prepared for disaster, dod immediate response authority ira brief leshinsky 11 dec 06
TRANSCRIPT
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8/8/2019 Prepared for Disaster, DOD Immediate Response Authority IRA Brief Leshinsky 11 Dec 06
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Prepared for Disaster?
Improving the DODs Immediate Response Authority
Major Eric Leshinsky, USAF
Student, Homeland Security and Defense
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey CA
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OVERVIEW
Homeland Security/Defense National Goals and Objectives
The National Preparedness System and Scenarios
Defense Support to Civilian Authorities (DSCA) Overview
DSCA and the DODs Immediate Response Authority (IRA)
Why should the DoD have an IRA provision?
Historical Look
Legal and Other Issues
Current Barriers to IRA Effectiveness
The Road Ahead Improving the DODs IRA
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Goal #1 (should be) ~ Learn from disasters (such as: Oklahoma City
Bombing/911/Katrina) and address preparedness and capability gaps at
local/state/federal levels
Emergency Preparedness and Response~
We must prepare to minimizethe damage and recover from any future terrorist attacks that may occur
despite our best efforts of prevention.
An effective response to a major terrorist incident--as well as natural
disasters--depends on being prepared. (Ref: National Strategy for Homeland Security, 2002)
National Goals and Objectives
Are we prepared?
and
How can we improve?
Are we prepared?
and
How can we improve?
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Homeland Security (HS) ~A concerted national effort to prevent terrorist
attacks within the U.S., to reduce vulnerability to terrorism, and to
minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur. DHS is the
lead federal agency (LFA) for incident management in the United States.(Ref: National Strategy for Homeland Security, 2002)
Homeland Defense (HD) ~ The protection of U.S. sovereignty, territory,
domestic population, and critical defense infrastructure against external
threats and aggression, or other threats as directed by the President. The
DOD is responsible for homeland defense.(Ref: Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Homeland Defense, 2006)
Definitions & Lead Federal Agencies
Could the DOD be a LFA for HS
if so, when?
Could the DOD be a LFA for HS
if so, when?
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Homeland Security- Scenarios
(1) A military commander receives a request from a local emergency management
officer to send fire trucks off base to help fight a large grass fire that threatens
northern neighborhoods of a city.
(2) A tornado has just hit a city 20 miles from a DoD installation. The city mayor
has requested local DoD medical, fire, and manpower support to help save lives
and mitigate human suffering.
(3) A bomb has exploded and destroyed a local government building. The city
police chief has asked a nearby DoD facility to send security personnel to help
secure the site and assist local police secure other local critical infrastructure.
Can the DoD respond?
Can the DoD respond?
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Through the DoDs IRA provision, local military commanders (and
responsible officials of other DOD Components) are authorized to takenecessary action to respond to requests of civil authorities.
IRA actions are authorized when imminently serious conditions
necessitate immediate action to save lives, prevent human suffering
,
mitigate great property damage.
(Ref: DOD Directives 3025.1 and 3025.15, Stafford Act (42 USC 5121), and The National Response Plan)
YES!
YES!
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Homeland Security- Scenario
A major hurricane has just hit a major U.S. geographical area
Local/State first response is haphazard and/or overwhelmed
The federal government is awaiting official requests for assistance
Media coverage of the area depicts massive property damage and great human
death and ongoing pain/suffering
A DoD installation is less then 100 miles from an area hard hit. The installation
has medical, fire, security, logistical equipment and personnel ready to respond.
The installation commander has not received a request for assistance.
Can the local DoD installation
respond? NO!
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Federal Framework and Military
Domestic OperationsNational Strategic Objectives for HS (in order of priority)
1) Prevent terrorist attacks within the U.S.
2) Reduce Americas vulnerability to terrorism
3) Minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur(Ref: National Strategy for Homeland Security)
Federal Disaster Preparedness and Response
DHS is the lead federal agency
Responsible for NRP, NIMS, and Preparedness Goals (IAW HSPD 5/8)
DOD Disaster Preparedness and Response
The U.S. military has remained a major resource!
Organizations (ASD-HD, JCS, COCOMs, Services, EPLOs)
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Federal Framework and Military
Domestic OperationsDOD Disaster Preparedness and Response Primary Military Guidance: Strategy for HD/CS; J-Pub 3-26,
Homeland Security; DoD 3025.1-M, Manual forCivil Emergencies;other DoD Directives
Homeland Defense/Civil-Support Objectives (in order of priority)
1) Achieve maximum awareness of potential threats
2) Deter, intercept, and defeat threats at a safe distance
3) Achieve mission assurance
4) Support civil authorities in minimizing damage from CBRNE attacks
5) Improve national/international capabilities for HD and HS(Ref: Strategy for HD and Civil Support)
Disaster Response Mechanisms
1) DSCA Construct (JDOMS, COCOM, JTFs, Military Services, EPLOs)
2) Local DOD Units (under the DODs Immediate Response Authority)
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Immediate Response Authority(Current Rules of Engagement)
Local/State Civil Authorities must provide official verbal orwritten request for assistance (verbal must be later provided inwriting)
Requests may be made to the nearest DOD Component ormilitary commander
Commanders do not need to seek higher approval authoritydue to imminently serious conditions
Commanders should advise Higher HQ ASAP
Support should be provided on a cost-reimbursable basis ifpossible, but inability/unwillingness to reimburse should not
result in delaying or denying response Period of support should normally not exceed 72 hrs
(Ref: DoD Directives 3025.1 and 3025.15)
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Immediate Response Authority
All requests by civil authorities for DOD assistance shall be
evaluated by approval authorities against the following criteria:
Legality (compliance with laws)
Lethality (potential use of force by or against DOD forces)
Risk (safety of DOD forces)
Cost (who pays, impact to DOD budget)
Appropriateness (whether the mission is in the best interest for theDOD to conduct)
Readiness (impact on DODs ability to perform primary mission)
(Ref: DOD Directive 3025.15)
However, DOD assistance under IRA
should not be delayed!
However, DOD assistance under IRA
should not be delayed!
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Immediate Response Authority
IRA may include DOD assistance to meet the following types of needs:
Rescue, evacuation, and emergency medical treatment of casualties, maintenance orrestoration of emergency medical capabilities, and safeguarding the public health.
Emergency restoration of essential public services (including fire-fighting, water,communications, transportation, power, and fuel).
Emergency clearance of debris, rubble, and explosive ordnance from public facilitiesand other areas to permit rescue or movement of people and restoration of essentialservices.
Recover, identification, registration, and disposal of the dead
Monitoring and decontaminating radiological, chemical, and biological effects;controlling contaminated areas; and reporting through national warning and hazardcontrol systems
Roadway movement control and planning
Safeguarding, collecting, and distributing food, essential supplies, and materiel onthe basis of critical priorities
Damage assessment
Interim emergency communications
Facilitating the reestablishment of civil government functions
(Ref: DOD Directive 3025.1)
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Disaster Relief Storms Earthquakes
Floods
Ice and Snow
National Preparedness System
(Lead Federal Agencies)
Maritime Security Wildland Firefighting
Air/Sea Disasters
Disease Eradication
Radiological Accidents
Postal Augmentation
Incident Management Civil Disturbances
Mass Migration
Counter-Drug
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Homeland Security/Defense clearly
requires a total federal effort
Bottom-line Goal: Protect America and its people
prior to, during, and after disasters strike!
Bottom-line Goal: Protect America and its people
prior to, during, and after disasters strike!
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DODs Role in Homeland
Security/Defense is Critical
Extraordinary
Circumstances
DomesticDisaster Relief
DomesticCivil Support
CounterNarcoticsCounter Terrorism
CBRNEConsequenceManagement
SpecialEvents
Execute OPLANS
TemporaryCircumstances
Emergency
Circumstances
DoDs #1Priority
Unique Area ofResponsibility
SpecializedCapabilities
DODs Roles/Mission/Priorities may need
to become more balanced across thespectrum of HS and HD!
DODs Roles/Mission/Priorities may need
to become more balanced across thespectrum of HS and HD!
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DisasterDisaster
Local Government
Response
State Government
Response
National Response Framework
FEMA Activates
National Response Plan
27 Federal Agencies
FEDERALCOORDINATING
OFFICER (FCO)
DoDDoD
JDOMS
NORTHCOM/PACOMNORTHCOM/PACOM(JFCOM)(JFCOM)
JTF
CMDR
Defense Coordinating Officer (DCO)
ASD / HD
NORTHAF / PACAF1AF
JFACC / COMAFFOR
NORTHAF / PACAF1AF
JFACC / COMAFFOR
AF ProvidersAF Providers
President Declares
Emergency
FEMA NationalAdvises
President
DEPLOYES FORCES
Requests Federal Assistance
(RFA)
Governor
StateCoordinating
Officer(SCO)
FEMA Region
Advises
Governor
Federal Response and Assistance
Critical Problem: Time (First 72hrs)
Partial Solution: IRA
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Presidential DeclarationCommanders Decision
Event
Immediate
Response
10 Day
Rule
Military Only
MOU/MOA
Disaster/
Emergency
NRP
The DoD actually has a
2-Tier Disaster Response Capability
Save Lives
Mitigate Great Prop Damage
Prevent Human Suffering
Installation Level
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Tasking Flowchart
Local/State/Fed Agency
Request for Assistance
Immediate
Response Requested?
DOD
Installation
Must Consider if Actions will:
Save lives
Prevent human suffering
Mitigate great propertydamage
No
Yes
Declared
Disaster?
No
DCO
JDOMS
ASD/HD
JDOMS
NORTHCOM
DOD ComponentHQ/Element
Yes
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The Future of DODs
Immediate Response Authority
Critical Challenge: Integrated Use of Military Capabilities
Recommendation #23:
DOD should revise its Immediate Response Authority (IRA) policy
to allow commanders, in appropriate circumstances, to exerciseIRA even without a request from local authorities. DOD should
work with DHS and State officials to improve integration of military
response capabilities.(Ref: The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina--Lessons Learned, Feb 06)
Is the DoD prepared for this role/mission?Is the DoD prepared for this role/mission?
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Why Should the DoD have an
Immediate Response Authority?
Fills a critical capabilities gap in immediate
responses to domestic emergencies!
Fills a critical capabilities gap in immediate
responses to domestic emergencies!
Long history of domestic consequence mgmt/DSCA
Capabilities unlike no other (A/C, UAV, logistics, etc.)
Huge federal force (~3M)
Huge footprint (2,900 DOD sites in all 50 states) Critically trained (SABC, Firefighting, SF, Comm, etc.)
Critical experience (IEDs, terrorist tactics, threat
working groups, M.A.R.Es, etc.)
Trained to deploy (Recalls, deployment lines, etc.)
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What Are the Current Barriers &
Challenges to Effective IRA?
STRATEGIC POLICIES/GUIDANCE
DOD directives governing IRA are outdated (1993/1997)
DOD guidance is lacks critical details/guidance
Civilian authority requester/DOD approval authority is too broad
AORs are not defined and/or de-conflicted Limited reference in the National Response Plan (NRP)
DOD Planning is not centralized (NORTHCOM does not oversee or
manage IRA; dependent on services to oversee and supplement)
IRA Familiarization both w/in Federal agencies (DOD/FEMA/DHS)
and State/Local agencies (elected officials, state/local EMO, first
responders) 28% of U.S. Cities do not have IRA plan (183 cities polled/Jul 06)
OPERATIONAL/TACTICAL ISSUES
MOU/As will vary by base/service (needs to be standardized)
Transformation and civilian labor contracts may limit response
DOD mission comes first what if CI is impacted or lives at stake?
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Immediate Response Authority
(Actions for Today) Improve effectiveness of the DODs IRA
Clarify IRA ROEs
Expand IRA guidance in NRP
Expand IRA planning and DOD participation in National Incident
Management (NIMS) and Command Systems (ICS)
Provide training/handbook to civil authorities and DODpersonnel (commanders, on-scene commanders, and personnel)
Ensure all local critical infrastructure is included in MOU/As
Centralize oversight and chain-of-command of IRA
USNORTHCOM/USPACCOM (Planning/Training/Inspections)
Clarify AORs, standardize MOU/As, and mandate mutual aid
agreements between all DOD installations/agencies within AORs to
improve unity of effort/reduce potential duplication of response
Evaluate the role/effectiveness of current DSCA liaison positions
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Immediate Response Authority
(Actions for Today) Mandate local IRA planning, training and exercises
Establish lessons learned/best practice forums/database
Evaluate and address legal issues related to IRA
Mandate DOD installations identify and posture IRA response teams
of various size and capabilities (i.e. Air Force Augmentee Program)
DOD should oversee armed services transformation efforts and
evaluate its potential impact on Homeland Security missions,
including IRA
NORTHCOM should consider adopting PACCOMs JTF-HD concept
of operations: Concept involves organizing all military facilities and
infrastructure in Hawaii into "Base Clusters" to facilitate planning,
prioritization of efforts, and coordination with civilian agencies.
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Immediate Response Authority
(Actions for the Future) Continue to refine IRA doctrine, planning, training, and preparedness
Do local/state first responders always need to be overwhelmed?
Are official civilian requests always necessary/appropriate?
Will DOD mission priorities always take priority over response?
Does IRA end once a federal disaster has been declared?
Evaluate reimbursement policies related to DSCA (including IRA)
Federal budgeting may help improve IRA effectiveness
HS grants should mandate DOD participation/coordination
Continue to evaluate and assign specific DOD units for HomelandSecurity roles/missions, as needed
Future BRAC criteria should include impact to IRA operations
Continue to examine what different roles/missions will be assigned to
the Active, NG, and Reserve components (including DOD civilians)
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Natural Disasters:
Hurricane, Tornado, Flood/Drought, Earthquake, Tsunami, Fire
Multiple-events
Homeland Security
(Potential Future Scenarios)
Manmade Disasters:
Conventional attacks by state/non-state actors
Multiple terrorist attacks (IEDs, shopping centers, Snipers)
Chemical/biological/nuclear mishap
Riots
OurNational Response
System must be Ready!
OurNational Response
System must be Ready!
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Immediate Response Authority
BOTTOM-LINE:
The DOD currently plays a direct and vital role
as a first responder to domestic disasters(natural and manmade) through the DODs
Immediate Response Authority!
We must be better prepared for the nextKatrina, 9/11, or ????
BOTTOM-LINE:
The DOD currently plays a direct and vital role
as a first responder to domestic disasters(natural and manmade) through the DODs
Immediate Response Authority!
We must be better prepared for the nextKatrina, 9/11, or ????
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Immediate Response Authority
???