAR 1 NEAR 20

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

AVOID 1 APPROACH 1 AVOID 2 APPROACH 2


Reducing Conflict

Trying to reduce conflictcompare drugs (alcohol) with psychotherapy...


Frustration and Aggression

The frustration-aggression The frustration-aggression hypothesishypothesis

interference with goal attainment

frustration leads to aggression


Modification of the Frustration and Aggression hypothesis

Learning Responses to FrustrationDisplacement and CatharsisHostile Aggression and Instrumental AggressionAggressive Cues The Role of Emotions


Individual Differences in Aggressive Responses

Impact of early experience (child abuse) and failure of ego developmentImpact of learningImpact of brain development


Language

allows discriminationfacilitates learning and problem-solvingcomparison with Freud’s “secondary process” (ego)


Neurosis

Schematic Diagram (simplified) of Some Basic Factors Involved in Neurosis as a “stupidity-misery syndrome”

REPRESSION STUPIDITY

FEAR MISERY

SYMPTOMS

inadequate solutions to problemsCONFLICT


Psychotherapy

teaching behavioral copingteaching discrimination of cuesteaching relaxation (drive reduction)language as mediator of learning


Suppression

The White Bear Suppression Inventory is correlated with obsessional thinking,

depression, and anxiety.

And, although people can learn to repress unwanted thoughts, they often

"rebound" later, occurring with increased frequency.


Suppression

Can be adaptiveCan sensitize to (mis)interpretation of other events (projection, for example)Can produce adverse health effectsSuppression of thoughts is more helpful than suppression of emotions


Chapter Review

Psychoanalytic Learning Theory: Dollard and Miller

Four fundamental concepts about learningThe learning processLearning by imitationThe four critical training periods of childhoodConflictFrustration and aggressionLanguageNeurosisPsychotherapySuppression


prepared to accompany theories of personality (5th ed.) by susan c. cloninger (2008), published by...

Documents

prentice hall

learning process learning

bed slide

learning mother

learning sequence

millers theory slide

presentation copyright

child r