preparatory chemistry course

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Preparatory chemistry course Preparatory chemistry course Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Day 3 Assoc.prof. Lily Peikova Faculty of Pharmacy Medical University Sofia 27 May 2020

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Page 1: Preparatory chemistry course

Preparatory chemistry coursePreparatory chemistry course  

Organic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryDay 3

Assoc.prof. Lily PeikovaFaculty of PharmacyMedical University ‐ Sofia27 May 2020

Page 2: Preparatory chemistry course

(119). The following reaction scheme is given:Correct answer (D) X = sodium; Y = 3‐hexyne

2 CH CH BbromoethaneX

Y

HC CH2 Na

NaC CNaH2

2

2 NaBr

CH3CH2BrCH3CH2C CCH2CH3

3 hexyne

Y

ethyne disodium acetylide y

H2O, Hg2+

ethyne disodium acetylide

Ethyne can also undergo substitution ti Thi th d ith di i li id

CH3CH2CCH2CH3

O

reactions. This they do with sodium in liquid ammonia, and with certain salts of heavy metals to form metallic derivatives. O

3 hexanoneThis reaction shows that terminal alkynes show acidic behavior. Kucherov Reaction

Page 3: Preparatory chemistry course

The activation of the carbon‐carbon triple bond towardThe activation of the carbon‐carbon triple bond toward nucleophilic attack of water can be performed by metals with high Lewis acidity (alkyne activation). It is easy to g y ( y ) yrealize that as a result of the anti‐addition of the nucleophile, the product should be obtained with trans‐

h i h f hstereochemistry. In the case of water as the nucleophile,  Proton transfer from O to C  converts enol to more stable keto tautomermore stable keto tautomer.

Page 4: Preparatory chemistry course

(122) The followng reaction scheme is given:(122). The followng reaction scheme is given:CHLOROMETHANE        X        POTASSIUM METHOXIDECH3CH2Cl       

Y Determine which are compounds X and Y?Correct answer (B) methanol and methylethyl ether 

aqueous hydroxide solution

CH3OH

XchloromethaneNaCl

CH3Cl NaOH

methanol

CH3OK K H22 2 2CH3OH 3

potassium methoxide

CH3OCH2CH3 KCl

3

CH3OKCH3CH2Cl

CH3OCH2CH3 KClCH3OK

methylethyl ether

Page 5: Preparatory chemistry course

(148) Which of the following represents the structure(148). Which of the following represents the structure of a triacylglyceride?Correct answer (C)Correct answer (C)

CH2 C

O

ORO

ORCH2 C

CH

O

CO

OR1O

CO

OR

OR12

CH2 C

CH

CH2 C OR2

(A) estherO O

O

C OR1

(B) wrong structure

CH2

R C OH

O

HOR1H+

R C

O

OR1 H2O

acid alcohol esther

(B) wrong structure

acid alcohol esther

Page 6: Preparatory chemistry course

OCH C

O

R OCH C

O

RO

O C

CH2

CH

CO

R

R1

O

OO C2

CH2

CH

CO

R

R1

O

COCH2 R2

O

COCH2 R2

(C) (D) wrong structure

acyl group

Page 7: Preparatory chemistry course

(151). Consider the following reaction:(151). Consider the following reaction:

R CHO 2 Ag(NH3)2 OH R COONH4 Ag NH3 H2O2 2

Correct answer (D) Tollen’s test is a test for aldehydes. So aldehydes givesTollen s test is a test for aldehydes. So aldehydes gives positive Tollen’s test.Tollens' reagent is a chemical reagent used to determine the presence of anTollens  reagent is a chemical reagent used to determine the presence of an aldehyde, aromatic aldehyde and alpha‐hydroxy ketone functional groups. The reagent consists of a solution of silver nitrate and ammonia. It was named after its discoverer the German chemist Berhard Tollens A positivenamed after its discoverer, the German chemist Berhard Tollens. A positive test with Tollens' reagent is indicated by the precipitation of elemental silver, often producing a characteristic "silver mirror" on the inner surface of th ti lthe reaction vessal.Being a mixture of Silver Nitrate and Ammonia in solution. Its active ingredient is Di‐ammine‐silver(I) complex ( [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ ). 

Page 8: Preparatory chemistry course

Fehling testFehling test The reaction is carried out using two separate solutions, aqueous copper (II) sulphate and an alkaline solution of q pp ( ) ppotassium sodium tartrate (usually in sodium hydroxide). When combined, a copper II tartrate complex is formed (bi ( ) ) d i ’ hi h idi h ld h d(bistartratocuprate(II) ) and it’s this that oxidises the aldehyde or alphahydroxy‐ketone to a carboxylic acid. Once the redox reaction is complete the copper II ions are reduced to Copperreaction is complete, the copper II ions are reduced to Copper I oxide, which is insoluble in water and forms a red precipitate. The presence of this indicates a positive test. The sodium salt p pof the acid remains behind in solution.

Page 9: Preparatory chemistry course

B di t t tBenedict testIt is a complex mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium citrate and copper(II) sulfate pentahydratecitrate and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.

Benedict's test detects the presence of aldehydes and l h h d k l b h i l i l di halpha‐hydroxy‐ketones, also by hemiacetal, including those that occur in certain ketoses. Thus, although the ketose fructose is not strictly a reducing sugar it is an alpha‐fructose is not strictly a reducing sugar, it is an alphahydroxy‐ketone, and gives a positive test because it is converted to the aldoses glucose and mannose by the base in the reagent.Benedict’s Test is used to test for simple carbohydrates. The Benedict’s test identifies reducing sugars (monosaccharide’s and some disaccharides), which have free k t ld h d f ti lketone or aldehyde functional groups.

Page 10: Preparatory chemistry course

Ninhydrin is 2,2-dihydroxyidane-1,3-dione.

Amines (including α‐amino acids) react with ninhydrin to give aAmines (including α amino acids) react with ninhydrin to give a coloured product.It can be used qualitatively (e.g. for chromatographic visualisation) or quantitatively (e.g. for peptide sequencing).The α‐amino acids typically give a blue‐purple product.P li d i i ll dProline, a secondary amine, gives a yellow‐orange product.The test is sensitive enough that ninhydrin can be used for the visualisation of fingerprintsvisualisation of fingerprints.

Page 11: Preparatory chemistry course

(154). Which pair of structures represents a pair f i ?of isomers?

Correct answer (B), because the two structures are chain isomers.

Page 12: Preparatory chemistry course

IsomersDefinition of ISOMER

One of two or more compounds, that contain the same number of atoms of the samethe same number of atoms of the same 

elements but differ in structural arrangement d tiand properties.

Page 13: Preparatory chemistry course

In structural isomers the atoms and functionalIn structural isomers, the atoms and functional groups are joined together in different ways. Structural isomers have different IUPAC names and may or mayisomers have different IUPAC names and may or may not belong to the same functional group. This group 

includes chain isomerism whereby hydrocarbon chainsincludes chain isomerism whereby hydrocarbon chains have variable amounts of branching.

Position isomerism, which deals with the position of a functional group on a chain; and functional groupfunctional group on a chain; and functional group isomerism, in which one functional group is split up 

into different onesinto different ones.

Page 14: Preparatory chemistry course

Functional groupsare specific groups of atoms within moleculesare specific groups of atoms within molecules 

that have very characteristic properties regardless of the other atoms present in aregardless of the other atoms present in a 

molecule. You’re probably familiar with several f h b l h l i b liof them by now – alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, ketones, and ethers are all common 

examples.

Page 15: Preparatory chemistry course

IUPACInternational Union of Pure and Applied ChemistryInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

IUPAC is the universally‐recognized authority on chemicalIUPAC is the universally recognized authority on chemical nomenclature and terminology.

Page 16: Preparatory chemistry course

(A) and (D) ‐ Different number of C ‐ atoms and H – atomsH – atoms.

(C) B th t t th 2 th l(C) ‐ Both structures are the same ‐ 2‐methyl‐pentane

5 5CH3

CH2CH2CHCH3

CH3

CH CHCH CH

CH3 CH3

CH2CH2CHCH31234

CH3CHCH2CH21 2 3 4

Page 17: Preparatory chemistry course

(155) – The compound is?( ) pCH3 C C CH3

Correct answer (C) ‐ Alkyne

Page 18: Preparatory chemistry course

AlkynesAlkynes

Alkynes are hydrocarbons which are organicAlkynes are hydrocarbons, which are organic chemical compounds containing carbon (C) and h d ( ) d h f h khydrogen (H) atoms, and the feature that makes them recognized as alkynes is the presence of 

triple bonds.

CnH2n-2

Page 19: Preparatory chemistry course

Alkanes are the simplest organic moleculesAlkanes are the simplest organic molecules, consisting of only carbon and hydrogen and with 

l i l b d b t b tonly single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2.

Page 20: Preparatory chemistry course

Alkenes, also known as olefins, are organicAlkenes, also known as olefins, are organic compounds that consist of carbon and hydrogen 

atoms with one or more carbon‐carbon double bondsatoms with one or more carbon carbon double bonds in their chemical structure. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons They are hydrocarbons because theyhydrocarbons. They are hydrocarbons because they are made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, and 

they are unsaturated because they have one or morethey are unsaturated because they have one or more double bonds in their chemical structure.

CnH2n

Page 21: Preparatory chemistry course

Aromatic carbohydrate (arene)Aromatic carbohydrate (arene),for example – benzene.

Page 22: Preparatory chemistry course

(156) – Which one of the following will give 1‐(156) – Which one of the following will give 1‐buten as the only alkene by heating with KOH in 

th l?ethanol?Correct answer (A)

BrCH2CH2CH2CH3

KOHCH2 CHCH2CH3 KBr H2O

ethanol

Page 23: Preparatory chemistry course

Alkenes are usually prepared from either alcohols or haloalkanes (alkyl halides), although ( y ), g

there are several methodsfor creating alkenesfor creating alkenes.

Page 24: Preparatory chemistry course

What is the difference?Haloalkanes with KOH in ethanol.

Alcohols at a temperature higher than 140°CAlcohols at a temperature higher than 140 C and acid medium.

CH3CH2CH2CH2OHt

H+CH3CH2CH CH2 H2O (B)

CH3CH2CHCH3

OH

t

H+CH3CH2CH CH2 CH3CH CHCH3 H2O (D)

H2NCH2CH2CH2CH3 (C)

Page 25: Preparatory chemistry course

( ) h h f d ?(157) ‐ The other name of picric acid is?Correct answer (B) – 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol

Picric acid (from Greek πικρός (pikros), “bitter”), Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6‐(pikros), bitter ), Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6

trinitrophenol.OH

NO2O2N

NONO2

Page 26: Preparatory chemistry course

(158) ‐ 1‐pentine and 2‐pentine may be distinguished ( ) p p y gby interaction with?

Correct answer (C) – sodium.( )Properties of AlkynesSubstitution ReactionsSubst tut o eact o s

Because of their acidic nature, alkanes form metallicBecause of their acidic nature, alkanes form metallic salts called alkynides, when the triple bond is at the 

end of the chainend of the chain.CH3CH2CH2C CH2 Na 2 CH3CH2CH2C C-Na+ H2

NaCH3CH2C CCH3

Page 27: Preparatory chemistry course

( ) h h f h d d(159) – By which of the presented processes and interactions can be distinguished formic acid 

from ethanolic acid?Correct answer (A) – cuprum dihydroxideCorrect answer (A)  cuprum dihydroxide

(Copper(II) hydroxide, IUPAC name).The oxidation reaction involve Fehling`sThe oxidation reaction involve Fehling s 

reagent as a test. The Cu2+ complex ions are d d d b i k l d C O i ireduced to a red brick colored Cu2O precipitate.Formic acid (HCO2H) gives a positive Fehling's 

test result.

Page 28: Preparatory chemistry course

Fehling's solution, for informationTwo solutions are required:

Fehling's "A" uses 7 g CuSO4.5H2O dissolved in distilled water containing 2 4 2drops of dilute sulfuric acid.

Fehling's "B" uses 35g of potassium tartrate and 12g of NaOH in 100 ml of distilled water.distilled water.

These two solutions should be stoppered and stored until needed.

For the test:Mix 15 ml of solution‐"A" with 15 ml of solution‐"B"Add 2 ml of this mi t re to an empt test t beAdd 2 ml of this mixture to an empty test tube.

Add 3 drops of the compound to be tested to the tube.Place the tube in a water‐bath at 60° C.

Page 29: Preparatory chemistry course

(160) ‐For the carboxylic acids is NOT typical the reaction of:

Correct answer (A) – hydration in the presence of mercury ions and sulfuric acid media.

(B), (C) and (D) are typical reactions for acids.(A) is the typical reaction for alkynes.

ethine – ethanal (acetaldehyde)

CHHg2+/H+

H O

alkynes ‐ ketones

CH CH H2O CH3CHO

Hg2+/H+

CHHg /H

H2OR C R C CH3

O

Page 30: Preparatory chemistry course

(161) Which of the listed compounds contains(161) – Which of the listed compounds contains an aldrhyde group?

Correct answer (D) – glucose.This is the aldehyde group: 

R CHO or R CH

O

H

Page 31: Preparatory chemistry course

(D) Glucose

Glycine is an amino acid(A) glycine H2NCH2COOH

Glycine is an amino acid.Aminoacetic acid( )(B) methanol – alcohol (C) propanone(acetone) ‐ ketone

CH3OH

CH3 C CH33 3

O

Page 32: Preparatory chemistry course

(162) With hi h f th d(162) – With which of the compounds: ethanol,sodium hydroxide and acetic anhydride, 

salicylic acid is interacting?Correct answer (D)( )

Salicylic acid (2‐Hydroxybenzoic acid,  where the OH group is ortho to the carboxyl group)OH group is ortho to the carboxyl group).

COOH

OH

Page 33: Preparatory chemistry course

COOH

OH

C2H5OHH+ COOC2H5

OH

H2O

OH OH

COOH COO-Na+

OH

NaOH

O-Na

H2O2 2

+

COOH

(CH3CO)2O

COOH

CH3COOH

Salicylic acidOH

(CH3CO)2O

OCOCH3

3

Salicylic acid has double property of phenol and carboxylic acid.

Page 34: Preparatory chemistry course

A i iAspirin(acetylsalicylic acid)

The synthesis of aspirin is classified as an esterification reaction. Salicylic acid is treated with acetic anhydride, an acid derivative, causing a 

chemical reaction that turns salicylic acid's hydroxy group into an ester group (R‐OH → R‐

OCOCH3).3)COOH

OCOCH3