prepared by men tum english and business teacher

Prepared by Men Tum English and Business teacher

ENGLSIH PROGRAMMED OF UME

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMIC

PREPARED BY: MEN TUM

ENGLISH TEACHER OF

IMD & UME


Scheduling for students study at 6.00 to 8.00 from Monday to Friday in UME

Students’ mark!!!

Monday Tuesday Wednesday

Thursday Friday

Core EnglishVocabularyGrammarDo exercises




English for BusinessReady contextTranslation to Khmer language

Description Minimum Maximum

Attendance (Class participation) 2 7.5

Homework 3 7.5

Mid-term Examination 20 35

Final –term examination 35 50

Total 65 100


Content UNIT I Can You Understand The Text

Slide 4 UNIT II Classroom Language slide 6 UNIT III Prefixes slide 10 UNIT IV Nouns and adjective suffixes slide 13 UNIT V Compound Nouns slide 17 UNIT VI Compound Adjective slide 23 UNIT VII Phrasal Verbs slide 30 UNIT VIII Countable and Uncountable Nouns

slide 33 UNIT IX Prepositions slide 40 UNIT X English Grammar for Business

slide 47


UNIT I Can You Understand The Text

Where are the English words From?

From the old English

Many basic English words come from old English, e.g. England, house, woman, man, child, bird, water,. They sometimes have irregular pronunciation. From Latin

Other English words come from Latin, e.g. family, wine, number, school, educate. From French

Some English words come from French, e.g. royal, hotel, menu, beef. From other Languages

Today English is an international language. Thousands of English words come from other languages, e.g. siesta (siˈes.tə/ noun [ C ] a rest or sleep taken after lunch , especially in hot countries), (Spanish). Judo /ˈdʒuːdəʊ/ /noun [ U ] a sport in which two people fight using their arms and legs and hands and feet, and try to throw each other to the ground. He's a black belt (= has the highest level of skill) in/at judo. From New words

Every year hundred of words come into English from new technologies, e.g. internet, text massage, e-mail, modem.


Do your exercisesa) Read the text once. Do you know the

highlighted words?b) Read the text again. Now cover the

text. Can you remember where these words come from. Write them in in the chart.

Internet mine menu house hotel

Family siesta woman judo e-mail

c) Where are words in our country from?

Old English Latin French

Other Languages

New Words

Internet


Unit II: Classroom LanguageA) Equipment:

There are some of the things you may use in your classroom or school. There are:Chalk ដី�ស, Rubberជ័�រលុ�ប, OHP ឧបករណ៍ បញ្ចាំ� �ងស្លា� យ, Board Pen ប��ចគ្�,

Boardក្តា� រខៀ��ន, Pencil sharpener ឧបករណ៍ សម្�ចខៀ!" ដៃដី,File ស$ម្�រ%ង, Briefcase ក្តាប&បយ'រខៀ(យដៃដីSocket រន)ឌុ�យខៀ+��ង Plug ឌុ�យខៀ+��ងCassette recorder ម៉ា- ខៀ.- Photocopier ម៉ា- ស��នថតចម្�ង

Highlighters ប��ចគ្&សច�ណាំ�ពាក3ស�ខាន5We can use some of these nouns as verbs: video a programme (= record it on video); photocopy an exercise; highlight new owrd; file some papers (= put them in a file)


Classroom Language (cont’)B) Classroom activities

Things students or teachers do in the classroom:

Look up a word (= find a meaning of a word in a dictionary)

Borrow someone’s dictionary or rubber (=use it and then return it)

Rub out mistakes in a notebook (= remove mistakes using a rubber)

Plug in the tape recorder (= put the plug in the electric socket)

Turn up the tape recorder if you can’t hear it (= increase the volume) (opp of turn down)

Rub things off the board (= remove writing from the board)

Correct students’ English (= give the correct English if students make mistakes)

Things a teacher may ask students to do in the classroom:

Could you clean a board, Carlos? (= remove all the writing from the board)

Write these words down . ( Write these words on a piece of paper/ in a notebook)

Enrique, could you swap place (change places) with Lorina?

Kim, could you share your book with Petra? (= Use it together at the same time)

Repeat this sentence after me. (= say it again)


C) Question about VocabularyWhat does ‘ plug’ mean? (Not what means plug?How do you pronounce it?How do you spell ‘bicycle”?How do you use ‘ anyway’ in a sentence?What’s the difference between ‘lend’ and ‘borrow’? Form…… borrow something (from someone)

lend something to someonelend someone something

Classroom Language (cont’)


EXERCISES Answers these questions1) What do you rub off the board? Write2) What do you put in a tape recorder?____________3) What do you put on the OHP?_________________4) What do you use the rubber for?_______________5) What do you put on the photocopier?__________ Match the verbs to the nouns1) Correct a) place2) Clean b) a ward3) Borrow c) someone’s mistakes4) Swap d) the board5) Video e) a dictionary6) Do f) a program7) Turn up g) an exercise8) Look up h) the tape recorder Here are some answers. What are possible questions?1) A: ………………………………………..? B: It means to exchange places2) A: ………………………………………..? B: /swǝd/ like ‘shop’ or ‘stop’.3) A: ………………………………………..? B: S-W-A-P.


Unit III Prefixes What are prefixes?

Prefixes are groups of letters added before a word, which then creates new words and new meaning. For example:

biannual - "bi" means twice, so the new meaning is "twice a year" distrust - "dis" means not, so the new meaning is "not to trust" submarine - "sub" means under, so the new meaning is "under water"

There are many prefixes in English, some of which are quite common and some of which are used-less frequently. In some cases, the same prefix may have more than one meaning, too. If you learn prefixes, your ability to comprehend new words will greatly improve. Unfortunately, it comes down to memorization.


Here's a list of many prefixes. The ones marked with the following symbol (O) are more often used, and should perhaps be studied first.anti- against; opposite from/toanti-aging anti-bacterial anti-viralSome anti-aging skin creams can get quite pricey.bi- twice; tobiannual biplane bipolarThe top sales reps have a biannual meeting in sunny Puerto Rico.circum- around; round aboutcircumlocution circumnavigateIt's always been a dream of mine to circumnavigate the globe in a sailboat.

Prefixes cont’


de- opposite; reversedecompose បំ�បែបំកធាតុ�, ធ្វើ�ឲ្យ ធ្វើ�ហ្ម�ង defrag demystify /mɪs.tɪ.faɪ/ បំកស្�យ# ឆ្ង�ល់�

The news program really demystified the race for the US Presidency.O dis- not; opposite from/ofdisagree disappear disconnectAs the stock market tumbled, my savings disappeared!en- or em- អន�ញ្ចាំ7 តឲ្យ3, យលុ5ព្�ម្ឲ្យ3, ទទ'លុយក, into; make into; put into; withinentitled ផ្ត�ល់�ស្�ទ្ធិ��, យកធ្វើ�រមងារ embed បំង"បំ�ឬបំញ្ចុះ%�&ក'�ង empower ឲ្យ3អ�ណាំចBob felt empowered the day of his promotion, and strutted around the office.ex-ព្�ម្�ន, ខាងខៀដី�ម្ former អត�ត, ex-boss ex-colleague សហខៀសវិ=កព្�ម្�ន ex-wifeMy ex-boss couldn't/didn't have a clue. He was incompetent!fore- អាចដី?ងបាន ព្Aករណ៍ បាន before; front; in front offorefront forerunner foretellThe old lady could foretell when and where a person would die.

Prefixes cont’


UNIT IV: NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES SUFFIXESA) Verbs + Nouns suffixes = Noun and Nouns or verbs + suffixes = Adjectives

There has been a big improvement in the economy. Who do you think will win the election? The problems are due to bad management.

The road were dangerous this morning. It was foggy and I can’t see far. He was very emotional when he said ‘good bye’. Did you buy a diesel car because it’s more economical than petrol.

Verb Suffix NounImprove (= get better)Govern (=control affairs of a city or country)Manage (= direct or control a business)Elect (= choose somebody by voting)Discuss (= talk about some thing seriously)Jog (= running to keep fit or for pleasure)

-ment

-ion

-ing

ImprovementGovernmentManagementElectionDiscussionjogging

Mix of Nouns or Verbs

Suffix

Adjectives

Danger, fameMusic, politics, emotionEconomics, industryCloud, sun, fog, dirt, attract, create

-ous-al

-y-ive

Dangerous, famous ( = known by lots of people)Musical, political, emotional ( = have or show strong feelings) economical (= saves you money)Cloudy, sunny, foggy, dirty (opp of clean)Attractive (= pretty, good-looking) creative (= ability to produce new ideas; with imagination.


NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES SUFFIXES cont’

B) Adjectives + Noun suffixes

*** Students will find out the example of these wordsC) -able, -ful, and –less -able: This common suffix creates adjectives from nouns and verbs: An enjoyable evening, a comfortable chair, Jeans are still fashionable.-ful: often means ‘full of’ or ‘having the quality of noun’ careful (= doing sth with care and attention) careful driver, very helpful, painful, thoughtful.-less: often means “ without”:Careless, useless, homeless, etc….*** Students will find out the examples for these words

Adjectives Suffix Noun

Weak (= opp strong)HappyIll (= sick/ not well)Stupid (opp intelligence, clever)ActiveSimilar (= almost the same; opp different)

-ness

-ity

WeaknessHappinessIllnessStupidityActivitysimilarity


NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES SUFFIXES cont’D) -r, -er, -or, -ist.

These suffixes can be added to nouns or verbs. They often describe people and jobs.

-r -er -or -ist Bullet dancerShop managerParty organizer Bus driver

Pop singerFootballerEmployerHairdresser

Television actorDirectorCoordinatorTranslator

ArtistEconomistPsychologistJournalist


EXERCISE OF UNIT 4Exercise Ia) How many suffixes are there in this unit

studying?b) How many types of those suffixes?c) Are the words leaded suffixes “-ous, -al, -y, -ive”

nouns/verbs or adjectives?d) Are the words leaded suffixes “ –ness, ity”

nouns/verbs or adjectives?e) What are the type words when we suffix to them

by “-ment, -ion, -ing”?

Exercise II1)Describe the 3 suffixes -able, ful, and -less.

What do they means?


UNIT V: COMPOUND NOUNS WHERE IS A COMPOUND NOUN FORMATION FROM? A COMPOUND NOUN IS FORMED FROM TWO WORDS, AND OCCASSIONALLY THREE, TO CREATE A NEW SINGLE IDEA. E.G. EARRINGS, FRYING PAN, TIN OPENER= cans opener, WASHING MACHINE, SUNGLASSES, CREDIT CARD, TOOTHBRUSH ETC.. THEY ARE MORETHAT WRITTEN WITH A HYPHEN E.G. T-SHIRT, MAKE-UP (= STUFF YOU PUT ON THE FACE, OFTEN ON LIPS AND AROUND EYES, TO BE ATTRACTIVE)

WHERE IS THE STRESS SYLLABLE STAND ON?

Most of the compound nouns , the main stress are usually on the first part. E.g. post office, income tax. But sometime they are on the both parts, e.g. science fiction, mother tongue. You must have a good friend for helping you is a large size dictionary.

HOW TO FORM THE NEW COMPOUNDS

One part of compound often forms the basis for a number of compound noun as you can see the following:


COMPOUND NOUNS cont’PostmanPostboxPost office

Film starPop starRock star

ToothbrushToothpasteToothache

Living roomWaiting roomChat room (= an area for communication on the internet)

noun +noun

bus stopIs this the bus stop for the number 12 bus?

fire-fly In the tropics you can see fire-flies at night.

football Shall we play football today?

adjective +noun

full moon I always feel crazy at full moon.

blackboard Clean the blackboard please.

software I can't install this software on my PC.

verb(-ing)

+noun

breakfast We always eat breakfast at 8am.

washing machine Put the clothes in the red washing machine.

swimming pool What a beautiful swimming pool!

noun +verb(-ing)sunrise I like to get up at sunrise.

haircut You need a haircut.train-spotting His hobby is train-spotting.

verb +preposition check-outPlease remember that check-out is at 12 noon.

noun +prepositional phrase

mother-in-law My mother-in-law lives with us.

preposition

+noun underworldDo you think the police accept money from the underworld?

noun +adjective truckful We need 10 truck-ful of bricks.

Here are some samples of compound nouns:


COMPOUND NOUNS cont’

singular plural

a tennis shoe three tennis shoesone assistant headmaster

five assistant headmasters

the sergeant major some sergeants major

a mother-in-law two mothers-in-lawan assistant secretary of state

three assistant secretaries of state

my toothbrush our toothbrushes

a woman-doctor four women-doctors

a doctor of philosophy two doctors of philosophya passerby, a passer-by

two passersby, two passers-by

Plural forms of compound nounsIn general we make the plural of a compound noun by adding -s to the "base word" (the most "significant" word). Look at these examples:



old style plural(very formal)

new style plural

teaspoonful 3 teaspoonsful of sugar 3 teaspoonfuls of sugartruckful 5 trucksful of sand 5 truckfuls of sandbucketful 2 bucketsful of water 2 bucketfuls of watercupful 4 cupsful of rice 4 cupfuls of rice

Note that there is some variation with words like spoonful or truckful. The old style was to say spoonsful or trucksful for the plural. Today it is more usual to say spoonfuls or truckfuls. Both the old style (spoonsful) and the new style (spoonfuls) are normally acceptable, but you should be consistent in your choice. Here are some examples:

Some compound nouns have no obvious base word and you may need to consult a dictionary to find the plural:higher-ups haɪ.ərˈʌp/ someone with a more important position than you in an organization also-rans /ˈɔːl.səʊ.ræn/ someone in a competition who is unlikely to do well or who has failed go-betweens some1 who takes messages between people who are unable or unwilling to meet has-beens: DISAPPROVING, a person who in the past was famous, important, admired or good at something, but is no longer any of these.good-for-nothings a person who is lazy and not helpful or useful . She told him he was a lazy good-for-nothing and should get a job. grown-ups: an adult, used especially when talking to children Ask a grown-up to cut the shape out for you.


Note that with compound nouns made of [noun + noun] the first noun is like an adjective and therefore does not usually take an -s. A tree that has apples has many apples, but we say an apple tree, not apples tree; matchbox not matchesbox; toothbrush not teethbrush.With compound nouns made of [noun + noun] the second noun takes an -s for plural. The first noun acts like an adjective and as you know, adjectives in English are invariable. Look at these examples:

long plural form becomes ›plural compound noun [noun + noun]

100 trees with apples 100 apple trees

1,000 cables for telephones 1,000 telephone cables

20 boxes for tools 20 tool boxes

10 stops for buses 10 bus stops

4,000 wheels for cars 4,000 car wheels



No phrases are not compound nouns Change to compound nouns

1 a room for stores

2a tape for measuring up to 300 cms

3the assistant manager of the restaurant

4a station for express trains 5size of cables 6reduction in cost 7two periods of three months 8plugs with 3 pins 9two steel boxes for the tools

10the husband of my daughter

Compound noun quizUsing compound nouns, can you shorten the following phrases?


Unit VI Compound Adjectives What is a compound adjective?

A compound adjective is an adjective that comprises more than one word. Usually, hyphens are used to link the words together to show that it is one adjective.Examples:- Please request a four-foot table.('Four-foot' is an adjective describing the table. A hyphen is used to link 'four‘ and 'foot' to show that it is one adjective.)- It is a 6-page document.- Claire worked as a part-time keeper at the safari park.- That is an all-too-common mistake. 12-page magazine, free-range eggs, never-to-be-forgotten experience.Compound adjectives can also be grouped using italics, quotation marks and title case (i.e., capital letters). This is covered more in the lesson Alternatives to Hyphens in Compound Adjectives.

http://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/hyphens_alternatives_in_compound_adjectives.htm


Compound Adjectives cont’ Compound Adjectives from Proper Nouns

Often adjectives are formed from proper nouns (i.e., the names of things), which should be written using capital letters. In these circumstances, there is no need to group the words together using hyphens.

Examples:Did you manage to get the Billy Elliot tickets? (The words 'Billy Elliot' are one adjective describing the tickets. As the capital letters group the words, there is no need to use a hyphen.)

The village fete will be held on the Red Lion lawn.

ភូ)ម�បំ�រព្ធ�មធ្វើ+ស្�ព្ធនិ�ងធ្វើ�ធ្វើ-�ងធ្វើ.ឯវាល់ធ្វើ��

http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/proper_nouns.htm


Compound Adjectives with Quotation Marks and Italics

Although a less common practice, it is also possible to group the words in a compound adjective using quotation marks, italics or a combination of the two. (Italics tend to be used for foreign words.)

Examples:It is an ab initio course (i.e., for beginners) initio is a Latin, From the beginning; from the first act; from the inception. (italics used to group the adjective)

Amber looked at the stick in the water, looked me in the eye and then turned away, giving me a "get it yourself" look. (quotation marks used to group the adjective)

For more than ten years, Jack claimed to be part of the "Mary Celeste" crew before admitting to his cousin at a party that he was not. (capital letters, italics and quotation marks used to group the adjective)

Compound Adjectives cont’


Adverbs and Compound AdjectivesAs covered in the Adverbs, an adjective is often preceded by a word like very, well, beautifully or extremely. (These are adverbs.) Usually, there is no need to link an adverb to an adjective using a hyphen.

Examples:Young Tracey is an extremely brave girl. (The adverb 'extremely' modifies the adjective 'brave' but is not part of it. There is no need to group it and 'brave' together with a hyphen.)

It was a beautifully painted portrait in a skillfully carved frame. (The adverb 'beautifully' adds to the adjective 'painted' but is not part of it. It is the same with 'skillfully' and 'carved'. There is no need for hyphens.) USE A HYPHEN WITH WELL The following rule will cover most scenarios: When preceding an adjective with the adverb well, use a hyphen.

well-known actor, well-known lawyer (< hyphen with 'well') widely known actor (< no hyphen with any other adverb)


http://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/adverbs.htm


Ambiguous Adverbs ដែដីលុម៉ានន�យម្�នប�កដីHowever, with words like well and fast (which are both adjectives and adverbs), a hyphen can be used to avoid ambiguity.

Example:

Jacob took the well-fatted calf to the riverside. ('well-fatted calf' as in a very plump calf)

Jacob took the well fatted calf to the riverside.('well fatted calf' could be construed as a 'well' (i.e., healthy) and 'fatted' calf. In the first example, the 'well-fatted calf' could be ill.)



Practice your exercises of compound adjectives

REWRITE EACH OF THE SENTENCES BELOW, FORMING A COMPOUND ADJECTIVE FROM THE WORDS IN ITALICS AND MAKING ANY OTHER CHANGES NECESSARY

Example: The journey took ten hours. They make these

chocolates by hand. The memory was both bitter and sweet.

Answer: It was a ten-hour journey. These chocolates are

hand-made.

It was a bitter-sweet memory.

1) That thing looks dangerous.

2) Mr. Reed is an accountant who was born in London.

3) She always dresses very smartly.

4) It was painted red like the color of bricks.

5) She has eyes like a cat.


6) It was an occasion which was happy and sad at the same time. 7) The tower has a shape like a mushroom. 8) He was famous all over the world. 9) The meal tastes awful.10) Only planes with a single engine can land here.11) A building of five storey suddenly collapsed.12) We walked along a corridor which had a red carpet.13) This machine is operated by hand.14) The new director is an economist educated in Oxford.15) He has very broad shoulders.16) She's always very satisfied with herself.

Practice your exercises of compound adjectives


UNIT VII Phrasal Verb What are phrasal verbs? Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English

and informal texts. (The more formal a conversation or text, the less phrasal verbs are found.)Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change the meaning of the verb completely. For example::

look up – consult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary)

look for – seek (look for her ring)look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look

forward to meeting someone)There are no rules that might explain the meaning of phrasal verbs. All you can do is look them up in a good dictionary and study their meanings.


Phrasal Verb cont’ Position of the Particle:In some cases the particle is placed either after the verb or after the object.

Example:

Write down the word

Write the word down

If the object is a pronoun, however, the particle has to be placed after the pronoun (object). Example:

Write it down.

Your photo album. Put it down

Your jacket. Take it off

Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. (The more formal a conversation or text, the less phrasal verbs are found.)


Frequently Used Phrasal Verbs with: break, bring, call, carry, come, do, fall,

get, go, keep, look, make, put, run, set, take, turn

Phrasal Verb cont’

Exercise on Phrasal VerbsPhrasal Verbs with 'up'Complete the first part of the phrasal verbs. Use each verb only once.1) Jane and I want to……………… up smoking. 2) Could you …………………me up at 6 o'clock? 3) We must ……………………up or we will miss the bus. 4) Can you ……………………... me up at the station? 5) In many countries, the pupils have to ……………….. up when the teacher enters the class-room. 6) I usually have to ………………….. up at half past six. 7) I must ………………………………………up my room today.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#break

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#bring

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#call

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#carry

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#come

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#do

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#fall

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#get

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#go

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#keep

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#look

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#make

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#put

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#run

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#set

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#take

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/list#turn


ANSWER KEY Jane and I want to give up smoking. Could you wake me up at 6 o'clock? We must hurry up or we will miss the

bus. Can you pick me up at the station? In many countries, the pupils have to

stand up when the teacher enters the class-room.

I usually have to get up at half past six.

I must tidy up my room today.


UNIT VIII: Countable and uncountable nouns In English, nouns are "countable" or

"uncountable“. Countable nouns refer to things and concepts that can be counted, like two hours, five puppies and twenty geraniums. Uncountable nouns refer to things and concepts that cannot be counted, such as luggage, information or courage.

Although identifying countable and uncountable nouns sounds easy, it isn't always so—sometimes, the same noun can have both a countable and uncountable sense. Think of time, as in we've had some good times (countable) versus it's time to leave (uncountable).


Countable and uncountable nouns cont’ In English grammar, words that refer to

people, places, or things are called nouns. They can be classified in many ways.

One way to classify nouns is according to whether they can be counted or not. Many English mistakes are related to this point. By learning through this page, you will understand:

1) what countable and uncountable nouns are.

2) how to use them correctly in a sentenceCountable (or count) nouns are words

which can be counted. They have a singular form and a plural form. They usually refer to things. Most countable nouns become plural by adding an ‘s’ at the end of the word.


Singular Plural

chair chairs

bottle bottles

studentstudent

s

Singular

money

furniture

information

For example:

Uncountable (or non-count) nouns are words which cannot be counted.

Therefore, they only have a singular form. They have no plural forms. These words are thought of as wholes rather than as parts. They usually refer to abstractions

(such as confidence or advice) or collectives (such as equipment or luggage).For example:

Countable and uncountable nouns cont’

Using Countable & Uncountable Nouns When using countable or uncountable nouns, pay attention to articles and adjectives! Some articles and adjectives can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. However, others can be used with only countable or only uncountable nouns. Let’s see together!!!


Used with Countable Nouns Only

aa doctor, a pen, a meal, a class, a college

many

many cups, many books, many libraries, many flights

fewfew questions, few tables, few apples, few holidays, few countries

a few

a few questions, a few problems, a few issues, a few issues

Used with Uncountable Nouns Only

Muchmuch money, much time, much food, much water,

much energy

littlelittle trouble, little equipment,

little meat, little patience

a little bit of

a little bit of confidence, a little bit of sleep, a little bit of

snow


Used with Countable & Uncountable Nouns

the

countablethe monkeys, the schools, the teachers, the boats, the

bananas

uncountable

the cheese, the machinery, the luggage, the grass, the knowledge

some

countablesome tables, some stores, some grapes, some cities, some

nurses

uncountable

some time, some news, some bread, some salt, some mail

any

countableany forks, any socks, any bathrooms, any waiters, any

beliefs

uncountable

any advice, any soap, any transportation, any gold, any homework

no

countable no magazines, no chocolates, no pilots, no rings, no markers

uncountable

no trouble, no grass, no scenery, no money, no furniture

a lot of

countablea lot of animals, a lot of coins, a lot of immigrants, a lot of

babies

uncountable

a lot of help, a lot of aggravation, a lot of happiness, a lot of fun


lots of

Countable

lots of computers, lots of buses, lots of parties, lots of colleges

uncountable

lots of cake, lots of ice cream, lots of energy, lots of laughter

enough

countableenough plates, enough onions, enough restaurants, enough

worries

uncountable

enough courage, enough wisdom, enough spaghetti, enough time

plenty of

countableplenty of houses, plenty of concerts, plenty of guitars, plenty

of

uncountable

plenty of oil, plenty of sugar, plenty of cheese, plenty of space


Partitive Expressions with Uncountable NounsA list of 100 partitive expressions containing a partitive + uncountable noun, each with an example sentence. (These expressions are in alphabetical order based on the uncountable noun.)Note that most of these expressions collocate strongly. Let us discuss together with all those sentences in the next slides…… Partitive is from old French mean that devid

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/nouns-uncountable-partitive.htm

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/nouns-un-countable_2.htm

http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations.htm


a torrent of abuse

The manager was so angry that he let loose a torrent of abuse at his workers.

a piece of advice

Can I offer you a piece of advice about investing your savings?

a fit of anger Harry slapped his girlfriend in a fit of anger.

a work of artEveryone says her garden’s a work of art, it’s so beautiful.

a rasher of bacon

How many rashers of bacon would you like with your breakfast?

a glass of beerIf you drink more than two glasses of beer, you shouldn’t drive a car.

a drop of blood

There were two or three drops of blood on the carpet.

a spot of bother

I’m in a spot of bother because I can’t find my car keys, and I’m already late.

a loaf of bread How much does a loaf of bread cost in Japan?

a pat of butterCould I have three pats of butter and some jam, please?a game of chess

We played three games of chess, and Bobby won all of them.

a bar of chocolate

If you’re a good boy, I’ll give you a bar of chocolate.

an item of clothing

Put any items of clothing you no longer need into this box.

a lump of coalThe kids found some lumps of coal beside the railway tracks, and took them home.

a cup of coffeeThe first thing I do when I get to work is have a cup of coffee.



Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or uncountable (U)

1. The children are playing in the garden. C 2. I don't like milk. U 3. I prefer tea. U4. Scientists say that the environment is threatened by pollution. C 5. My mother uses butter to prepare cakes. U 6. There are a lot of windows in our classroom. C 7. We need some glue to fix this vase. U 8. The waiters in this restaurant are very professional. C 9. My father drinks two big glasses of water every morning. C 10.The bread my mother prepares is delicious. U 11.Drivers must be careful; the road is slippery. C 12.Some policemen are organizing road traffic to avoid any accidents. C 13.I bought three bottles of mineral water for our picnic. C 14.I'd like some juice please! U 15.Successful candidates will join the camp later this year. C 16.A rise in oil prices is inevitable since there is more and more world demand for

energy. U 17.The exercises on this website are interesting. C 18.Dehydrated babies must drink a lot of water. U 19.Adult illiterates learn through a special government program. C 20.I met some nice people when I was walking along the beach. C


UNIT IX PrepositionsWhat is a Preposition?

A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:The book is on the table.The book is beneath the table.The book is leaning against the table.The book is beside the table.She held the book over the table.She read the book during class.

In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time.A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, its object and any associated adjectives or adverbs. A prepositional phrase can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. The most common prepositions are "about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since," "through," "throughout," "till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and "without."

http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/nouns.html#noun

http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns.html#pronoun

http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldphr.html#phrase

http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentence

http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/objcompl.html#object

http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/phrfunc.html#prepositional%20phrase

http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adjectve.html#adjective

http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adverbs.html#adverb


Prepositions for Time, Place, and Introducing Objects

On is used with days:I will see you on Monday.The week begins on Sunday.At is used with noon, night, midnight, and with the time of day:My plane leaves at noon.The movie starts at 6 p.m.In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons:He likes to read in the afternoon.The days are long in August.The book was published in 1999.The flowers will bloom in spring.


Preposition “Extended time” To express extended time, English uses the following prepositions: since, for, by, from—to, from-until, during,(with)in

She has been gone since yesterday. (She left yesterday and has not returned.)

I'm going to Paris for two weeks. (I will spend two weeks there.)

The movie showed from August to October. (Beginning in August and ending in October.)

The decorations were up from spring until fall. (Beginning in spring and ending in fall.)

I watch TV during the evening. (For some period of time in the evening.)

We must finish the project within a year. (No longer than a year.) Place

To express notions of place, English uses the following prepositions: to talk about the point itself: in, to express something contained: inside, to talk about the surface: on, to talk about a general vicinity, at. There is a wasp in the room. Put the present inside the box. I left your keys on the table. She was waiting at the corner.


“Higher than a point” To express notions of an object being higher than a point, English uses

the following prepositions: over, above. He threw the ball over the roof. Hang that picture above the couch.

“Lower than a point” To express notions of an object being lower than a point, English uses the

following prepositions: under, underneath, beneath, below. The rabbit burrowed under the ground. The child hid underneath the blanket. We relaxed in the shade beneath the branches. The valley is below sea-level.

“Close to a point” To express notions of an object being close to a point, English uses the

following prepositions: near, by, next to, between, among, opposite. She lives near the school. There is an ice cream shop by the store. An oak tree grows next to my house The house is between Elm Street and Maple Street. I found my pen lying among the books. The bathroom is opposite that room.


Preposition cont’

To introduce objects of verbs English uses the following prepositions to

introduce objects of the following verbs.At: glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, stareShe glanced at her reflection.(exception with mirror: She glanced in the mirror.)You didn't laugh at his joke.I'm looking at the computer monitor.We rejoiced at his safe rescue.That pretty girl smiled at you.Stop staring at me.


Of: approve, consist, smellI don't approve of his speech.My contribution to the article consists of many pages.He came home smelling of alcohol.

Of (or about): dream, thinkI dream of finishing college in four years.Can you think of a number between one and ten?I am thinking about this problem.

For: call, hope, look, wait, watch, wishDid someone call for a taxi?He hopes for a raise in salary next year.I'm looking for my keys.We'll wait for her here.You go buy the tickets and I'll watch for the train.If you wish for an "A" in this class, you must work

hard.

Preposition cont’


Exercise on Prepositions – McDonald’sComplete the exercise with the correct prepositions.1. The first McDonald’s restaurant was opened Dick and Mac McDonald the 15th May 1940. 2. The best selling products their restaurant were hamburgers. 3. So the McDonald brothers thought a way to produce hamburgers more quickly. 4. This was introduced 1948 and became known the Speedee Service System. 5. The first franchised McDonald’s restaurant was opened 1953, and today you can find McDonald’s restaurants more than 100 countries. 6. The meats the burgers vary the culture the country. 7. Franchisees and future managers McDonald’s restaurants are trained Hamburger University, which is located Oak Brook, a suburb Chicago. 8. McDonalds is also known its sponsorship various international sport events.


UNIT X English Grammar for Business Form of Present Perfect Progressive

P: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking? Use of Present Perfect ProgressivePresent Perfect Simple is used for actions that started in the past and stopped recently or are still going on. The focus is on the course or duration of the action (not on the result). Action that is still going on Action that started in the past and is still going on. We want to emphasize how long the action has already been going on.. Examples: We have been successfully working in this field since 1990.I have been working in this company for over five years now. Action that stopped recently and has an influence on the present Action that has been going on for a certain period of time and is the reason for a present situation. Examples: I am so tired – I have been working all night.I have been trying to change the toner cartridge – now my fingers are dirty.


Positive Negative Question

I / you / we / they

I have been speaking.

I have not been speaking.

Have I been speaking?

he / she / it He has been speaking.

He has not been speaking.

Has he been speaking?

Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Examplefinal e is dropped(but: ee is not changed)

come – coming(but: agree – agreeing)

after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled

sit – sitting

l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English)

travel – travelling

final ie becomes y lie – lying

The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action.Form of Present Perfect Progressive

Exceptions in Spelling

English Grammar for Business cont’

Use of Present Perfect Progressiveputs emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result) Example: She has been writing for two hours.action that recently stopped or is still going on Example: I have been living here since 2001.finished action that influenced the present Example: I have been working all afternoon.


Exercise on Present Perfect Progressive Complete the sentences in Present Perfect Progressive.

1) We (do) business since 1995. 2) Mister Vincent (wait) in the entrance hall for 20 minutes already. 3) Our company (supply) pumps for almost 20 years. 4) I need a break - I (type) in those numbers for three hours now. 5) These customers (purchase) our machines for over a decade. 6) For the last 30 minutes, I (try) to get through to Misses Ryan. 7) Jane (work / not) here for two years, but for five years. 8) How long (you / learn) English? 9) Marta is completely out of breath. (she / run) ? 10) (you / read) the catalogue?


Form of Present ProgressiveP: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking?

Use of Present ProgressivePresent Progressive is used for actions in the present and focuses on

the course or duration of the action. Action taking place now

Being in the middle of doing something at the time of speaking. Examples:

Carla is preparing the briefing.I am looing for Mister Miller’s phone number.

Action taking place for a limited period of time only. Actions that don't take place regularly, but only temporarily.

Examples: Mister Thomson is on sick leave, that's why I am doing his job.Three temporary employees are helping out this month.

Arranged future actions Future actions that are already arranged (and maybe even jot down in a

diary)Beispiele = e.g = i.e: I am meeting Misses Walker at 5 pm.Bob is doing overtime tomorrow.



Signal Words of Present Progressive at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now

The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action.

The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking

and for actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to

express development and actions that are arranged for the near future.

*** Present progressive is also known as present continuous. We’ll continue our Business English Grammar to the next version soon.



Exercise on Present Progressive Complete the sentences in Present Progressive.

1) I (look for) my pen.

2) Jane (print out) the contract.

3) As long as I am on holiday, Hannah and John (take care)

of everything.

4) Look! Graham (wear) a tie today.

5) That's because he (meet) the big boss in the afternoon.

6) I (work / not) tomorrow.

7) Bob (talk / not) on the phone.

8) What (you / do) ?

9) Where (Mister Bradley / stay) ?

prepared by men tum english and business teacher

Documents